Ukungavisisani Okunyamezeleyo: Ukukhutshwa kokuguquguqulwa kokusingqongileyo.

Uxinzelele oluphakathi kokukhusela ihlabathi lendalo nokukhuthaza inkqubela yezoqoqosho yenye yeengxoxo ezichazayo zenkqubo yexesha lethu. Kwiminyaka engamashumi eminyaka, ingxelo iye yafakwa njengendawo enzima yomdlalo wemeko-bume: imithetho engqongqo ethintela ishishini, ngelixa ukwanda okukhawulezileyo kwezoqoqosho kuthoba imekobume. Oku okubini, nokokuba, kufihla imfihlelo ecacileyo. Abaphathi bolawulo, abalawuli bengingqi, kunye nabalawuli bezoshishino bajongene nomhlaba onzima worhwebo apho amaxabiso amafutshane exesha elide kufuneka alinganiswe khona ngokuchasene nempumelelo yexesha elide, nalapho impilo yezoqoqosho idityaniswa ngokungenakushekanganakwa kwimpilo yendalo exhasayo. Ukuqonda ezi misebenzi yorhwebo akuyo ehambayo ayiyo inkqubo yemfundo ephambili nempumelelo.

Olu hlalutyo luhlolisisa iminqamlezo engundoqo yemigaqo yemekobume kunye nenkqubela yezoqoqosho, lujonga iintengiso ezingundoqo ezibandakanyekileyo, luhlola imizekelo yehlabathi yokwenene ekhanyisa ezi zixhobo zinamandla, luze luchaze iindlela eziluncedo zokuhamba kule ndawo inzima.

Ukuchaza Iingcinga Zomsebenzi

Ngaphambi kokuba ungenele kwizixhobo zokutyela, kubalulekile ukuchaza ngokucacileyo la mandla mabini adlalayo.

Kuyintoni Ukubuyiselwa Kwemeko - bume?

Umthetho wokusingqongileyo ubandakanya uluhlu olupheleleyo lwemithetho, imithetho, kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo eyenzelwe ukukhusela okanye ukudambisa umonakalo kwimeko-bume yendalo kunye nempilo kawonke-wonke.

  • [[UMTHETHO] Imigangatho egqithisileyo neyokwehla: Imida yezinto ezingcolisayo ezikhutshelwa emoyeni okanye emanzini, njengemilinganiselo ye-Chroian Moyer Act yesulfur dioxide okanye ummiselo wemithetho yamanzi acocekileyo ekuphumeleni koshishino.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ulawulo olugalelweyo luyimithetho: Iimfuno zokuphatha, unyango, kunye nokulahlwa kwenkunkuma enobungozi nengeyoyanga.
  • Ukusetyenziswa kwelizwe kunye noKhuselo lweTharit:[ imithetho yokujika, imimandla ekhuselekileyo, kunye nemimiselo ethintela ukuphuhliswa kwemekobume echukumisekayo njengeendawo ezimda okanye amahlathi.
  • Iprojekthi yebhanki kunye nePase- Puts: Imiqathango kwizinto ezijongwa ziyingozi kakhulu, njengelothe kwipetroli okanye kwizibulala zinambuzane ezithile.
  • Iinkqubo ezifuna amashishini ukufumana imvume nokuchaza iziphumo zemekobume, ukuze kukwazi ukuphatha nokugcina intsebenziswano.

Ngoxa le mithetho ibaluleke gqitha ekukhuseleni umoya esiwuphefumlayo, amanzi esiwaselayo, nezityalo nezityalo ezahlukahlukeneyo ezisixhasayo, ikwanyanzela ukuba kusetyenziswe iindleko zamashishini i— iindleko ezinokuchaphazela ukhuphiswano, izigqibo zotyalo - mali, nomsebenzi.

Yintoni Inkqubela Kwizoqoqosho?

Ukuphuhliswa kwezoqoqosho yingcamango ebanzi kunenkqubela yezoqoqosho. Ibhekisela kwimigudu eyenziwa ngabom yokuphucula intlalo-ntle yezoqoqosho nomgangatho wobomi boluntu.

  • Ukudala kunye neQumrhu likaJob ukuguqula imekobume apho amashishini anokuphumelela aze aqeshe abasebenzi basekuhlaleni.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ingeniso yogcino-lwazi: iindlela zokwakha, amazibuko, igridi zamandla, kunye neenkqubo zemipu ezenza urhwebo lukwazi.
  • Uphuhliso lomsebenzi olunyanzelisayo: iinkqubo zoqeqesho ukuxhobisa abantu ngobuchule obufunekayo kushishino olukhulayo.
  • I- I-Utsalo lweshishini neNkxaso: Ingeniso neenkonzo zokuzoba iinkampani ezintsha nokunceda ezikhoyo zandisiwe.
  • Utshintsho kunye ne-entrepreneurship: Ukudala indalo ekhuthaza iingcamango ezintsha kunye nokuqalisa.

Iinjongo zokuphuhlisa izoqoqosho zifuna ukuphakamisa imilinganiselo yokuphila, ukunciphisa ubuhlwempu, nokwakha uqoqosho oluqinileyo lwasekuhlaleni. Noko ke, imizekelo emininzi yenkcubeko yezoqoqosho iye yaxhomekeke ekuvelisweni kwemithombo, ekuvelisweni kwemveliso, nasekwakhiweni okunokuvelisa imiphakamiso ebalulekileyo yemekobume.

Amaqatha Ayintloko Etratoff

Umba ongundoqo uxhomekeke ekulawuleni uxinzeleko kunye noxinzeleko phakathi kwezi ndawo zombini. Owona mlinganiselo ubalulekileyo uquka:

Iindleko zexeshana elifutshane vs. Iingenelo zexesha elide

Oku mhlawumbi kungummiselo omtsha onyanzelisa ukuba izifekta zifake ii-coptbers ukuze zinciphise inkcitho yongcoliso lomoya. Ngexeshana elifutshane, oku kunganciphisa ingeniso, mhlawumbi kukhokelela ekurhoxeni okanye ekuvaleni izityalo. Umphuhlisi wezoqoqosho kuluntu olutsala nzima angakujonga oku njengesisongelo esingqalileyo kwimisebenzi kunye nengeniso yerhafu. Kodwa, ngexesha elide, lo mthetho uvelisa iingenelo ezingundoqo: ukucutha iziphumo zempilo kwizifo ezincinci zokuphefumla, imveliso esezantsi yabasebenzi, imibambo ephantsi kwemingcingo yokufa, kunye nolondolo lwemisebenzi yendalo (ngokufana namanzi acocekileyo elima). Uvavanyo lwendawo ekhuselekileyo lwezokhuselo-mthetho-moya.

Inkcitho ethe ngqo yeNkcitho-mali iview. Iziphumo ezingangqalanga zezoqoqosho

Amaxabiso athe ngqo omgaqo athe ngqo alula ukubala: iindleko zokulawula ungcoliso lwezixhobo, ukujongwa kwamaphepha, kunye neemali ezibhatalayo. Ngokungqalileyo ziquka ukucutha ukhuphiswano kwifekta zasekhaya xa kuthelekiswa nalawo asemazweni anemithetho engakhathaliyo (ukubizwa "Indawo yokufihla indalo"), amaxabiso aphezulu kubathengi, okanye ukutshintshisana ekuvezeni imali kwicandelo elingalawulwanga kakuhle. Ngokuchasene noko, iingenelo ezingangqalanga zingaquka "ukhuthuzo oluphezulu" apho amashishini amkela imisebenzi eluncedo eluncedo oluzinzileyo kunye noomatshini bokunyamekela indalo, kunye "noncedo lokuqala" njengemiqathangokuba iinkampani zihlangane nemimiselo yehlabathi ecocekileyo.

Uhlalutyo olucacileyo lumele luqwalasele umthwalo othe ngqo kumashishini ngamanye kwakunye neziphumo zenkqubo yezoqoqosho, kuquka ukurhoxa komsebenzi ekungcoliseni ishishini eliselubala kwindalo yomsebenzi kumandla anokuhlaziywa, ukujongana nemekobume nolwakhiwo oluluhlaza.

Ukulingana Neziphumo Zokusasaza

Imimiselo yokusingqongileyo, ngoxa yenzelwe ukukhusela wonke umntu, inokuba neziphumo ezingafaniyo kulo lonke uluntu. Ngaphezu koko, abahlali beendawo eziphantsi zolawulo kunye noluntu olunombala basoloko bebekwe kufutshane nezakhiwo zoshishino, izityalo zamandla, okanye iindlela zohola-ndlela. Oku kuthetha ukuba bathwala owona mthwalo mkhulu ekungcoliseni i— kodwa kwakhona basengozini yokulahlekelwa ngumsebenzi ukuba imimiselo inyanzelela ezo zakhiwo ukuba zisondelelene. Ngaphezu koko, ezi ndawo zisenokungabi nako iko iko iko ikomkhulu yezopolitiko okanye oovimba bemali ukuphembelela izigqibo ezilawulayo okanye ukuthobela imigangatho emitsha. Urhwebo apha asiko nje kuphela kwimekobume, kodwa kwaneenjongo yokulungisa. Inkqubo esebenzayo iquka ukutshintsha ezo zinto, ukuhlahlela ungeniso, ukuqinisekisa ukukhusela okunentsingiselo kwemeko-ntle, nokuqinisekisa ukuba iindleko aziwiswe ngokusesikweni kwabo banokuwa phantsi kokwaneno kubonakalisa ngokusesikweni.

Ukumisa umva

Isiphumezi-miyalelo esiqhelekileyo esichasene nomthetho sisithi sithintela ukuhlaziywa komgaqo-nkqubo ngokunyanzela iimfuno eziqinileyo nokucheba i-R&D imali eninzi yokuthobela kunokuvelisa iingcamango. Noko ke, imbono eyahlukileyo, esoloko inxulunyaniswa ne "Porter Hypothesis," icebisa ukuba imimiselo ecwangcisiweyo kakuhle yemeko-bume ingavuselela iinguqu. Xa iinkampani zinyanzeleka ukuba zifumane iindlela zokucoca ukusebenza, zingafumana iinkqubo ezisebenzayo ezinciphisa ukusetyenziswa kovimba kunye namaxabiso asezantsi. Imizekelo iquka ushishino lwemichiza oluphuhlisa izigqumo ezikhululekileyo ekuphenduleni imimiselo ekhoyo, okanye abaqhubi abatshayo abatshayo abanokutshintsha iintlobo-mabhantiki kunye nezihamba ngombane. Kwezi meko, ukunyanzelwa komthetho lokuqala kuluncedo olusebenzayo.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala Olunemifanekiso Olwenziwe Ehlabathini Lonke

Imizekelo ecacileyo inceda ekuhlalutyeni okungacacanga okungokwemiphumo yokwenene.

Inkqubo ye-Trading (EU ETS) ye-European Union

IEU ETS, eyaqaliswa ngo-2005, yeyona ithengiso yokuqala yehlabathi lonke yekharbon. Ibeka isigqubuthelo sokukhutshwa kwegesi eshushu ephuma kwizityalo, kwimizi - mveliso, nakwinqwelo-moya, kwaye ivumela iinkampani ukuba zithenge kwaye zithengise imali yokukhupha. Ekuqaleni, inkqubo yaza yahamba ngaphezulu, nto leyo ekhokelela kumaxabiso ephantsi kwekharbon kunye neziphumo ezilinganiselweyo. Noko ke, utshintsho luye lwayiqinisa kakhulu ike ipetropiki, kwaye amaxabiso eninzi kakhulu. Abagxeki bemi ngelithi i-ETS yongeza amaxabiso emalini emisebenzi enika amandla, ekwazi ukuwaqhubela ngaphandle kweYurophu (i-carbonbon). I-Stectivess zithelekele ukuba i-&mdasdas; 37% engaphantsi kwemigangatho yonyaka egqunywe ngo-20205; i-EUScead iyanda kwixabiso eliphakathi lorhwebo phakathi kwexabiso loshishinobo lwe-carbon ephakathi loshishiko oluthe ngorhwebo oluthelelayo lwezenteyi

Ukwenziwa ngokukhawuleza kwemizi-mveliso yaseTshayina kunye nokuguquka kohlaza okulandelayo

Unyuko olumangalisayo lwezoqoqosho eTshayina kwiminyaka engamashumi amane edluleyo lwakhuthazwa zizityalo ezitshisa amalahle anamandla, ukwenziwa kwemisebenzi enzima, kunye nokugcinwa kokusingqongileyo okungekho mthethweni. Umphumo waba kukukhula okungummangaliso komzi i— ukunyusa amakhulu ezigidi ze-atmong; kodwa kwakhona ungcoliso: izixeko ezitshayelweyo, imilambo engcolisekileyo, kunye nonyuko olunyukayo lwezifo zokuphefumla. Ngoo2010, inkcitho yentlalo kunye noqoqosho lwemeko yentlalo lwama. Ukuphendula okunyuswa, i-China inyuswe, ibe yeyona mikhulu yamandla ekhoyo ehlabathini, ukunyusa imilinganiselo eqinileyo yokukhupha, kwaneekucima kwemizi - matshini ukuze idityaniswe, kwaye iphinde ihambe kancinci ukuze idibane nomgangatho womgangatho womoya ngexesha eliphambili. Ukuqhama kwengeniso.

Ucoceko lwamanzi eUnited States: Ityala leChesapeake Bay

IChesapeake Bay, eyona ndawo yongcoliso inkulu eUnited States, yafumana amashumi eminyaka ngenxa yokuhamba kwe-odolokhwe, amanzi ashushu, kunye nezityalo zokucoca amanzi amdaka. Oku kwakhokelela ekulahlekeni kwemimandla, ukulahleka kwabemi beoyster kunye noononkala, kunye nomonakalo kwizoqoqosho zokuloba kunye norhwebo. Ngo-2010, i-EPA yaseka i-"Total Day Movement" (TMDL) yethaboske enqabeni, ukubeka imilinganiselo engqongqo yongcoliso nokwenza ukuba amazwe aphumele iprojeko. Umthetho uye wabangela ukuba kubekho impikiswano, ingakumbi kubalimi abajongene neemfuno ezintsha zokuphatha izityalo. Iindleko eziqinileyo ze-— kodwa i-madmond; ilahleko eninzi kwexabiso elipheleleyo kwimfuyo, i-e-flyworksting, i-modenti yemali elungele ukulawulwa koogracracrac.

ICosta Rica: Iimali ezibhatalayo zeeNkonzo zeEcosystem njengeqhinga loPhuhliso

Costa Rica inikeza umzekelo onamandla wokukhusela idechotomy engekho mthethweni. Endaweni yokukhetha phakathi kokusingqongileyo kunye nezoqoqosho, ilizwe lazidibanisa ngabom. Ukususela ngo-1990, yasebenzisa inkqubo yokunikezela ngenkonzo ye-Ecosystem Services (PES), enika abanini-mhlaba imali ehlawulela amahlathi acocekileyo acocekileyo, ikharbon secussting, kunye nendawo yokuhlala. Ekuqaleni inkxaso ngerhafuthelo lerhafu yamanzi kwaye kamva ngamanzi kunye nabasebenzi bamazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe, inkqubo yanceda ukubuyisela ukugawulwa kwamahlathi: yakhula ukusuka kuma-26% ngo-202% ukuya ku-2021, ngexesha le zoqoqosho lo zoqoqosho lwakhula ngokuphindwe kathandathu. I-Ecoorthoristle zigidi zabakhenkenezeli kwimiba yendalo. Kulo , lo mzekelo, ukukhuselwa kwezoqoqosho lwezoqoqosho lwelizwe

Izixhobo zomgaqo-nkqubo kunye nezibonelelo zokulungelelanisa izikali

Ukuqonda ii-tenaves linyathelo lokuqala. Eyesibini isebenzisa izixhobo kunye namaqhinga okuzilawula ngokunempumelelo.

Ubuchule obusekelwe kurhwebo

Kunokuba ibhalwe phambili "umyalelo-funolawulo" imithetho (umz. "yonke umzi-zimveliso kufuneka isebenzise le ngxaki ikhahrate"), izixhobo ezisekelwe emarikeni njengerhafu yekharbon, irhafu kunye neenkqubo ze-trade, kunye nemvume ezincinci zinika umva. Bamisela injongo yokusingqongileyo jikelele kwaye bavumele iimarike zifumane eyona ndlela ibalulekileyo yokuphumelela. Oku kunganciphisa umthwalo othe ngqo wezoqoqosho ngeli xesha zisadlulisela iziphumo zokusingqongileyo. Umzekelo, irhafunqunquo yekha-kharbo-pa, ikhuthaza ukukhupha nokuhlisa ukhupho lwendawo ephantsi kwexabiso apho injalo.

Imigangatho yeNdlela yokuSebenza kunye nokuTyelela

Imithetho echaza isiphumo somsebenzi (umz., “recuse ukhupho ngo 20% ngeyunithi nganye yemveliso i”) kodwa ivumela iifemu zikhethe indlela yokukhuthaza ubuchule kwaye zinokubiza kancinci kunemiyalelo yobugcisa. Imigangatho yemisebenzi ecwangcisiweyo ingenza utshintsho ngexesha ukuvumela amashishini ukuba avumelane neemeko zawo ezithile.

Uncedo lodluliso olujoliswe

Ukulungisa inkxalabo yezorhwebo, imigaqo-nkqubo kufuneka iquke inkxaso yabasebenzi kunye noluntu oluchaphazelekayo ngenxa yokutshintshelwa kwezoqoqosho oluluhlaza. Oku kuquka ukuhluzwa kweenkqubo, inkxaso yengeniso, utyalo-mali kushishino olutsha oluchaphazelekayo, kunye "notshintsho" lwemali. Umzekelo, ukuphuma kwamalahle eJamani kuquka ii-euro ezingamawaka ezigidi ezihlawulelwa imimandla yemigodi ukuze inyuswe ngokwezoqoqosho.

ULawulo oluNcedisiweyo loLuntu noLuququzelelo

Ingxoxo ebandakanya urhulumente, ushishino, amaqela okusingqongileyo, kunye nabameli boluntu bangavelisa izicombululo ezithe chatha nezifanelekileyo. Iindlela ezineenkcukacha zidla ngokuphumela kwimigaqo elungeleleneyo, ebhetyebhetye neyomeleleyo kwezobupolitika. Kwakhona bakhulisa ukuthembana kunye nokufumana iziphumo.

Ukuceba Okucetyisiweyo Nokwanda Kolwandle

Eyona mpumelelo iphambili kwinjongo zexesha elide zokusingqongileyo ezingenelwe kwinkqubela yezoqoqosho ukususela ekuqaleni. Endaweni yokuqwalasela ulwando lwe-GDP, imimandla ingasukela "iindlela zokuyila utyalo-mali oluthi lufakelwe kwindawo yokuqala kumandla acocekileyo, ezothutho ezizinzileyo, uqoqosho oluzinzileyo, kunye nohambo lwe-eco. Oku kufuna ugcino-lwazi olomeleleyo, ukubona ixesha elide, kunye nenkalipho yezobupolitika ukuxhathisa intsika ezisekelwe kwixesha elifutshane.

Uhlalutyo lomthetho kunye novavanyo lwexabiso lokufakelwa

Uhlalutyo lwenkqubo lwemimiselo ecetyiweyo i— iquka zombini iimpembelelo zezoqoqosho ngqo nezingangqalanga, iingenelo zemekobume, kunye neziphumo zokusasazwa kwemeko-bume i-— abenzi besigqibo banokuziqonda ngokucacileyo. Uhlolo olucacileyo, olungqongqo lungaphucula ingxoxo noxanduva lukawonke-wonke.

Ingqikelelo Yamazwe Ngamazwe: Iindlela Zodibano

Ukurhweba phakathi komthetho wemekobume kunye nenkqubela-phambili yezoqoqosho kubonakala kwahlukile kuxhomekeke kwiqondo lenkqubela-phambili yelizwe, amandla alo okulungiselela, kunye nokukhutshwa kwemekobume.

  • Amazwe afumileyo asoloko ephikisa ukuba angafanele anyanzeleke ukuba amkele imilinganiselo elungeleleneyo njengamazwe afumileyo, awakha impumelelo yawo kungcoliso olunenkqubela-phambili. Abeka unciphiso nonyuko lwezoqoqosho, maxa wambi ajonge ummiselo wemekobume njengobunewunewu. Noko ke, le mbono iyayithanda ukucetyiswa kukungamela kwayo inkqubela phambili, ingakumbi amahlwempu axhomekeke ngqo kwizinto zendalo.
  • Uqoqosho oludityanisiweyo njengoTshayina, iIndiya, kunye neBrazil lujamelene nocelomngeni lokuphelisa ukukhula ngenxa yengozi yemekobume. Bazama imigaqo-nkqubo yoshishino, usetyenziso lwamandla oluvuselelekileyo, kunye nerhafu yongcoliso, ngoxa besaxhomekeke kumalahle nakwezinye imithombo engcolileyo.
  • Uqoqosho oluhambele phambili lunamandla amakhulu emali kunye nobugcisa okutyanda ekukhuseleni imekobume, kwaye abemi bawo badla ngokufuna umgangatho ophezulu wemekobume. Noko ke, basajamelene nokuchasana kwemizi-mveliso yokoyika ukuphulukana nokhuphiswano kunye nemikhosi yezobupolitika echasa umgaqo.

Intsebenziswano yehlabathi lonke i— ngezivumelwano ezifana ne-Paris Climate Scedment Act, ukufuduswa kobugcisa, kunye nenkcitho yemozulu i— kubalulekile ukukhusela ugqatso ukuya ezantsi apho amazwe enza buthathaka imimiselo yokutsala utyalo-mali. Kwangaxeshanye, imigangatho yomhlaba wonke efanayo isenokungawafanela amazwe akwimigangatho eyahlukene kakhulu yokukhula. Oku kufuna ukuba kucalulwe iimbopheleleko kunye neenkqubo eziguqukayo.

Khangela Phambili: Ikamva Letratoff

Ukuthengwa okubonakalayo phakathi komthetho wemeko-bume kunye nophuhliso lwezoqoqosho asingomthetho wendalo osisigxina. Ngumsebenzi wobugcisa, ukuyilwa kwenkqubo, amandla okulungiselela, namaxabiso entlalo.

  • [[Utshintsho lobugcisa] luqhuba phantsi kwexabiso lamandla acocekileyo, izithuthi zombane, kunye neenkqubo ezingasebenzi kakuhle, ziyenza ibe yexabiso eliphantsi ukuthobela imimiselo kwaye ifumane ingeniso yokuyolisa.
  • [[NTL: 0] Ixabiso eliya lisiba linyuka nxamnye nabangcolisi, kunye nabatyali-mali befuna ukutyhila umngcipheko wemozulu kunye noomaneja bempahla ezinkulu abatyhalela phambili ukulondolozwa. Amaxabiso ekomkhulu anokuba maphezulu kushishino olumdaka, atshintshe intengiso yecalculus.
  • Uluvo lwePublic luyatshintsha, ingakumbi phakathi kwezizukulwana ezincinane, ezibeka indawo engqongileyo kwindawo engqongileyo kwaye zikulungele ukwamkela iindleko zolawulo ukukhusela isijikelezi langa. Olu xinzelelo lwezobupolitika lungayoyisa inkcaso.
  • utshintsho oludityanisiweyo ngokwalo luyintlawulo enkulu yezoqoqosho enciphisa ixabiso lomthetho, inyanzelisa ukuphinda ususe oko "kuphuhliswa kwezoqoqosho" kuthetha kwihlabathi lentlekele ezithe rhoqo.

Ii-tranoffs azinakunyamalala ngokupheleleyo kwi— yonke inkqubo ibandakanya abaphumeleleyo nabangaphumeleliyo. Kodwa ngohlalutyo locoselelo, ulawulo oluqulukileyo, kunye nolude lwengqiqo, ibutho labantu lingasuka kumgca-ero-sum engqondweni liye kumntu oqonda ukuxhomekeka okunzulu phakathi kokusingqongileyo okusempilweni kunye nezoqoqosho oluchumileyo. Injongo asikokuphelisa ukurhweba kodwa kukuzilawula ngobulumko, ukuqinisekisa ukuba indlela ekhokelela kwimpumelelo ayisonakalisi isiseko esixhomekeke kuso ekugqibeleni kwimpumelelo.