Ukuganana kwe-CBIC, ukuba nenxaxheba okukhutheleyo kwabemi kumazwe abo ezobupolitika, entlalweni, kunye nasekuhlaleni, kudala kuqashelwa njengesiseko solawulo-bume bezolawulo-moya. Oku kubandakanya intlukwano yemisebenzi emininzi, ukusuka ekuvoteni nasekusebenzeni ngokutshayeleni nasekukhonzeni kwiibhodi zasekuhlaleni. Ukukhangela indlela ezi zinto eziye zavela ngayo ngexesha elithile kunika isimbo esixabisekileyo sokuqonda impilo yedemokhrasi yethu kunye nolwalamano oluguqukayo phakathi kwabantu kunye noorhulumente babo. Oku kuhlolisisa ngokunzulu oku kuqwalasela izicwangciso-nkqubo ezingundoqo zoluntu ukususela phakathi kwenkulungwane ye-20 ukuya kwimini yanamhlanje, ukuhlola imicimbi yezentlalo, ezobugcisa, kunye nezopoliti zezo eziye zazenza zikwazi ukuyiqonda kakuhle oko kusenokubakho kwikamva elisebenzayo ngenxa yobumilo.

Inkulungwane Yophakathi Ka - 20: IXesha Eliyigolide Lokuthotywa

Amashumi eminyaka emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, ingakumbi iminyaka yee-1960 kunye neyowe-1970, amela ixesha lokuzinzisa ingca nokuthatha inxaxheba kwezentlalo. Eli xesha langqinela ukukhula kwesenzo sombutho odityanisiweyo esiqhutywa yimibutho enamandla yoluntu eyathi ngokusisiseko yaguqula ubume belizwe. Umbutho wamalungelo abantu, ukulwa nemfazwe elwa noVaietnam, kunye nentsebenziswano exhobisayo yamalungelo abantu kunye nemibutho ehlala abantu ukuba bathathele izitrato, ukulungelelanisa umgangatho woluntu, kunye nokufuna iinguqu.

  • Ukudlula koMthetho wamalungelo eVolter kunye noMandla: Kwaphawula incopho yokutshintsha, ikhokelela kulwando olukhulu ekubhaliseni komvoti phakathi koluntu lwaseAfrika kuMzantsi. Ii-Grasroots ezizintlu njengeKomiti yaBafundi Nonlig Coordinating (SNC) yaqhuba amaphulo okuqhuba ucango ukuya kwindlu yomnyango eyayisoloko idityaniswa nenkcaso enogonyamelo, ukanti baphumelela ekufakeni isizukulwana.
  • Ukunyuka kwemibutho yobugcisa: Eli xesha labona ukusekwa kwamaqela ahlala ehleli ekwizikhundla zobugxwayiba anjengeSizwe se-National Organization for Women (NOW), iNgxowa-mali yokhuselo-bume bemekobume, kunye ne-American Civil Liberies Union (ACLU). Le mibutho yakhokelela amandla entlanganiselo yengca kwinkqubo eqinileyo yezomthetho kunye nezenzo ezisemthethweni.
  • Ukubonisa umboniso wobuProfeksi njengesixhobo esiphambili: UMatshi ka1969 eWashington kunye nohlaselo lwamadonga odonga lwangowe-1969 lubonisa indlela uqhankqalazo lukawonke-wonke lwaba licebo elingundoqo ngayo kubemi ukuvakalisa iimfuno zabo. Ekuqaleni koo1970, uphando lukawonke-wonke lwabonisa ukuba uninzi lwamaMelika luthathe inxaxheba kuhlobo oluthile lomboniso okanye ingqungquthela nokokanye kubomi bawo.

Eli xesha lalikwaphawulwa ngomgangatho ophezulu wokuthemba amaziko, ngokuchaseneyo noko, abangela ukuba kubekho ukuganana nokunyanzelwa. Abami balapho babekholelwa ukuba urhulumente wabo wayekwazi ukusabela kwiimfuno zabo, nto leyo eyabangela imvakalelo yokusebenza ngokuzihambela. Noko ke, oku kuthemba kwakuya kuqalisa ukuwohloka kumashumi eminyaka alandelayo, ngokusisiseko kuguqula indlela abathathi-nxaxheba kwintlalo-ntle.

ISiko: Ngoo - 1980 Nowe - 1990

Njengoko iminyaka yee-1980 iqalisa, ukwakhiwa kwelizwe kwaguquka ngendlela ephawulekayo. Amandla okuhlanganisa abantu abaninzi ngokuthe ngcembe atshintsha atshintsha indlela yokuthatha inxaxheba elungeleleneyo, engancediyo. Eli xesha, maxa wambi lalibizwa ngokuba “kukuququzelela,” labona ukusetyenziswa kweqhinga kunye nokutshintsha kokuqhankqalaza ukuya ekuncediseni nasemsebenzini wenkqubo.

  • Ukukhutshwa kwamaBhunga angenangeniso: Phakathi ko 1980 no 2000, inani lemibutho engabhalisiweyo eUnited States liphindaphindeke ngaphezu kokuphindwa kabini. Le mibutho, isuka kumaqela amakhulu akhuphiswano-nzala e-Ofisi njengeKhampani yamaLungelo oluntu ukuya kumawaka eebhanki zokutya zasekuhlaleni kunye namaqumrhu okuphuhlisa uluntu. Ngoku ingaba yizithuthi eziphambili zokuthabatha inxaxheba kwezezezezezezequququzelo zikarhulumente.
  • Ubuvolunteeris njengoMgaqo-siseko wesizwe: Iminyaka yowe-1990 yagxininisa ngokutsha kwinkonzo yamatsha - ntliziyo, eboniswa ngokudalwa kwe-AmariCorps ngo 1993. Le nkqubo karhulumente yakhuthaza isizukulwana esitsha ukuba sibendakanyeke kwinkonzo yoluntu, idibanisa umsebenzi wesizwe nenkonzo yesizwe. Ugcino-lwazi olusuka kwi-Bureau of Labor Statistics lwabonisa ukuba amanani amatsha aphezulu amalunga nama-29% abemi abadala abaphezulu phakathi konyaka we-19920.
  • Impatho-mbini yezenzululwazi yobugcisa: Iminyaka yoo1980 kunye no-1990 nayo yabona intguqulo lokuqala zobugcisa ezakutshintsha kamva ukubotshwa kwe-fax. Umatshini we fax kunye ne-imeyili yokuqala zaba zizixhobo zonxibelelwano olukhawulezileyo phakathi kwabaxhasi, ingakumbi kwiinkqubo zokusingqongileyo nakumalungelo abantu. Ukuwa koDonga lwaseBerlin ngo 1989 kwakhawuleziswa kakhulu ngokusasazeka kolwazi ngefax nangefoto-sapie-mamisadat.

Noko ke, oku kumiswa kombutho kwanexabiso. Abanye abaphengululi baphikisa ngelithi ukuguqulwa kwemibutho esekelwe kumalungu (njengokumanyaniswa kwabasebenzi namaqela ezobupolitika) kusetyenziswa ngokusemthethweni kwidemokhrasi ecacileyo ewehlayo. Abahlali baba ngabanikezeli abangasebenziyo okanye ngamathuba athile kunabenzi besigqibo abakhutheleyo kwingingqi zabo.

Inkulungwane yama - 21: Imvukelo Yamanani Nokuhlaziywa Kolawulo

Ukujika kwewaka leminyaka kwabangela utshintsho oluqhubekayo olusachaza ukuganana kwebutho labantu namhlanje. Ukunyuka kwe-intanethi, i-media, i-media kunye nobugcisa obuhambayo kwadala imijelo emitsha yonxibelelwano, ulungelelwaniso, kunye nokungalawuleki. Le nguqulelo yamanani yokufumana ulwazi elungelelanisiweyo yabangela ukuba ukhuthuzo olukhawulezileyo lukwazi ukufikelela ulwazi kwaye kwabangela ukuba lukhawuleziswe ngomlinganiselo ongazange ubonwe ngaphambili. Noko ke, kwakhona kwavelisa imingeni emitsha, kuquka iintsono kunye nokwahlulwa kwentetho kawonke wonke.

  • I-Media e-Occialic njengesixhobo sokuLungisa: Izakhelo ezifana ne Facebook, iTwitter, kwaye kamva iInstagram kunye neTikTok zaba sembindini kwimisebenzi yale mihla. Iphulo lomongameli lika-Barack Obama labonisa amandla okucwangcisa amanani, kunye nezigidi zabaxhasi abasebenzisa ijelo-ndaba ukudibanisa iziganeko kunye nengxowa.
  • Izicelo ezithe ngqo kunye nokuxinanisa: Indawo ezifana noTshintsho.org kunye neGoFoundMe zavumela abantu ukuba baqalise amaphulo nakuwuphi na umba, bagqithe abagcini-sango besithethe. Umbutho we-Occupy Wall Street wasebenzisa ijelo-lwazi loluntu ukusasaza isigidimi salo emhlabeni wonke, ngoxa kwakhona ibonisa imiqathango yokulungelelanisa okuziintloni, okungalawulekiyo.
  • Isasazeke ngokuphawulekayo ukuthatha inxaxheba phakathi kobutsha: izixhobo zamanani zinciphisa imiqobo yokungena kwabantu abaselula. Uphando lwangonyaka ka 2018 lwepew Pew Research Center lufumanise ukuba ama-47% akwishumi elivisayo aneminyaka eli-13-17 ubudala aye abandakanyeke kwimisebenzi yoluntu yengingqi kwi-intanethi, efana nokusayina okanye ukwabelana ngenkcazelo malunga nemicimbi yentlalo, kunyaka ophelileyo. Esi sizukulwana sidla ngokubizwa ngokuba “ziintlanga,” kunye nokudibanisa kwabo unxulumano kwi-intanethi kunye nezenzo zabo zokusebenza ngaphandle komsebenzi.

Uphando lwemeko: Intshukumo ezinikwe amandla zinethwekhi yamanani

Intshukumo ephawulekayo eziliqela zibonisa amandla okutshintsha kobugcisa bekhompyutha kule nkulungwane yama - 21:

  • I-Arabian Spring (2010-2012):[[FLT] amaqonga onxibelelwano, ingakumbi Facebook kunye noTutter, zasetyenziswa ekulungiseni ukubhikisha ngaphaya kwe Tunisia, iYiputa, kunye namanye amazwe ama-Arabhu. Abenzi-mthetho basebenzisa ezi zixhobo ukwabelana ngolwazi, ukulungelelanisa imiboniso, kunye nokusasaza iziganeko kubaphulaphuli behlabathi lonke, ukudlula ulawulo lolawulo lwe-medisizwe.
  • Ubomi Obumnyama Matter (203-presente): ekuqaleni yasekwa njenge-hashtag emva kokulahlwa komlondi we-Travon Martin, Black Live Conference ivela ibe yenye yeyona mibutho emikhulu yentlalo kwimbali ye U.S. isakhiwo sayo esilungelelanisiweyo sixhomekeke kakhulu kwi-Twitter, Istagram, kunye noFacebook ukulungiselela ukulwa nokunyuswa kwemibhiyo yamapolisa.
  • IMatshi yaMakazi (2017): Ngosuku lwasemva kokunikezelwa kukaDonald Trump, abantu abaqikelelwa kwizigidi ezi-4,6 bathatha inxaxheba kuMatshi Womfazi ngaphaya kweUnited States] oluninzi oluqhankqalazo lwemini enye kwimbali yelizwe. Esi siganeko salungiselelwa phantse ngokupheleleyo ngesiganeko seFacebook iphepha kunye nothungelwano lwemivo yokuzithandela.

Utyekelo lwangoku: Umahluko, uMthetho wolutsha, nempilo yengqondo

Iziganeko eziliqela eziye zavela zitshintsha indlela abantu ababandakanyeka ngayo kubomi bedemokhrasi:

  • Icandelo njengesakhelo somsebenzi esiphambili sobuGcisa: Imibutho ye-Contemporary iya iqonda ukuba i-IM-MPAWU yentlalo enjengebala, udidi, isini, kunye ne-pulgategon ibumba ibumba ibumbanisa amava abantu kunye neemfuno zobupolitika. UMatshi weMilimo Yethu kunye nokuhlasela kwemozulu kusoloko kubandakanya uhlalutyo oluphakathi kwabantu abaselula, ukuvuma ukuba ugonyamelo lwemekobume kunye nompu luchaphazela uluntu olude luchaphaza.
  • Isenzo sobuntwana-buntwana-be-eled Actives kwiRise: Abantu abaselula abathathi nxaxheba nje kuphela ngaphezulu, basoloko bekhokela ityala. Umbutho wolutsha lwehlabathi lonke, ondululwe nguGreta Thunberg woqhankqalazo lwesodwa ngaphandle kwepalamente yaseSweden ngo191818, wakhuthaza izigidi zabafundi kumazwekazi amathandathu. Ulutsha lukwanomsebenzi wolawulo olungqongqo lwemipu eParkland, ukudubula kwesikolo saseFlorida ngo-201818.
  • Impilo yengqondo kunye ne-Activolved: Kukho ukuqondwa okukhulayo kokuba ukudinwa engqondweni nokudandatheka zizithintelo ezibalulekileyo ekubopheleleni izivumelwano zexesha elide. Iintlangano zifaka inkxaso yempilo yengqondo kwizakhiwo zazo. Izenzo ezifana “nokuxhathisa, uncedo, kunye nokulungelelaniswa kokwenzakala komoya kuxhomekeke kwimibutho emininzi yabaxhasi.

Indima Yemfundo Ekubandakanyekeni

Amaziko emfundo anendima ebalulekileyo ekuhlakuleleni isizukulwana esilandelayo sabemi abatsha abatsha. Imfundo ye-Civic iye yancipha ekubalaseleni kwiinkqubo ezininzi zezikolo ukususela kwiminyaka yee-1970, kodwa kutshanje kuye kwavuselelwa umdla wokulungiselela abafundi ukuba babe nenxaxheba kwidemokhrasi. Ngokutsho iSivumelo semfundo yeCUVIC esimiselwe yiBhunga loMbutho ngowama-2019, ulawulo lwezentengiso lomgangatho ophezulu lunxulumene nomlinganiselo ophezulu wokuvota, ukuzinikela, nolwazi lwezobupolitika kubantu abadala.

  • IiNkqubo zokufunda: Ezi nkqubo zidityaniswe nenkonzo yoluntu noqeqesho lwaseklasini. Uphando lubonisa ukuba abafundi abathatha inxaxheba ekufundeni inkonzo basengozini yokuvota kwaye babandakanyeke kwimisebenzi yasekuhlaleni njengabantu abadala.
  • [[FLT: 0] Izikolo ezigxininisa ingxoxo, iimvavanyo zentelekelelo, kunye nengxubusho exutyiweyo kwimibandela ephikisanayo zinceda abafundi bahlakulele ubuchule obufunekayo kwintetho yengingqi enentlonelo. Iinkqubo ezifana ne- yesizwe iSpeach & Debate Association inikeza amaqonga abafundi ukuba babandakanye imixholo entsonkothileyo.
  • [[URhulumente:0] Urhulumente wobugqina namaBhunga oLutsha: Xa abafundi benikwa iimbopheleleko zokwenene", njengokulawula uqingqo-mali okanye ukubeka utshintsho lwenkqubo kwibhodi yabo yesikolo] bakha imvakalelo yokusebenza kwezobupolitika okunokuhlala ubomi babo bonke.

Ukuqhubeka Ujamelene Neengxaki Zokuba Nenxaxheba Ekwandiseni

Kukho inkqubela ebalulekileyo ekwenzeni izifungo zeso sizwe zifikeleleke, kodwa zisekho imiqobo emikhulu.

  • Ukudityaniswa kwePlatalical Polassical: Ingqiqo enzulu iyahlula-hlula yenza kube nzima kakhulu kubemi ukufumana izinto ezifanayo. Uhlolisiso lwama-2021 lweZiko lophando lwafumanisa ukuba phantse isiqingatha samaMelika sithi “adinwa yipolitiki. Ukungquzulana kunokubangela iingxwabangxwaba ezidinisayo ezidimanisayo, ingakumbi kuyabalinganisa nabazimeleyo.
  • [[NTLT: 0] I-Misform and Disformation: Ukusasazeka ngokukhawuleza kolwazi olubuxoki okanye olulahlekisayo kwi-intanethi kuphelisa ukuthembana kwamaziko namanyaniso. Oku kwenza kube nzima umsebenzi wabafundisi-masipala kunye nabaxhasi abaxhomekeke kulwazi oluchanileyo ukulungiselela inkxaso. IReuter Institute Digital News Report ifumanise ukuba 27% yabathethinti basebenzisa uthetho lwezi zixhobo zonxibelelwano njengemvelaphi yabo engundoqo yeendaba, iqonga apho intebono entle ikhula khona.
  • Izithinteli-Mbali ezithe ngqo: Ubume bentlalo, uhlanga, ijografi, kunye nolwimi lonke olunokuba nempembelelo. Imithetho ye-Voter ID, iiyure zokuchonga ezisikelwe umda, nokunqongophala kolwimi kuchaphazela ingeniso ephantsi kunye noluntu oluncinane. Ngokufanayo, ulwahlulo lwamanani luthetha ukuba abemi abaninzi abasayi kungena ngokuthembeka kwi-intanethi, ngaphandle kwayo kwiintlobo ze-intanethi zokuganana.

Abaphathi Abaphambili Botshintsho Kwiminyaka Engamashumi Amathandathu

Abaqhubi abaninzi abaphezulu baye ngokuqhubekayo baphembelela ingcamango yokuganana kwebutho labantu kwiminyaka engamashumi asixhenxe edluleyo:

  • Inkcazo yezentengiso: Ukusuka kumabonwakude ukusasaza izihlabo zemfazwe yeVietnam ukuya kumanani akhuthaza umbutho omnyama wobomi, isizukulwana ngasinye siye sabona iindlela zokubotshwa kombutho omilise ngobugcisa obukhoyo. Ummiselo olandelayo unokuba bubulumko obungeyonto, obunganceda ukwenza imiyalezo ye-advocacy okanye ---ifort isebenzisa kakubi iprojekthi ye-raptic ngesantya esingakaze sibonwe.
  • [[FLT: 0] I-Shifts zobuzwe: I-United States iye yahlukana kakhulu ngokobuhlanga, kwaye olu tshintsho lubonakaliswa kwimibutho yezentlalo nezokuqala. Abemi bewaka leminyaka kunye noGen Z basengozini yokubandakanyeka kwimiba yobuhlanga, iinguqulelo zemozulu, kunye nokungalingani kwezoqoqosho kunabantu abadala.
  • Iimeko zezoqoqosho: amaxesha oxinezeleko lwezoqoqosho `````````''''''''''' njengakunyuswa kwemali enkulu' ka-2009/ngoku okuye kwakhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo eziphambili. Namhlanje, ukunyuka kwexabiso lokuphila kunye nemithwalo yabafundi bamatyala kukhuthaza abatsha abavoti.

Ukulinganisa Isabelo Sesityalo: Indlela Esikwazi Ngayo Oko Siyaziyo

Ukuqonda intsingiselo kufuna umlinganiselo onamandla. Imithombo ephambili yogcino-lwazi ekudibaniseni abantu iquka i-CMous Accounting Service ye-Cvic Chivic Service. (ekhonziswe yi-U.S. Creasure Bureaunt), i-American National Evolution Studies (ANES), kunye nohlolo lwemibutho efana ne-Pew Research Center kunye ne-Communication for National and Community Service. Ezi zixhobo zibonisa iziphumo ezifana nevoti, iiyure zokuzithandela, amalungu eentlanganiso, nokuthatha inxaxheba kwintlanganiso zasekuhlaleni. Okunye okungaguquguqukiyo kunokuthi kubonakale ngokuphawulekayo kwiziphumo, ukuvuma okanye ukudibana nokuyamkena kwebutho entlalo, nangona i-197077, ukuthotywa kwe-Rodventine ye-Romet [Fod]

Isiphelo: Imvelaphi Eqhubekayo Yobumi Obukhutheleyo

Ukusukela ekuququzelweni kwe-1960 ukuya kumaphulo amanani onyaka wama-2020, ukubotshwa kwesizwe eUnited States kuye kwangqinwa kuyinto elula ukumelana nokuguquguquka. Ixesha ngalinye liye lazisa iingxaki zalo kunye nezinto ezintsha, kodwa intsingiselo engundoqo ihlala ingatshintshi: ukuba idemokhrasi entle ifuna ukuba abemi bayo bathathe inxaxheba ngokukhutheleyo. Njengoko sijonge phambili, eyona ndlela ithembisayo iquka ukuqhubekeka kobugcisa obutsha ngelixesha lixa sithetha ngokuzingisa okuqhubekayo, ukukhuthaza umanyano lwecapanicawa phakathi kwengeniso, urhulumente, namashishini, kwaye ngaphezu kwako konke, ukuvelisa imfundo yezentengiso ekhuthaza ukuba bonke abantu bathathe inxaxheba. Ibali lokuququluko loluntu alikho elo lakutshintsha ngokuzinziwa kwelizwe ngalinye.