Imvelaphi Yezilingo ZamaJury

Ilungelo lokuchophela icala labachopheli-tyala lingaphezulu kune-procedtural khusi ledemokhrasi. Imvelaphi yalo ibuyela emva kwiGrisi yamandulo, apho abemi basebenza njengejaji kwimilo yolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nemicimbi yamakhaya phantsi kwenkqubo ye- dicasteria. IRiphabliki yamaRoma nayo yasebenzisa uhlobo lwejaji, i- iquastio[[FLT], kumatyala athile olwaphulo-mthetho. Noko ke, ukhokhokho wemiwodwa wabachopheli-mthetho banamhlanje bafunyanwa eNgilani yaphakathi kweminyaka ephakathi, elandela ukurhoxinzelelwa kwekhulu lekhulu lekhulu elina. Iphondo langaphambili langengawo ekwakhothusayo, kodwa amangqina asekuhlaleni ayenganyanise inyaniso ee kulo lonke ulwazi olusekelwe kumatyala.[Foth 12007]

uMagna Carta (1215) isoloko ibhiyozelwa ngokubekwa kwesiseko sokuvavanya ngabachopheli-mthetho. UClaus 39 uvakalisa ukuba akukho mntu okhululekileyo oza kuvalelwa okanye akhutshwe “ngaphandle komgwebo osemthethweni woontanga bakhe okanye umthetho welizwe.” Nangona igalelo lokuqala lasetyenziswayo ekuvaleni kuphela, ukutolikwa kwalo kamva laba lingunobangela wokufumana amalungelo abanzi. Ngenkulungwane ye-17, umthetho oqhelekileyo waseNgilani wamisa ngokuqinile inkundla yabachongi njengendlela yokuhlola igunya lobukhosi. Xa amathanga aseMelika ophumile eBritane, isindululo solawulo sowiso-mthetho esicango sachazwa njengesitshixo setyala. U. UMgaqo-siseko wahamba kwiSigqendulo se-siseko se-wongalo se-Sibini, neSinye se-6, esinika ingqhinga lokugweba elingu-mthetho se-mthetho se-ethenwa kwi-ethenwa eUnited States, i-United States, isalal, isala isala isalathi

Injongo kunye nemisebenzi yovavanyo lwe Jury

Iimvavanyo ze Jury zisebenza iinjongo ezingenamacala ahlukeneyo: zikhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye, ziqinisekisa ukuba abantu bangenelela, kwaye zikhuthaza intembelo yoluntu ekuphatheni imigaqo-nkqubo yokusesikweni. Ngokungafaniyo nokuvavanywa kwebhentshi, apho ijaji enye igqiba ukuba netyala, ijaji enye izisa ubulumko kunye neembono ezahlukeneyo zeqela. Oku kukhutshwa kwamandla kunceda ukulinda urhulumente ochukumileyo, ojongene nocalucalucalu-calulo, okanye obekele phantsi kwemigaqo engekho ngqiqweni. Abagwebi bagwebi basebenza “njengesazi sesazi sesizwe,” besebenzisa ingqiqo eqhelekileyo kwiingxoxo ezisemthethweni ezinokuthi ngamanye amaxesha zibe zezo zobugcisa.

Ngokucacileyo, ukuchotshelwa kwamatyala kuphumeza imisebenzi emine ebalulekileyo:

  • FOP[[FT:1] – Abalawuli bavavanya ubungqina, bavavanya ukunyaniseka, kwaye bagqibe oko kwenzeke. Bayalelwa ukuba basekele isigqibo sabo ngokubhekiselele kwizibakala ezinikelwe enkundleni.
  • Isicelo somthetho – Ngoxa ijaji iziyalela kumthetho onxulumeneyo, abachopheli-mthetho basebenzisa loo mthetho kwiinyaniso abazifumeneyo. Eli candelo lokusebenza ligcina imvume yomgwebi kunye nembono ebekwe ngabachopheli-tyala.
  • ILegitacy – Isigwebo esinikezelwa ngabemi abaqhelekileyo sinegunya lokuziphatha. Uluntu lungavuma ukugwetywa okanye ukugwetywa xa kuvela kwiqela loontanga kunokuba linikwe ligosa likarhulumente.
  • Imfundo ye- ye-pivic – inkonzo yeJury ibhenca abemi kwimisebenzi yenkqubo yokusesikweni, ikhuthaza ukuqonda okunzulu kwamalungelo, inkqubo efunekayo, kunye neembopheleleko zokuba ngummi.

Ucwangciso Lokhetho Lwe Jury (Umsinga Omfutshane)

Ukukhetha inkundla yabachopheli-tyala elungileyo nengakhethiyo yinkqubo enzima eyaziwa njenge i-odad (kwisiFrentshi sakudala, “ukuthetha inyaniso”). Iqala ngequmrhu labachopheli bejaji elithathwe kwiingxelo zobhaliso lovoti, ii-data zomqhubi, okanye ezinye iziqendu zikawonke-wonke. Amakhulu abemi angabizwa kwityala elinye. Xa ekwinkundla, ijaji kunye namagqwetha babuza abanokuba ngabagwebi ukuba bavulile iimbono ezinokubathintela ukugqiba ityala lobungqina.

Le nkqubo iqalisa ngokwamanqanaba:

  1. Ukubonisa iVenire – Inkupho yenkundla ithumela kwicandelwana elijikelezayo elingu candelo loluntu.
  2. Uvavanyo olukwimo ebanzi – abachopheli be-Presess bagcwalisa ii-intshi zemibuzo kwaye babuzwa njengeqela ngesimo sengqondo jikelele ngomthetho, amapolisa, okanye uhlobo lolwaphulo-mthetho.
  3. umbuzo oqhelekileyo – Attorney zingabuza imibuzo elandela isiqu esiphezulu, isoloko ikwilayini esecaleni okanye kumagumbi, ukuphengulula iimbono ezithile. Umzekelo, ijaji enokuba lixhoba lolwaphulo-mthetho olufanayo isenokungakwazi ukuhlala ingakhethi.
  4. Ityala lokwenza [ – IAttorney zingacela ijaji ukuba igxothe ijaji ngenxa yesizathu esithile, njengokuvuma ikhethe okanye ulwalamano neqela.
  5. Imingeni - Icala ngalinye lingabetha inani elisikelweyo leejaji ngaphandle kokunika isizathu. Noko ke, iingxaki zokukhulula azinakusetyenziswa ukucalula ngokusekelwe kuhlanga, ubufana, okanye ubuhlanga (njengoko zigcinwe ku Batson v. Kentucky, 1986).
  6. Ukudla ijaji - Emva kokuba amacala omabini eqhelise ucelomngeni lwawo, iqela eliseleyo le 12 (okanye elimbalwa kwamanye amazwe) lifungwe njengetyala labachopheli-tyala.

I-oir enzima kakhulu kuba igosa elinye elinekhethe linokonakalisa lonke iqhinga. Kwimeko eziphezulu, inkqubo ingathatha iintsuku okanye iiveki, njengoko amagqwetha ezama ukuchaza ikhethe elifihlakeleyo, ingakumbi elibangelwa kukupapashwa kwangaphambi kwetyala.

Indima Yabagwebi Ebudeni Betyala

Xa befungile, abachopheli bejaji baba ngabafumani benyaniso kuphela. Ngexesha letyala, kufuneka bahlale bengenamdla wobungqina obuzimelanga.

Abasebenzi benqwelo - moya benza imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo:

  • Ukuphulaphula nokugcina – Kufuneka banikele ingqalelo esondeleyo kubungqina, imiboniso, neempikiswano. Kwezinye iinkundla, bavumelekile ukuthatha amanqaku, nangona oku kungafani ngegunya.
  • [[NTL:0] Uvavanyo oluthe vetshe - Abalawuli bahlola ukuba amangqina anyanisekile, anyanisekile, kwaye ayaguquguquka. Bangaqwalasela isimilo, iintshukumisa, kunye nokuxhasa ubungqina.
  • Ukudityaniswa - Emva kokuqukumbela iimpikiswano kunye nemiyalelo yomgwebi, abachopheli-mthetho bathatha umhlala-phantsi kwigumbi labucala ukuze baphikisane ngobungqina. Ukhutshelo lungaphulaphulana iiyure okanye iintsuku. Abaququzeleli mabaphulaphulane, baqwalasele iimbono zokuqala, kwaye basebenze kwisigqibo esingangqinelaniyo (okanye ubuchule obubalaseleyo kwamanye amazwe ukwenzela amatyala amakhaya).
  • ikhupha isigqibo – isigqibo sokugqibela se-Ijaji kufuneka sisekelwe kubungqina nakumthetho njengoko uyalelwe. Ukuba abanakuvuma(a] abachopheli-mvo”) “umgwebi angavakalisa ityala eliphosakeleyo, kwaye ijaji ingagqiba ukuba iyalizama na eli tyala.

Abasebenzi badla ngokuchaza ukuba amava abangela ingcinga nenguquko. Abaninzi bashiya imithetho ngoxabiso olunzulu nobunzima bokufikelela okusesikweni.

Impembelelo Yezilingo ZobuJuli Kwinkqubo Esemthethweni

Iziphumo zovavanyo lwe Jury aziyiyo nje kuphela kodwa zikwayimeko ebanzi yelizwe esemthethweni. Impembelelo yazo iquka imilinganiso emininzi:

Uqwalaselo

Ngelixesha izigwebo zingenzi umthetho, izigqibo zazo zingaphembelela ukuba ngawaphi amatyala abhencwayo, kwaye iinkundla ezigwebayo maxa wambi zixhomekeke kwindlela abagwebi abaziphatha ngayo ukutolika imilinganiselo engokomGaqo-siseko. Umzekelo, Apprendi v. New Jersey] [2000], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. ibambelele kwisigqibo sokuba nayiphi na into enyukayo isigwebo ngaphaya kwemithetho mayivunywe kwijaji engaphaya kwamathandabuliso.

Ukukhangela Amandla Okuchophela

I Juries iye yasebenza ngokwembali njengesithinteli nxamnye netyala eligqithisileyo. Xa ubungqina bubuthathaka, okanye xa umthetho ungathandwa kakhulu, izigwebi zingakhulula kwanangokuchasene nobunzima bobungqina obungo “kukuphela"."---amandla okubuyisela isigqibo esingaphindiyo sona singakhange siphendulwe nangona ummangalelwa waphula umthetho. Imizekelo ekholisayo iquka amatyala angenamdla wokugweba uJohn Peter Zenger ngenxa yelibhele yokuvukela umthetho (1735), kunye ne 19-19-interight igwebo egweba ikhulula amakhoboka ababhaleki okanye abagcini bawo.

Utyekelo lukawonke-wonke olujijisayo

Phezulu (1995) okanye Imodeli ye Florida v. George Zimmerman ) (2013) yaba ziindawo ezigqamisayo zengxoxo yocalulo lohlanga kwinkqubo yokugweba. Iimvavanyo ezinjalo zingabangela imimiselo ye-Grougnogs umzekelo, okanye Imotement of Florida v. George Zimmerman[[FLT] [[FLT] [2013])

Ubungqina boluntu

Ukuthatyathwa kwetyala labachopheli-tyala kubhenca abemi kwimisebenzi yangaphakathi yeenkundla. Ngokwengxubusho yama-2019 eyenziwa liZiko leSizwe leeNkundla zikaRhulumente, abangaphezu kwama-85% ababesakuba ngabagwebi banikela ingxelo yokuba amava abo anyusa intlonelo yabo kwinkqubo yokugweba. Ngaphezu koko, iijaji ezahlukahlukeneyo ziphucula ukumela izigwebo, njengoko uphando lubonisa ukuba ukuxubanisa amatyala eejaji asetyenziswa ngamatyala asetyenziswayo kudala, ziqwalasela ubungqina obuninzi, kwaye zenza iimpazamo eziziimpazamo eziziintloko ezimhlophe ezingaphezulu kwama-76.

Iingxaki Ezijamelene Nezilingo Zobujukubhedu

Phezu kwako nje ukuxabiseka kwazo okuhlala kuhleli, iinkundla zabachopheli - tyala zijamelana nemiqobo ebalulekileyo enokudodobalisa ukusesikweni nokuphumelela kwazo.

Imbono ye-Jurier

Wonke umntu uzisa ikhethe elicacileyo kwibhokisi yabachopheli-mgwebi ("isekelwe kwibhokisi yabachopheli-tyala"i-avarenti, ubufana, imeko yentlalo, okanye amava obomi. Kwanangona i-voir, ikhethe elinzulu, elikufutshane, lingahlala lifihlakele. Abamangalelwa abamnyama basenokugwetywa kwaye bafumane izigwebo eziqatha kunabamangalelwa abamhlophe, kwaye ezi zicalucalucalucalucalulo ngokwenxalenye zibangelwa lucalulo oluneyo. Iinkundla ziye zazama ukuthetha oku ngoqeqesho olupheleleyo lwe-prebias, imiyalelo ehlaziweyo, kwaye zifumana izindululo ezingekho mthethweni, kodwa ingxaki iyaqhubeka.

Ubunzima Bokuqiqa Kwale Mihla

Amatyala amaninzi olwaphulo-mthetho ngoku abandakanya ubungqina obuntsonkothileyo bokufumana ingxube-ngendlela yokuzibamba, amaqhinga amade, okanye ulwaphulo-mthetho oluntsonkothileyo lwemali. Ngoku ityala lomlinganiselo lithatha iiveki eziliqela, kwaye amanye anokuthatha iinyanga. Abagwebi, abasoloko bengaqhelananga namagama asemthethweni okanye iingcamango zenzululwazi, basenokuzama ukufukula nokugcina iinkcukacha ezineenkcukacha. Lo “msantsa wokusebenza komthetho onzima” unokuba bangela ukudideka nokunyusa ingozi yesigqibo esiphosakeleyo. Ezinye iinkundla ngoku zivumela abachopheli benzi ukuba babhale imibuzo ebhaliweyo ngenxa yamangqina, okanye zibanike ingcaphephe ebizwa ngokuba zii-Gergéns, kodwa loo manyathelo ahlala ephikiswa.

Ixesha noMngeniselo weSibonelelo

Ukuvavanywa kwe Jury kubiza imali eninzi. Ityala elinye lingabiza amawaka eerandi ngexesha lenkundla, iimali zejaji neeyure zegqwetha. Iityala eziqhubeka zityala zidla ngokufuna iinyanga zokulungiselela kwangaphambili, kwaye amatyala anqabile kakhulu. Kwinkqubo karhulumente, amatyala angaphantsi kwama-2% angena kumacala olwaphulo-mthetho ngoku aya kuvavanywa; ngaphezu kwama-95% anokugqitywa ngokufaka isicelo sesicelo. Ukuwa kwetyala kuthetha ukuba umsebenzi wembali wabachopheli-tyala uyatsha, kwaye abamangaleli abagxininisa ilungelo labo kwijaji bangajamelana “nesohlwayo solwaphulo-mthetho” [isigwebo esinzima] kunokuba benokugwetywa ngetyala.

Impembelelo yamajelo eendaba kunye nophuhliso loshishino

Ukugqunywa kweemvo eziphezulu zeziko lemidlalo kungayigcwalisa ingingqi ngolwazi lwekhethe. Abasebenzi bejaji basenokuba sele bevelise iimbono ezinamandla ngaphambi kokuba babizwe. Kwiimeko ezigqithisileyo, abagwebi kufuneka baququzelele ijaji ukuze kufikelelwe lonke ityala, bawakhethe kwiindaba nakumaziko asekuhlaleni, okanye bade badlulisele ityala kwindawo eyahlukileyo. Ukufika kwee-mfonomfono kunye nokufikelela ngokukhawuleza kulwazi kukwenze phantse kwaba nzima ukuqinisekisa ukuba abachopheli-ja abanokudibana nezinto ezingenakusetyenziswa.

Ukuba Ngummeli Nabameli Abahlukahlukeneyo

Ukuze abachopheli-tyala bangabi namkhethe ngokwenene, kufuneka babonise ukunqamleza okusesikweni kwebutho labantu. Kodwa amagunya amaninzi asalwa nokusetyenziswa kwabasebenzi nabagcini-ndlu abancinane, abancinane, abatsha, kunye nabahlali abafumana imali ephantsi. Oku kusenokubangelwa kukucalucalula kumthombo, ukusetyenziswa kweengxaki zokukhulula amaqela athile, okanye ubunzima obuthethelela amanani aphezulu abasebenzi nabagcini-nxaxheba. Imigudu yokuphucula ukumela iquka ukusebenzisa iintsontela ezininzi, ukunciphisa okanye ukuphelisa imingeni ephantsi, nokulungisa iinkonzo zejaji, ukwenza inkonzo yenkonzo eluncedo kakhulu (umz., ivumela inkonzo yemini engama-66, ilungiselela ukunyamekela abantwana).

Imbono Ethelekisayo: Iimvavanyo Zobubhovu Ehlabathini Lonke

IUnited States ibalasele njengeyona nkqubo yokuvavanya iqinileyo yabachopheli-tyala, kodwa ikude nelizwe elixhomekeke kumaqumrhu angummi. Ukuqwalasela ezinye iinkqubo kubonisa indlela imodeli yabachopheli-tyala enokuqhelaniswa ngayo nezithethe ezahlukileyo ezingokwasemthethweni.

  • [[FLT: 0] England neWales – Isiqalo senkundla yezigebenga zale mihla sisayisebenzisa kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho anzulu kwiNkundla yeBhuna. Noko ke, iijaji ziye zapheliswa kumatyala amaninzi asekuhlaleni, kwaye ilungelo lokuchophela ityala labachopheli-tyala linciphile kune-U.S.Imingeni yokucinezela yapheliswa ngo-1988 ukunciphisa ucalucalulo lobuhlanga.
  • Canada- Iityala zamatyala ejaji etyala elinzulu. I Juries zinamalungu ali-12 kwaye kufuneka zifikelele kwisigqibo esidibeneyo. IVoir ithintelwe kakhulu kunase-U.S., kwaye ucelomngeni lwesizathu lusetyenziswa ngokucotha.
  • Australia- Juries zigqiba kwityala kuzo zonke iityala lolwaphulo-mthetho ezigwetywayo ngetyala elingaphaya kweenyanga ezili-12 ukuvalelwa entolongweni. Ukungalingani kuyafuneka kumazwe amaninzi, nangona abanye bevumela izigqibo ezininzi emva kokucinga okugqithisiweyo. Indima yabachopheli-mgwebi kwityala lamakhaya iye yancitshiswa ngokuthe ngcembe.
  • [[FLT: 0] I-Continantal Europe-Amazwe amaninzi akwiziko loluntu athathe indawo yeejaji zesithethe ngeenkundla ezidityanisiweyo okanye abagwebi abaqhelekileyo. Umzekelo, iJamani isebenzisa inkqubo “yokuqulunqa” ( Schöffen)) abahlala ecaleni kwabagwebi abangoonolwazi kumatyala anzulu olwaphulo-mthetho. IFransi isebenzisa iqela labagwebi abathathu nabagwebi abathandathu abagwebi abagwebi betyala ityala ityala ityala. Ezi nkqubo zijolise ubuchule obusemthethweni bokuthatha inxaxheba ngelixa ziphepha ubugqeba obuqhelekileyo be-6.
  • yeyokuhlaya---1999, iJapan yazisa isalain inkqubo (umahluleli) kulwaphulo-mthetho olunzulu. Iinkqubo zeqela labemi abathandathu nabagwebi abathathu abanobuchule bagqiba kokubini ukuba banetyala kunye nokugwetywa. Utshintsho lwafuna ukwandisa ukuthemba nobuchule emva kothotho lwe-patrofile engalunganga. Uhlolisiso lwangaphambili lubonisa ukuba abagwebi abathatha inxaxheba kwaye ubunjani bolu buchule buye baphucula.

Le mizekelo ibonisa ukuba abachopheli-tyala abangowona mbutho ungowodwa. Inkqubo nganye ilinganisela imfuneko yokubandakanyeka kommi nxamnye nenkxalabo enxulumene nexabiso, ubuchule nokusesikweni.

Utshintsho Nekamva Lezilingo Zobu Juliya

Xa kuqwalaselwa iingxaki ezichazwe ngasentla, abaguquli abaninzi abangokwasemthethweni baye bacebisa iinguqulelo zokulondoloza nokuqinisa ityala labachopheli-tyala.

Ukuphucula Ukhetho

  • Ukwandisa uluhlu lwemvelaphi ukuze kuqukwe iirekhodi ze-atmark, ii-ID zesizwe nezinye iidatabase zokwandisa iinguqu.
  • Ukuphelisa okanye ukuphelisa ucelomngeni lokunciphisa ucalucalulo lobuhlanga.
  • Ukuvumela igqwetha 31: . . . . . . . . ivulile iimbono ezifihlakeleyo.

Ukuvavanya Iinkqubo Zale Mihla

  • Ukuvumela abachopheli beejaji ukuba babhale amaphetshana baze babuze imibuzo ebhaliweyo (ekuxhomekeke ekugwebeni imvume).
  • Ukunikela “ushwankathelo lomthetho” lobungqina obuntsonkothileyo, obufana nale ncwadi yokubhala yabachopheli - tyala esetyenziswa kumatyala athile okuqhatha.
  • Ukusebenzisa ubugcisa obufana nokuboniswa kobungqina be-elektroniki kunye nokukhutshelwa kwentetho yokwenene ukuze kuncedwe uluvo lwejaji.

Ukuthetha “Ityala Elikhulu”

  • Ukwenza imigaqo yemithetho enciphisa umahluko phakathi kwetyala nesibongozo. Amanye amazwe sele egunyazile ukuba ukuqiniseka emva kokuvavanywa akunakuphumela kwisivakalisi esingaphezulu kwama-20-30% kuphakame kunesicelo esilinganayo.
  • Imali eninzi yokuzikhusela ukuze abakhuseli bakawonke-wonke bakwazi ukuvavanya amatyala angakumbi.

Ukukhuthaza Inkxaso

  • Ukwandisa imbuyekezo (ngokufuthi iphantsi nge-R22-25) ukunciphisa umthwalo wemali kubemi abahlawulwayo abaphantsi.
  • Ukunikezela ngesisa okanye ukunyamekela abantwana abanobuchule.
  • Ukwamkela “usuku olunye okanye elinye icala” inkqubo yokunciphisa ukuphazamiseka.

Isenzo soMthetho neseejaji

  • Ukubophelela ilungelo lokuchophela ityala kwityala lejaji kumgaqo-siseko wesizwe (elisele likho kuzo zonke ii 50) kwaye kukwenze kube nzima ukuba iindlu zowiso-mthetho zichaze oko ngokunciphisa izigwebo ezingaphantsi komnyango wejaji.
  • Ukukhuthaza utshintsho olufana “nezigwebo zejaji” okanye izijungqu ezilawulayo (ezinceda abagwebi bagqibe amatyala anzima ngaphandle kwesigqibo esibophelelekileyo) ukuqokelela inkcazelo.

Ikamva letyala labachopheli-tyala liya kuxhomekeka ekubeni iinkundla kunye nezindlu zowiso-mthetho zingasivumelanisa na esi siko samandulo nehlabathi lanamhlanje. Phezu kwazo nje iimpazamo zalo, ijaji ihlala ingumqondiso ocacileyo womgaqo wokuba okusesikweni kukulwa nomthetho omnye, hayi umsebenzi wobugcisa. Njengoko iJaji yeNkundla ePhakamileyo uThur Good Marshall yabhala, “Ijaji lizisa kwinkqubo yokugweba umoya wokuthabatha inxaxheba ethandwayo nokuhlonela oko kuqulethwe ngumthetho. Umsebenzi wayo obalulekileyo kukulondoloza ubugocibo bequm.

Isiphelo: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukho Kwizilingo Zobu Jukubhede

Iimvavanyo ze Jury azingokhetho nje oluqhelekileyo; zibubuzibulo obungumGaqo-siseko obumanyanisa abemi kwisiseko senkqubo yabo yokusesikweni. Zinyanzela urhulumente ukuba angqine ityala lakhe phambi kweqela labantu abaqhelekileyo, aqinisekise ukuba umthetho uhlala uphantsi kwemigangatho yedemokhrasi. Uhambo lwembali ukusuka kwi-Grisi yamandulo ukuya kwigumbi labagwebi bale mihla lutyhila umsonto oqhubekayo: inkolelo yokuba abo balawulwa ngumthetho bamele bafumane intetho ethile ekusetyenzisweni kwawo.

Kubafundisi-mfundo abafundisa inkqubo yomthetho yolwaphulo-mthetho, ukuchophela amatyala abagwebi kunika uphando olunamandla ngendlela umthetho, ezopolitiko, kunye nendlela yokuziphatha kwabantu abagqebayo. Abafundi bafunda ukuba izigqibo aziyoziphumo ezizenzekelayo zemithetho esemthethweni kodwa zenziwe ngokucaciswa nangokugwetywa. Imingeni ejamelene namatyala abachopheli-ijaji (-bias, ukuntsonkotha, iindleko, iindleko-mali, zingenakutyeshelwa, kodwa kufuneka zichazwe ngendlela yokulungisa ngokucingisiswa. Ijeliso elipheleleyo `a' eliphakathi kwenkqubo yezomthetho liza kubangela ukuba abantu bangabi namathuba okuthemba nokunciphisa ii-chezulelo lorhulumente.

Njengoko sisiya singena nzulu kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukusinda kwetyala lejaji kuza kuxhomekeka ekuzimiseleni kwebutho labantu ukulityand ’ igila kulo. Ubugcisa bunganceda, kodwa ubugcisa abunakuthabathel ’ indawo isenzo somntu sokuphulaphula, ukuqiqa, nokugqiba kunye. Indlela engcono yokuhlonela umsebenzi wabachopheli-mthetho kukukhonza, ukufundisa, nokuxhasa inkqubo enika wonke ummangalelwa ithuba lokwenene lokuliva. Izikhongo ziphezulu, kodwa zinamandla okufumana idemokhrasi engakumbi nemalini epheleleyo. [FFOLT], ukF4, ufundo oluqhelekileyo, [FT] noluvo oluqhelekileyo] [FFT].[5]