Table of Contents

Impembelelo Eqhubekayo Yoorhulumente Basekuhlaleni Kwezobupolitika Zeqela Lesizwe EJapan

Inkqubo yezobupolitika yaseJapan idla ngokuphawulwa ngokulawula kweLiberal Democratic Party (LDP) kumgangatho wesizwe kunye nesakhiwo solawulo esisembindini. Noko ke, lo mfanekiso uphezulu ufiphaza ikhothathatha-gosa lezixhobo zezopolitiko, izixeko, iidolophu, needolophu, kunye neendawo. Ukuqonda eli candelo lempembelelo yempembelelo yezopolitiko. Amagosa esizwe eJapan akangoogalelo nje kuphela lwezolawulo lukarhulumente ophakathi; ayizitebhinoloji yemigaqo-nkqubo, amaqonga okuvelisa italente ezobupolitika, kunye neepropati zembono zikarhulumente ezinokuphinda ziphinde zitshintshe izinto eziphambili zeqela lezizwe. Ukuqonda eli candelo lempembelelo lempembelelo lempembelelo yempembelelo yesizwe, ukusukela kwimigaqo-ntlalo-bume yoluntu, ukuhla kolungiso lwentlalo lwentlalo-ntlalo. Le nqaku liphoyinyo lwezimente, imigaqo-siseko soburhulumente, imigaqo yelizwe, indlela yoogqesho-mthetho yesizwe, indlela yelizwe, ipropati yesizwe, ipro

ISisakhelo soMgaqo-siseko noMgaqo-siseko we-Autonomy yasekuhlaleni

UMgaqo-siseko waseJapan, owenziwe ngowe-1947, uqinisekisa ngokucacileyo umgaqo wenkululeko yasekuhlaleni. Isahluko VIII (Artles 92295) simisela isiseko esisemthethweni sokuzilawula ngokwaso imikhosi kawonke-wonke yasekuhlaleni, siyinika igunya lokulawula imicimbi yayo, ukumisela imithetho, nokunyula abalawuli kunye neendibano zazo. Umthetho wengingqi (1950) uyaqhubeka usenza ukuba kungenelwe le misebenzi, ichaza imisebenzi yemibutho noomasipala “njengezinto zikawonke-wonke.” Le ndawo isemthethweni inika oorhulumente basekuhlaleni imilinganiselo engaqhelekanga yokuzilawula kunye neendibano. I-Pronayidi ezingaqhelekanga, ibavumela ukuba bazame ngemithetho engqubanayo kwizithethe zoluntu.

Amaphondo nooMasipala: Umahluko Ukanti

Isakhiwo solawulo sasekuhlaleni saseJapan siquka amagunya angamashumi amane anesine (kuquka uRhulumente we-Tokyo Metropolitan) kunye noomasipala abamalunga ne-1,700. Izibonelelo zisingatha imicimbi yengingqi ebanzi `njengee-polisa, imfundo, nesiseko sesiseko sesiseko'.] Ngoxa oomasipala belawula iinkonzo zoluntu ezifana nokulahlwa kwenkunkuma, ucwangciso lwedolophu, kunye nentlalo-ntle. Nangona oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bemisela ukulawulwa ngokungqongqo, oorhulumente bahlala bethembele kakhulu kwimiqathango karhulumente osembindini kunye nerhafuthe-mali. Oku kubangela uxinezeleko phakathi kwemisebenzi yezolawulo kunye nokuxhomekeka kwemali.

Izixhobo zempembelelo yengingqi kwiPalatms yeQela leSizwe

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni abasebenzisi mpembelelo ngomjelo omnye. Kunoko, basebenzisa izixhobo ezidityanisiweyo ezingokwasemthethweni, ezopolitiko nezentlalo ukubumba iingxube zamaqela esizwe.

Ulingo lomgaqo-nkqubo nomahluko

Enye yezona ndlela zinamandla yimpembelelo yedemokhrasi. Oorhulumente bendawo, ingakumbi abo bakhokelwa ngabalawuli boguqulo okanye oosodolophu, badla ngokuzalisekisa iinkqubo ezincinane ezithetha ngeemfuno zasekuhlaleni kodwa zikwasebenza njengemodeli engqinelayo ye-conce. Xa ezi mpangelo zivelisa impumelelo engenakukhutshwa `````njengekhutshwa''', ukuphuculwa komoya, ukuphuculwa kwempilo entle, okanye ulwaneliseko oluphezulu lwabemi bamazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe. Inkqubo yokudiffussion inokwenziwa ngokusesikweni, ngekomiti yemigaqo yeqela efunda impumelelo yasekuhlaleni, okanye ngokungacwangciswangacwangciswanga, ngokukhutshwa, ngokukhutshwa kwezixhobo zendaba eziphakamisa inyathelo lodumo lwesizwe.

Ukuqhaqha nokuqhatha ngeNtlangano yeSizwe

Iinkokeli zikarhulumente wasekuhlaleni ziye zazilungiselela ngokwamaqela anamandla okulawula imikhosi yamaqela. IGawulayo yeSizwe iManyano yeZixeko, i-National Association of Cities, kunye ne-National Association of Towns and Downs zikhupha izicelo zemigaqo-nkqubo, zibambe izicelo zokukhuthaza abalungiseleli besizwe, zize zinxulumane ngqo noDiet. Ezi manyano azingomameli abathathi-nxaxheba kwimigaqo-siseko kodwa eziphambili kwezopolitiko; ziyakwazi ukusebenzisa ingcinezelo yeqela enokuthi akukho rhulumente wasekuhlaleni anokufikelela kuyo yedwa. Umzekelo, i-NGA ibiye yafakna isandla ekukhuthazeni utshintsho kunye nemigaqo yokulawula iintlekele. Amaqela ezobupolitika, alangazelela ukuxhasa iziphumo zezoshishino zomsebenzi wezotyani, ngokufuthi afaka ezi zicelo kwiqonganiso zawo.

Ukuguqula Iimbono Zoluntu Ngemibutho Yamajelo Amaphephandaba Nabemi

Imigaqo-nkqubo yasekuhlaleni evakalayo kubavoti ingaguqula intetho kawonke-wonke kwaye ibangele uxinzelelo lokhetho kumaqela esizwe. Xa umlawuli ofana noKochi enguovulindlela boqeqesho lwesisa okanye isixeko esifana neYokohama sisebenzisa amaxhoba anobundlobongela ekharbon, la mabali athathwa ngamajelo eendaba esizwe. Abami, bebona iinzuzo ezicacileyo kwezinye iindawo, baqalisa ukufuna imigaqo efanayo kwilizwe lonke. Amaqela ezobupolitika asabela ngokumkela le miqathango isithethe ukutsala abavoti. Ngale ngqiqo, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni basebenza njengemidathanga abasebenzi bemi boburhulumente, besebenzisa imigaqo yabo ukulungiselela imicimbi yesizwe.

Izifundo zetyala ezingokwembali: Ukusuka ekuhlaziyweni kwemithetho yesizwe ukuya kutsho

Impembelelo karhulumente kwimigaqo-nkqubo yeqela lesizwe asinto yakutshanje.

Amandla avuselelwayo: Ukusuka kumafama eplanela asekuhlaleni ukuya kumphathi-mikhosi wesizwe wokufuya

Ekuqaleni kweminyaka yowama- 2000, icandelo lamandla avuselelwayo eJapan lamiswa emva kweYurophu. Ii-Professi ezininzi, ngokungakumbi iNagano kunye no-Oita, zaqalisa ukwenza imisebenzi yobugcisa yelanga kunye nomoya, zisebenzisana nentsebenziswano yasekuhlaleni kunye nokuxhasa inkxaso-mali. Isixeko saseIida eNagano Prefegicture saba uphawu lwesizwe lokunyuselwa kwamandla avuselelwayo, ukutsala iintlanganiso ezivela kwezinye ii-PPP. Le migudu yasekuhlaleni, idityaniswe nokutsala i-NGA, yavelisa isiseko sokuxhasa amandla avuselelwe kwakhona. Ngonyaka wama-2009, urhulumente wesizwe wasungula ubuchule obuninzi bokufuyamyo obuvelayo (FIT), eyathiwenziwa yinkqubo ye-LDP emva kokulawula. I-FIT, yanikela ngokuthe ngqo kwimiqatha ye-FS, iiprogravesss, i-moves zobugcisa zobugcisa zasekuhlaleni.

Inyameko Yabantu Abakhulileyo: Abathathi-nxaxheba bakhokelela kwi-inshorensi yokunyamekela ekwixesha elide

Abemi baseJapan abalupheleyo babefuna ukucingela ngokubalulekileyo ukunyanyekelwa kwabadala. Ngaphambi kokuba inkqubo yesizwe ye-Liver-Term Care Inshorensir (LTCI) indululwe ngo- 2000, oorhulumente abaliqela basekuhlaleni, kuquka ihlomela-dolophu lase-Mitaka nesixeko saseYokohama, sele beyile “inkqubo yenkonzo yeshumi elinesibini" yabahlali babo abakhulileyo, ngokufuthi bexhaswa yirhafu kunye neminikelo yokuzithandela. Ezi nkqubo zizama ukuphatha iintsapho, izakhiwo zekhaya, kunye nezakhiwo ezisekelwe kuluntu. Urhulumente wesizwe“ uCwangcinga uGcimendo oludala” lwamaninzi lwama- 1990 kule mifanekiso yasekuhlaleni. Inkqubo yezoluntu, ngoku ityala lenkqumrhutho yezelo yentlalo, ngoku lingumzekelo ngqo wemisebenzi yoonke ubugxande, kunye nemisebenzi yezo lwezonganye imimandla yezonganye imimandla yehlabathi lonke.

Utshintsho Oluthe Tye: Iimfuno Zasekuhlaleni Zokusetyenziswa Kwezikhewu

Kangangamashumi eminyaka, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bakhalaza “ngemisebenzi egunyazisiweyo” (i-kikan iyaku jimu) eyabanyanzela ukuba benze imisebenzi karhulumente ophakathi ngaphandle kwenkxaso efanelekileyo. Ngoo1990, iirhuluneli ezifana noMasayoshi Takemura wase Kyoto zakhokela imikhosi yokulwa nolawulo lwe-fiscal eTokyo. I-activations chacesccescrectives kwiqela lesizwe lokulungisa i-cractive. Iziphumo zalenza ukuba “Trinity Reformations” (200,2006), enciphisa umbindi werhafuthe yoluntu ngexesha lokwandisa i-Implaye-Implaye-e, yaba yintsabelo esingqalileyo kulawulo lukarhulumente lwasekuhlaleni. Nangona izindululo zazingafezeki kwaye ziphendukile, zazibonakala zithandwa ngabantu besizwe besizwe.[9][9]

Imizekelo Yakutshanje: Oorhulumente Basekuhlaleni Njengoovulindlela Benkqubo

Umzekelo woorhulumente basekuhlaleni obumba inkqubo yeqela lamazwe uyaqhubeka namhlanje kumazwe amaninzi.

Ukuthintelwa Kwentlekele Nokutshintsha Kwemozulu

Emva kwe-2011 Great Japan High Tyngue, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni kwimimandla ekwi-tsunami-prane, kuquka i-Iwate kunye noMiyagi umlawuli wentlekele, bavelisa amanyathelo anyusiweyo anjengezikhuseli zekhusi zokufuduka ezinyusiweyo kunye nokwenziwa kwengozi. Idolophu yeMiamisanriku yaphuhlisa “inkqubo yokulolonga itsunami yokukhupha intlekele" eyathi kamva yamkelwa njengemodeli yesizwe nge-Ofireat-Dravity Agement Agement. Kutshanje, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni entshona yeJapan (umz. Oka, iOyama neHiroshima) baye bakhokela ekulungiseni imozulu, isenza imisebenzi efana neendawo ezikwimeko zoburhulumente zasekuhlaleni kunye neziyimeko zobuluhlaza zomkhukula.

Ukulingana Kwesizwe Notshintsho Lomsebenzi

Oorhulumente bendawo bakwaqhuba inkqubo yokuhamba kancinci kwelizwe laseJapan esusa ubufanasini. URhulumente we-Tokyo Metropolitan, phantsi kweRhuluneli uYurikoike, wasungula imiqathango enyanzelisa ubufana-bufazi kwiikomiti zayo zolawulo lolawulo lwabantwana kwaye wasungula inkqubo yolwandiso lwabantwana encinane ngo-2017. Isixeko saseTatoyo eAichi Prefecrance sadala inkqubo ebanzi yokukhuthaza ukuthabatha inxaxheba kwesigqibo sasekuhlaleni, kuquka ukuqeqesha nokucebisa iinkqubo zobudoda. Olu vavanyo lwasekuhlaleni lwaphembelela “amandla karhulumente wesizwe” kunye nomthetho wama-202020 ofuna iinkampani ezinkulu zikhuphe izithuba zesifana. Ngoxa inkqubela yesizwe ihlala ingalingani, iingqalise ngokuqhubekayo imigaqo yokulingana kwezithethe kunye nokunika ubungqina bobufana phakathi kobufana nyaka-19602064 kunye nezo zonke izibo ezisematyani.

Utshintsho lwamanani: IiIIndlela zokubuyisela iGovernment yangaphakathi

Utshintsho lwamanani eJapan (DX) kulawulo lukarhulumente wasekuhlaleni luphenjelelwe ziinkqubo zakudala ezisekelwe kwiphepha. Ngokomzekelo, isixeko saseFukuoka, sasebenzisa i-intanethi ebanzi kwi-intanethi ukwenzela iinkonzo zoluntu, kuquka irhafu kunye neenkqubo zesikolo sesikolo sesikolo, inciphisa ixesha lokulinda iMie ukusuka kwiiyure ukuya kwimizuzu. Icandelo lolawulo loburhulumente labangela ukuba abemi balapho bavumele ukuba balandele inkcitho yemali ngexesha lokwenene. Le mpumelelo yasekuhlaleni yazisa ngqo “iDigal Agency” ephakathi yesizwe, kuquka nenkcitho yerhafu karhulumente indulule nge 2021, kunye nokutyhalela urhulumente “inombolo yam yekhadi” njenge-ID yendawo yonke. Amaqela ezobupolitika anqamle iprojectal coluntments protmentalsmentialsssswords areants artients armist armidentium.

Ucelomngeni Nokusikelwa Umda Kwempembelelo Yasekuhlaleni

Phezu kwako nje oku kuphumelela, ulwalamano phakathi koorhulumente basekuhlaleni namaqela asekuhlaleni lunemiqobo ethintela impembelelo yasekuhlaleni.

Iinguqu zemali kunye nokhuseleko lwesizwe

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni baxhomekeke kwi-40% yengeniso yabo epheleleyo ekufudusweni koorhulumente abasembindini, bebenza babe sesichengeni sokunyanzelwa kwemali. Kwanaxa inyathelo lasekuhlaleni libonakala liphumelela, alingelinganiswa ngenxa yokuba isebe elisembindini lixhathisa ulawulo loqingqo-mali. Ngaphezu koko, amaqela esizwe asoloko emisela “ukudibanisa” umthetho obeka umthetho oqhelekileyo ophazamisa inkqubo yasekuhlaleni ngeendlela ezithintela uphuhliso oluthe lwamandunduva. Umzekelo, emva kokuba ukwenziwa komsindisi wesibonelelo, ikhuthazo zamandla asekuhlaleni akhutshwa, ukubuyiselwa kolawulo olusembindini wolawulo, ukurhoxinzelela urhulumente. Oku kucebisa ukuba impembelelo yasekuhlaleni isoloko ikwimiqatha ngexesha lokusebenza kwemiqathangondonga kodwa inciphile ngexesha lokusebenza.

Iqela Lezobupolitika Liyaqeqesha Lize Lihlaziywe

Amaqela ezobupolitika eJapan, ingakumbi iLDP, agcina ulawulo olunamandla olusemgangathweni kukhetho lwamatsha - ntliziyo kunye neeqonga. Amasebe eqela loluntu asoloko enezikhundla ezisikelwe umda, kwaye abalawuli basekuhlaleni (ooomatiloshe, oomatiloshe) basoloko besebenza njengabazimeleyo okanye besebenzisa inkxaso yeqela loqobo. Oku kuthetha ukuba kwaneenkokeli zasekuhlaleni ezitsha zisenokuzama ukuphembelela inkqubo yesizwe yezobupolitika; iingcamango zazo zimele zithathwe ngabalawuli besizwe okanye amaqela abonakalisa uvelwano. Ukukhuthaza ulawulo lweqela kunye neekhabhinethi ezisoloko ziqhubeka ziphazamisa inkqubo eqhubekayo, kuyenze kube nzima ukuba oorhulumente basekuhlaleni baxhase amaphulo okuhlala ixesha elide.

Ukwahluka Kwamazwe Nokungalingani Kwezobupolitika

Asingabo bonke oorhulumente basekuhlaleni abanempembelelo elinganayo. Abanempunge, abaninzi kakhulu (Tokyo, Osaka, Aichi) bayalela ingqalelo engakumbi kumaqela esizwe kunasemaphandleni, imimandla ekhutshwayo. Imigaqo-nkqubo ephumelelayo evela ku “umzekelo” isoloko iphinda iphinda ifumaneke, kodwa inkqubo ephambili yokuhlahlela okanye ukuhla kwemimandla. Ngokunjalo ngokusetyenziswa kwemigangatho ephikisanayo, ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zokuxhasa izityalo, okanye ukufikelela kwezithuthi kusenokubekwa ecuphini. Le nkqubo inokuthi ikhokelele kummiselo omxinwana wamava esizwe, ngelixa iimfuno zemimandla ebuthathaka. Amavoti, amavoti, amavoti ayazi igosa ukusabela ngokukhawuleza kwizikhulu zedolophu, ukuphendula kwinyathelo elisuka kurhulumente abanamandla, exbacbactein kwiingingqi ezihambayo.

Amathuba Okuphucula Ulwandiso

Phezu kwayo nje le miqobo, kukho iindlela zokomeleza imbono entle phakathi koorhulumente basekuhlaleni namaqela asekuhlaleni.

AmaBhunga enkqubo ye-Akhawunti kazwelonke neeKhomishini ezidityanisiweyo

Ii-feader eziququzelela iinkonzo ezisembindini, amalungu eDiet, kunye nabameli bakarhulumente basekuhlaleni bangacwangcisa inkqubo yokufunda. “Ingqungquthela Kwimali Yolawulo Lobulali” ngumzekelo omnye, kodwa igxininisa ngokufutshane kwimiba yemali ekhoyo. Iibhunga ezigquma intlalo-ntle, imekobume, okanye inkqubo yemigaqo-manani ingenza ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezintsha zasekuhlaleni. I-LDP's yeyakhe inyathelo kwi-lonke lendalo” kodwa ihlala ingumgaqo othe rhoqo, mhlawumbi ifana neBoundtrat-ssmsss sceed kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni, ingenza inkqubo yesizwe elungele ukuphuhliswa kwemeko-omgano yasekuhlaleni.

Iinethwekhi zokufundisa inkqubo kunye nentsebenziswano yengingqi engaphakathi

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni ngokwabo bangaqinisa impembelelo yabo ngokwenza iinkqubo ezijoliswe kwimiqathango ethile yezomgaqo-nkqubo. “Indawo Yoluntu Enokuvuselelwa Kwezinethwekhi Zeziqinisi” kunye ne-“IBhunga Lesizwe Lezixeko Zokungalingani” bayimizekelo yonxulumano lokuzithandela olunolwabelana ngezona zilungileyo kunye nentluphetho yemigaqo-nkqubo yesizwe. Ezi nkqubo zinciphisa ulwazi njengoluqikelelo phakathi kwabadlali bengingqi kunye nabadlali besizwe, kwaye zidala ilizwi elidibeneyo elingenakuhoywa. Ukukhuthaza iinkqubo ezinjalo ngenkxaso esezantsi yesizwe zinokukhuthaza impembelelo yasekuhlaleni ngaphandle kolawulo olusembini.

Utshintsho Neqela

Ekugqibeleni, olona tshintsho lunzulu luza kuvela kutshintsho olunzulu oluvela kunyuso lwezintlu zonyuso nakumaqela alwandisa ukubaluleka kwemiba yasekuhlaleni kumaphulo esizwe. Ukwazisa iziqalelo zomelo ezivumela uluhlu lwengingqi, okanye ukuqinisa indima yezahluko zeqela lomphathi, kungaqinisekisa ukuba impumelelo yenkqubo yasekuhlaleni ivuzwa kwinkqubo yeqela. Amanye amaqela, njenge Japhani lamaKomanisi, sele egxininisa amaphulo okulwa kotyaniwa, kodwa amanye ahlala ephezulu kakhulu. Ukutshintshela kwidemokhrasi yangaphakathi kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni ngokuqhelekileyo iphuhlisa inkqubo yesizwe.

Isiphelo: Indima Engenakuxazululwa Yoorhulumente Bendawo Kulawulo - melo LwamaJapan

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni eJapan bangaphezulu kakhulu kuneenkqubo zokulawula. Banenxaxheba ezisebenzayo kwinkqubo yezopolitiko, bebumba iinkqubo zokuhlelwa kwamaqela esizwe ngokuvavanya, ukukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwemali, kunye nempembelelo yoluntu. Ukusuka kumandla ahlaziyekileyo ukuya kumgangatho wobadala, ukusuka ekuthintelweni kwentlekele ukuya kurhulumente wesigxina, uninzi lweempumelelo zenkqubo zeJapan zinemvelaphi ephambili kwiiphulo zolawulo zasekuhlaleni. Inyaniso, ulwalamano luxanduvanelo oluphezulu lokulawula imali kunye nolawulo lweqela lomthetho wemali. Imikhosi yezobupolitika iya kuphawula ukuba amandla akhoyo asekuhlaleni kunye nolawulo olunamandla oluntu olunempumelelo. Kodwa iJapan ijongeneengxaki ezintluntlukwano njengoko kuwohloka, ukutshintsha, nokukhuthazwa kwemozulu, nokutshintshwa kwemimandla yelizwe eliseburhulumente elisembini lokulawula ukusetyenziswa kwe-opolitiki. Imikhosi yesizwe iya kusetyenziswa nakulawula i-Spedia.