Xa ingcamango yomgaqo-siseko ingqubana nefowuni, i-drone, okanye i-algorith, ukhuhlano lukhawulezile yaye lunzulu. Ubuxoki — imfundiso yokuba umGaqo-siseko ufanele uchazwe ngokwentsingiselo owawunayo xa wavuma — ukuzinza, ukugunyazwa kwedemokhrasi, nokuthembeka kulawulo lolawulo lolawulo lobuni. Kodwa ubuchule bokuyila, ukuphelisa ukuvulwa kwekhompyutha, ukuvulwa kwe-internet, kunye nokuncitshiswa kwento yendalo, kunye nento eyenzekayo epheleleyo, i-edictracry ekwini nganye yobomi, abagxeki kunye nabanye abaxhasi bamele babuze enoba indlela emiswe ngayo ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yekhulu le-1818 i-18 ikhomba, iyakuphendula imibuzo efuna ukuba ii-techwayiethelekeleni, i-techwayidiam, i-techmond, i-techrist, i-tectives, i-templiediognognome, ifuna ukuba i-teethel, i-ethel, i-ethe

Iingcinga Zobukho Bembali

Uqobo aluyongcamango enye, yeyodwa. Amasebe amabini angundoqo alawula ingxoxo: injongo yokuqala kunye nentsingiselo kawonke-wonke yantlandlolo. Injongo ikhangele kwintsingiselo yenjongo ejongene neeFrame ngokwayo ngasese ngenxa yokuba zithe pheza intsingiselo yamagama omgaqo-siseko. Ukubaluleka kukawonke-wonke, ngokwahlukileyo, buza ukuba umntu ofanelekileyo ngexesha lobalo uzakuwuqonda uthetha. Owamva, oxhaswe nguJaji Antonin Scialia kunye neqela lamanani amandulo, usuke waba luguquko kuba lucekisiwe kuba luphepha ukuxhomekeka kumbandela ophambili weendwendwe oluthe lwamaqela eencwadi neendawo ezithetha ngolwimi olubanzi.

Izazi ngembali zithi le ndlela ihlonela umbhalo womgaqo-siseko njengomthetho. Ukuba abagwebi bangawuhlaziya umGaqo-siseko ukuze uvisisane neembono zabo ngokobulumko okanye okusesikweni, uxwebhu luba yinqanawe yokwenza inkqubo yokugweba kunokuba lube yintambo ebophekileyo. Njengoko uScalia wabhala, "umGaqo-siseko asiyonto iphilayo, uxwebhu olusemthethweni, kwaye njengawo onke amaxwebhu asemthethweni, luthetha okuthile — okanye aluyithethi." Olu bophelelo lokuzinzisa iinjongo lufanele lukhuthazwe ukuxela kwangaphambili, ukunyanzela abagwebi, kwaye lukhusela umgangatho wedemokhrasi ngokuthi ubuqu bungamele ulawulo lwedemokhrasi ngokushiya ukhetho lwemithetho ephikisanayo kwizindlu zowiso zowiso.

Kanti kwanakwisiqalo, kukho indawo yokungavumelani ngomlinganiselo wobundlobongela apho imigaqo yeFramers ifanele iqondwe khona. Umzekelo, iSeth Amendment iyalela "ukulwa nesohlwayo esingaqhelekanga" umhla ka-1980. Umfundi wezoqobo ungathi eli binzana libhekisele ngqo kwisohlwayo esijongwa njengenkohlakalo ngo1791, njengokuzoba ngumzobo kunye nokudiza, okanye lisenokubhekisela kumgaqo obanzi wokuba isohlwayo asimele singabi sikhulu okanye sihlaze — umgaqo osenokusetyenziswa kwizinto zanamhlanje ezifana nesodwa okanye isitofuno esibulalayo. Oku kutolika isithuba kuba kukugxeka xa ubugcisa buchaza iimeko zeFramente ezingazange zicelwe.

"IOrigenalist ayisisimemo sokuvumela umntu ofileyo ukuba asebenzise umthetho wakudala. Sisimemo ukuba asebenzise intsingiselo yombhalo — njengokuba kwakuqondwa xa uthathwa — uqhubekeka nokulawula, ngaphandle kokuba abantu bawuphelise. ” — Randy Barnett, Georgetown University Law Center

Ubuchule bobugcisa besakhelo

Ukuze aqonde umsantsa phakathi kolu hlobo loluvo lobunzululwazi kunye nobugcisa banamhlanje, umntu kufuneka aqale ahlolisise ukuba bubuphi ubugcisa obabukho xa umGaqo-siseko wawubhalwe kwaye wavunywa. Ngonyaka we-1787, eyona ndlela iphambili yonxibelelwano yaba yi-hashe ehamba ngenqwelo-moya. Umatshini wokushicilela — owawusasebenzisana nobuchule — yayiyintabalala yolwazi. Imfazwe yayixhomekeke kubuchule obungunobuchule obungu 100 wamakhulu, kwaye umgaqo weSiphengululo seSine owenzelwe "ukuphengulula ngokusengqiqweni nokuxhuzulana" wawusetyenziswa ngamagosa asebukhosini ukuphendla amakhaya kunye namashishini okurhweba i-BBBR.

Abasebenzi beFrames babeqonda amaphepha obuqu atshixiweyo edesika, oonobumba abavalelwe ngemolekyuli, kunye neengxoxo ezisemva kweminyango. Babengenayo ingcamango yemipu enqumla iimeta, ukuhlolwa okubanzi, okanye isigqibo se-algorithmetic. UMthetho wesibini wokuHlulisa ukhusela ilungelo lokugcina nokuphatha iingalo, kodwa "iizandla" zosuku zaziyimipu eshinyeneyo eqinileyo kunye nemipu, ingeyiyo imipu e-automastical bompu, efihliweyo enemipu ephezulu yamaphephancwadi e-"%capea, okanye iimarikethengiso ezishiweyo. UClasko lwanika u-Clauscellaia amandla okulawula ushishino "phakathi kwamazwe amaninzi, kodwa urhwebo lwaluthetha ukutshintshisana komzimba; kungekho mbono wezinto, ilifu, okanye iinte zente yehlabathi.

Lo mgama wembali awuyinqumli ngokuzenzekelayo into yokuba indalo ilungile. Izazi zomGaqo-siseko zingenza impikiswano yokuba ulwimi lwalusetyenziswa ngabom kwaye imigaqo yayo ingasetyenziswa kubugcisa obutsha ngaphandle kokutshintsha intsingiselo yantlandlolo. Umbuzo ungokuba ngaba ukwenziwa kwesicelo kuthembekile okanye enoba kufuna umlinganiselo wokuthath-thsulela okunempumelelo ovumela abagwebi ukuba bangenise amaxabiso angoku ngomnyango wangasemva.

Oo-Claus abaPhantsi koMgaqo-siseko oPhakathi koMqathango

Uhlaziyo Lwesine Nemfihlo Yamanani

Akukho ndawo ibalaselisa ukuxinezeleka kuneSine soMbetho. Le ncwadi ikhusela "ilungelo labantu lokukhuseleka kubantu babo, kwizindlu, kumaphepha, nakwiziphumo, nxamnye nokuphengulula okungekho ngqiqweni nokuxhuzula." Ngenkulungwane ye-18, uphando lubandakanya ukungena ngokoqobo kwikhaya okanye ukuxhuzula izinto ezibonakalayo. Namhlanje, ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kunokufumana ulwazi oluninzi ngaphandle kokuchukumisa impahla erhanelwayo: iseli inendawo ebonisa apho umntu ebekuyo iiveki, ii-imeyili ezigcinwe kwizikhulu zenkonzo ezikude, i-mithamethane etyhila ukuba ngubani, nini, kwana ividiyo ephila i-okanye nokufumana iikhamera zokuhlola.

Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo yowama-2018 ingumzekelo wesi sigqibo sokufumana uvavanyo. Urhulumente wafumana iinyanga ze-cell highitery's ukusuka kumntu okhutshelweyo ngaphandle kwemvume, exhomekeke kwi "imfundiso ye-"Frective" — ingcamango yokuba ulwazi oluyabelana ngesiquphe neqela lesithathu (njengenkampani yemfono-mfono) alukho phantsi kokhuseleko lweSine seSinyusi. IJaji enkulu uRoberts, ibhale iingxelo ze-5234%, ibambelele ekubeni umzila wendawo owenziwe ngohlobo olufana nolulo lwengxelo lwemfundiso yakhiwe phantsi kwendlela ye-'injini, ngenxa yokuba ityhilwe kumntu ophilayo."Empelesinye i-Gene, iquka neJaji ye-Gene, i-Gonerthrey, ekhuselwe umgaqo-ocekisiwe-engileyokuqala, i-ethenjiwe-ethenjika kumthetho wendlela ye-ekhonjiso."Es.

Abaxhasi besithethe bayahlukana. Abanye bathi isiphumo esifanelekileyo sobunzululwazi boqobo kukulinganisela uHlaziyo lwesine kwimposiso yomzimba, njengoko uScalia wayesoloko ephikisa. Abanye baphikisa ngelithi umgaqo wokukhusela "izindlu, amaphepha, kunye neziphumo" unwebela kwizinto ezifana nezikhoyo kule mihla kwezo ntlobo, kwaye umgangatho wolwazi oluqhelekileyo apho icandelo liqondwayo ukuvumela ukufundwa okubanzi. Ingxoxo ibhenca umgca onzulu wempazamo: ingawuhlalisa umgaqo woqobo wamanani ngaphandle kokulahla izibophelelo zalo zendlela yokusebenza?

Ukulungiswa Kokuqala Kwexesha Lamanani

ISichithi soLawulo Lokuqala sichaza ukuba "ISindululo Solawulo Asingayi kwenza mthetho owenziweyo... ophazamisa inkululeko yokuthetha, okanye yokushicilela." Ngonyaka we-1791, kwanikelwa intetho yobuqu, kusetyenziswa amaphecana ashicilelweyo, okanye kumaphephandaba. Umatshini wokushicilela wawuthetha umatshini wokushicilela ophathekayo. Namhlanje, intetho yesidlangalala yenzeka kumaqonga amanani — amajelo-ndaba oluntu ondla, amagqabaza, iibhodi zemiyalezo, kunye nee-messages ezifihlakeleyo. Umbuzo ngendlela iFirst Amendment esebenza ngayo kula maqonga, kunye nemizamo karhulumente yokuwalawula, ivelisa iimfama yoqobo.

Qwalasela ubungcathu bezentlalo-ntle. I-Platforms njengo Facebook, X (eyayifudula inguMuqu), kunye noYouTube zinkampani zabucala ezilawula kakhulu indlela yokuthetha ehlala ibonakala. ULawulo Lokuqala Lo Amendo-mthetho luthintela kuphela umsebenzi karhulumente, kodwa xa urhulumente ucinezela amaqonga okususa okuqulathiweyo — okanye xa idlulisela imithetho efuna ukuba bathume intetho ethile — uhlalutyo lomntu wokuqala kufuneka alwe nokokuba "kuphelisa inkululeko yokuthetha" ithetha okuthethwayo okuthethwayo okuthethwayo okuthethwa ehlabathini apho kungekho maqela azimeleyo alawula intetho kawonke. Inkundla ephakamileyo yezomthetho i-Foctive:0] inguPrackingham. inte yoko ifuna ukuba intelekele umthetho obhaliswe ngokusemthethweni kwi-medismente, kunye nokubhalwa kwemithetho yezentlalo-medianstiki yakudala i-mastiant i-eviement i-eting i-ement i-emental projective i-eting. Kodwa ke

Enye indawo eflash: iinkqubo ze-algorithm zoluvo lwe-algorithm. Ukuba i-algorithm yeqonga ikhupha intetho ethile ngexa icinezela enye intetho, ingaba yeyohlobo oluthile lwemeko---progrative project ukuba urhulumente uyalela ukuba kubekho ukubonakala ngaphaya? i-xplory ifuna ngocoselelo ukuba kusetyenziswe yiphi na imiba engundoqo njenge "pech" ngokwayo — isithethi se-algorithm? Abalawuli bebeyayifumene ingcamango yasemzini. Kodwa umgaqo ophantsi, loo mgaqo-siseko, loo rhulumente usenokungawulawuli umxholo wentetho, ubonakala usebenza nokuba uthetha.

Uhlaziyo Lwesibini Nezixhobo Zomlilo Zale Mihla

UHlaliso lwesibini: "I-Militia elawulwa kakuhle, eyimfuneko kukhuseleko loRhulumente olukhululekileyo, ilungelo labantu lokugcina nokuphatha Iizixhobo, alizukumonyulwa. Ku Diformation of Columbia v. Heller (2008), uluvo lukaMasipala olunoMphathi Scalia lwasebenzisa iindlela zobuGcisa ukugqiba ukuba ukupheliswa kwezixhobo kukhusela ilungelo lomntu lokuba nezixhobo zokuzisebenzela ngokwakhe. Uluvo luxhomekeke kakhulu kuhlalutyo olungokwembali ngoko "ixholo" luthethwa ngexesha lokuqalisa: "izixhobo ezisetyenziswa kakhulu ngexesha eliqhelekileyo" kodwa oko kuphakamisa ngoko kukuthi kukuthi kukhuliswe ngoko kusetyenziswe kwezixhobo zanamhlanje.

Ingaba i-Ar.1915 i-Ar.49 imipu yemidlalo "izixhobo" kwintsingiselo yokuqala? UScalia wavuma ukuba ilungelo alinakuthintelwa kwaye "izixhobo eziyingozi nezingaqhelekanga" linokwahlulwa, kodwa akanikela luvavanyo olucacileyo lwento esetyenziswa "ngokuqhelekileyo" namhlanje, izigidi zabantu baseMerika zinemipu yemidlalo yale mihla, ezenza ukuba iqheleke. Kodwa iiFramens azinakucinga ukuba izixhobo ezinokudubula izihlandlo ezininzi ngomzuzu ngamnye ngamaphephancwadi angenasiphelo. Iinkundla ezisezantsi ziye zahlukana: ezinye zixhasa ukuvinjelwa kwezixhobo zokuhlasela umhlaba apho izixhobo ezinjalo zingasetyenziswa khona "ngokuqhelekileyo" ngenxa yenjongo esemthethweni efana nokuziquququququze; ezinye zinokuzibetha, zisebenzisa ukuvavanywa kwembali okubonakala kuvule imilinganiselo ekhutshelweyo. [iNkuNkugqibele yeNkundla ye-202] [192] kwiSibo se-R.U.U.N.U.U.U.U.u.umphatho-A.N.A.I.A.S.G.I.[om.

Urhwebo UClaus NeInternet

UMgaqo-siseko unika iNtlanganiso amandla "ekwandiseni iCongress neZizwe zasemzini, kunye namaZwe aliqela, kunye neZizwe ezininzi zaseIndiya." Kwimbali enkulu yaseMerika, eli binzana latolikwa ngokucuthayo, ligcine ulawulo oluninzi lwezorhwebo kumazwe. Ixesha leNew Development yabona ulwando, neNkundla ePhakamileyo ixhasa imithetho yolawulo elawulayo eyayinempembelelo yezorhwebo. Kodwa abalawuli belizwe baye baphikisa kakhulu ukuba intsingiselo yokuqala ye "commerce" ibhekisele kurhwebo, ukutshintshisana kuphela, okanye ukuthuthwa kwezimpahla — hayi ukuvelisa, ukuvelisa, ukulima, okanye omnye umsebenzi wezoqoqosho. [[FLT] kuM.[FLD] kuM.[10]

I-Internet, ngoko, iqhelekile ngokwemvelo iphakathi kwelizwe kunye nezorhwebo ngendlela ezicel ’ umngeni iindidi zobukho bendalo. Intengiselwano phakathi komthengisi eNew York nomthengisi eKhalifoniya icacile "ikhommerce phakathi kwamazwe" phantsi kolwazi olungokwembali. Kodwa kuthekani ngenkonzo yemivo epheleleyo efana nogcino lwamafu okanye usasazo lwentlalo-ntlalo — iyakhuphela okanye ithumela umyalezo "ummende"? Yaye kuthekani ngogcino-data? Abalawuli beFramens ngokuqinisekileyo abazange bacinge ukuba bangayiqondi into emele ilawulwa. Kodwa umthetho wangoku uyakwazi ukuphatha idata njengento ethengwa, ethengiswayo, kwaye idluliselwa kwiilayini zesizwe. Abaqulushini bamele babuze enoba iintsingiselo zokuqala ze-Conteclaus zidluliselwe kwezi misebenzi okanye enoba zi-gconstemplatedssssss ze-bugrder zilungele ii-bugrong.

Ubuchule Bobuntsundu Kwimo Yobugcisa

Abahlalutyi banyusa izichasi ezininzi ezinamandla nxamnye nokusetyenziswa kobufunda phambili kubugcisa bezi mini. Eyokuqala, i- iprojekthi yesaziso esilungileyo. Ukuba ijaji kufuneka iguqulele kwakhona intsingiselo yantlandlolo yebinzana lomgaqo-siseko ukuze lisebenzise ubugcisa obungekhoyo, ummi oqhelekileyo akanakuqikelela ukuba umthetho uyakuba yintoni. Intsingiselo yombhalo ilungisiwe kwaye iyaqondakala, nokokuba ukusetyenziswa kwayo kufuna ukuqiqa kwaso. Kodwa i-alogloges ngokwayo izakukhuphikiswa kakhulu, njengokuba i-GeneFinPristmergmetain projectrement ibonakalisa.

Okwesibini, ucelomngeni lwembali olunee-epixemic. Ukuseka intsingiselo yantlandlolo yamagama abanzi afana "pech," "izixhobo," okanye "engenangqiqo" kunzima kakhulu — ingakumbi kulwimi lwe-18th [1]. Ingxelo yembali ayiphelelanga, kwaye imithombo eyahlukileyo ingavelisa iintsingiselo ezahlukeneyo. Xa ithe yasetyenziswa ekubuzeni namnye kumagama abanzi akha aqwalaselwayo, indlela yantlandlo ingasuka iye ekufuneni nabuphi na ubungqina bembali obuxhasa isiphumo esikhethiweyo.

Okwesithathu, ingxaki ye- itexomiy. IJaji Kagan yakha yadume ngokuxhotyiswa, "Sonke sisonke sikwimvelaphi ekhoyo ngoku" kodwa ukwamkela ingqiqo yantlandlolo akuqinisekisi iimpendulo ezifanayo. Abaquluneli abachani phakathi kwabo: abanye "baqala ngokuthembekileyo," njengoko uMgwebi Richard Posner eyichazileyo, ngelinye ixesha ufaka ubungqina bembali ukuze bafikelele iziphumo ezithe kratya. Kwiimeko zobugcisa, le mpikiswano yangaphakathi inokuba nzulu ngakumbi ngenxa yokuba iindidingths zenkulungwane ye18 azichazi ngemephulo entle kwiziganeko zangoku.

Ezinye izitaftware eziguqulelwayo

Ngenxa yale ngxaki, abanye abaphengululi baxhasa indlela elula okanye yendaleko. Ingcamango ephilayo yomgaqo-siseko onxulumene noMgwebi William Brennan kunye nezinye, ikholelwa ukuba intsingiselo yesiseko inokubakho ngexesha ukutshintsha amaxabiso neemeko. Kule mbono, ukukhusela kweSindululo seSine sokuHlaziyo sokuKhutha uphando olungekho ngqiqweni kufuneka kuqheleke njengenkqubela yobugcisa yokuhlola, kwanokuba abaxhasi beza kucinga ukuba indlela ethile ethile yokuhlola isengqiqweni. Abagxeki baphawula ukuba le ndlela ingumbambeko inokuba ibeka umGaqo-siseko wentsingiselo emiselweyo, ishiya abagwebi bekhululekile ukubeka imilinganiselo yabo kwimiqathango.

I-Common yomthetho-siseko , ephuhliswa nguDavid Strauss kunye nabanye, iphikisa ukuba umGaqo-siseko ufanele utolikwe ngokwenkqubo eqhelekileyo yemiqathango, i-symbo, kunye nokuphuculwa ngokuthe ngcembe — ngendlela iinkundla zaseMerika ezivelise ngayo i-tort okanye umthetho wempahla. Le ndlela ivumela indaleko ngexa kumiswa izigqibo ezikhoyo kuqheliselo olusemthethweni kunokuba intanda-bulumko. Ingahlawulisela ubugcisa obutsha ngokuzinika imizekelo ekhoyo, njengoko iNkuNkulwano ePhakamileyo isenza v. California [2014], xa ithatha ukukhangela iseli yemeko yomgangatho womzimba wogcino-data.

Utshintsho lwesithathu luyi ubhalo , umza osondeleyo wobuGaqaba obujolise kwintsingiselo yombhalo yemithetho eqhelekileyo ngexesha lokumiselwa. Ukubhaliweyo kusoloko kusetyenziswa kutoliko lwemithetho apho indlu yowiso-mthetho ingawuhlaziya lula umthetho. Ukudityaniswa nomthetho wesiseko, kudibana nentsingiselo yantlandlolo kawonke wonke kodwa ngamanye amaxesha kuvumela indawo eninzi yomongo wangoku ukuba umbhalo ngokwawo uwonke.

Isiphelo

I-Framers inikela isiseko esinyanzelisayo sokutolika komgaqo-siseko, imisela izigqibo zezomthetho zedemokhrasi ngokuvumelana kwedemokrasi kunye nokulinganisela imigaqo yezobugcisa bezi mini. Kodwa ukuyisebenzisa kutyhila iintanda-mfako ezinzulu kwindlela yayo yokusebenza. IFramers yabhala imigaqo ephangaleleyo yolwimi elungiselelwe ukunyamezela, kodwa umsantsa phakathi kwehlabathi labo nezethu mkhulu kangangokuba uhlalutyo oluthembekileyo lwendalo lusoloko luvelisa iziphumo ezithe ngqo. Abanye ababhali bezobunzululwazi bobunzululwazi bobunzululwazi bobunzululwazi baphikisa ngelithi ikhondo lokunyaniseka lisebenzisa ngokungqongqo intsingiselo yalodwa kwaye lamkela iziphumo ezibonakala ngathi zibubuvuvumile — umzekelo, ukuba ukuLamkelwa kweyesine lokuHlamkelo alisi iMimiselo epheleleyo, okanye ukrumela imimiselo yesibini yoMdabisombululo yanamhlanje.

Njengoko ubugcisa buhambela phambili, impikiswano iya kuba mandundu. Nokuba ubukho bendalo bungahlala buyinkqubo esebenzayo yenzululwazi — okanye ukuba buza kuvelisa indlela ebhetyebhetye elungeleleneyo yokuqiqa ngomgaqo-siseko — kuxhomekeke kwindlela abaxhasi bayo abanokuwuvala ngayo umsantsa phakathi kwepeni ye-quill ne-quantam computing. Okucacileyo kukuba akukho ngcamango yokutolika enokuthi ingakwazi ukukutyeshela ncam isiqalo, iphazamisa, kunye nemithetho-siseko echaphazelekayo yexesha langoku. Ucelomngeni lokusebenzisa ubuchule bokuqala kwizixhobo zobugcisa zale mihla asiyo nje imfihlelo; yenye yemibandela ephambili kumthetho-Merika namhlanje.

[[FLT: 0] Ukuqhubeka ufunda: Bona izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo ku [FLT: 1] iKarbiter v. United States [2017] , Phackham v. Umntla Carolina[[[FLT]] [2017], kunye [[FLT:] ne [FLT:] New State Rifle & Lamp; Pist Alsonnet. [[FLT][10] [202]] [202].[10]