Ukulingana ngumgaqo osisiseko olawula iinkqubo zomthetho kunye nezakhiwo zentlalo ehlabathini lonke. Asiyonto nje engaqhelekanga kodwa sisixhobo esisebenzayo sokulawula okusesikweni, isidima somntu, kunye nolawulo lwedemokhrasi. Isiseko somthetho esilungiselelwe ukukhuthaza ukulingana kwenjongo yokuphelisa ucalucalulo, amathuba omgangatho, kwaye siqinisekise ukuba bonke abantu banokuba nenxaxheba ngokupheleleyo kwibutho labantu. Noko ke, ukuguqulelwa kokulingana kombhalo osemthethweni okhoyo kuntsonkothile, kubandakanya inkxalabo yentlalo, yezobupolitika, kunye nenkxwaleko yenkcubeko. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa imigaqo esemthethweni ekhuthaza ukulingana, ivavanyanisa imilinganiselo yabo yentlalo, kwaye liqwalasela iingxaki ezingapheliyo ezimele zoyiswa ukuze zoyike ihlabathi elilungele ukufikelela kulunge ngokoqobo.

Ukuqonda Ukulingana: Ubuchule Nemilinganiselo Esebenzisekayo

Ukuhlalutya imigaqo-nkqubo engokwasemthethweni kunye neziphumo zentlalo, umntu kufuneka aqale aqonde oko kuthethwa kukulingana. Esona sizathu sikuko, ukulingana yimeko yokulingana ngokwesikhundla, amalungelo, namathuba. Kodwa le nkcazelo ifihla iingxoxo ezinzulu zentanda-bulumko. Iingcamango ezimbini eziphambili zilawula intetho engokwasemthethweni neyopolitiko: ukulingana okusesikweni nokulingana okungalinganiyo okungathethekiyo.

ulingana okungalinganiyo umi ngelithi wonke umntu makaphathwe ngendlela efanayo phantsi komthetho, kungakhathaliseki oko kuvela kwimvelaphi yakhe. Le ndlela iqukwa kwimimiselo echasene nocalucalulo ethintela ukuphathwa okwahlukileyo okusekelwe kuhlanga, ubufana, ubufana, unqulo, okanye ezinye iimpawu ezikhuselweyo. Kodwa abahlalutyi baphikisa ukuba ukulingana okusesikweni kungakhuthaza ukungalingani okukhoyo kuba kungahoywa kwembali. Ukuphatha umntu onelungelo kunye nomntu obekelwelwa phantsi komthetho ngokufanayo akunakuvelisa isiphumo esilungileyo.

Ukulingana okungalinganiyo okungagqibekanga kuya phambili. Iyaqonda ukuba ukufikelela ukulingana kokwenene kusoloko kufuna unyango olwahlukileyo ukuphendula imiqobo yenkqubo. Iinkqubo zesenzo sokuqinisekisa, iindawo zokuhlala ezifanelekileyo zokuthintela ukukhubazeka, kunye neenkqubo zezoqoqosho ziyimizekelo yokulingana okusezantsi okusebenzayo. Le ndlela ihambelana nengcamango ye elungeleneyo

Ukulingana kukwasebenza nakummandla omninzi:

  • [[UMTL:0] Ukulingana okungalinganiyo : ukhuseleko olulinganayo lwemithetho kunye nokufikelela kubulungisa.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukulingana [: ukuma okulinganayo kulwalamano loluntu, okungenabuhlanga, udidi, okanye isikhundla.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukulingana kwezoqoqosho: Ukusasazwa kakuhle koovimba namathuba, ukunciphisa izithuba zobutyebi ezigqithisileyo.
  • [[UMTL:0] ukulingana okuthe ngqo : amalungelo alinganayo okuthatha inxaxheba kulawulo, ukuvota, nokubamba iofisi.

Le milinganiso inxulumene. Ngaphandle kokulingana kwezobupolitika, utshintsho olusemthethweni lungatshintshwa; ngaphandle kokulingana kwezoqoqosho, ukulingana kwentlalo akufumaneki. Ukusetyenziswa kwale mimandla ngumxholo ongundoqo kwimiqathango elinganayo yale mihla.

Imisebenzi yesakhelo esemthethweni ekhuthaza ubulingana-hlukene

Imigaqo yomthetho yokulingana ikho kumgangatho wesizwe, wengingqi, nowezizwe ngezizwe. Iquka umgaqo-siseko, imimiselo, izivumelwano nezigwebo.

Imithetho yesizwe

Izizwe ehlabathini lonke ziye zamisela umthetho wokulwa nocalucalulo nokulingana ngokuhambela phambili.

  • United States: UMthetho wamaLungelo oMsebenzi ka-1964 walela ucalucalulo ngesiseko sohlanga, umbala, unqulo, isini, okanye imvelaphi yesizwe. Isihloko VII sibhekisa kucalulo lwemisebenzi; Isihloko VI sigubungela iinkqubo ezixhaswa ngurhulumente. Imithetho elandelelanayo enjenge-Melika enoMthetho we-Culbemment Act (1990) kunye noMthetho we-Fair Howater Holief Act eyandisa ukhuseleko.
  • uBukumkani obumanyeneyo: UMthetho weManga wo-2010 uqinisa kwaye uqinisa imithetho yangaphambili elwa nocalucalulo. Ikhusela ekuphathweni ngokungekho sikweni okusekelwe kwiimpawu ezisithoba ezikhuselweyo(i-age, ukukhubazeka, ubumpu, ukuphinda kumiselwe ubufana, umtshato kunye nomanyano lwamakhaya, ukukhulelwa kunye nokukhulelwa, uhlanga, unqulo okanye inkolelo, isini, kunye nembonakalo yesondo.
  • Canada: Itshati yase Canada yamalungelo nenkululeko (1982) iqinisekisa amalungelo okulingana phantsi kwecandelo 15, eliqinisekisa ukuba wonke umntu uyalingana phambi naphantsi komthetho ngaphandle kocalulo. Imithetho yamalungelo abantu yePhondo inika ucoselelo olunempumelelo.
  • Indiya: UmGaqo-siseko waseIndiya (1950) uyalwalela ucalucalulo olusekelwe kunqulo, kuhlanga, kudidi lwezigaba, isini, okanye indawo yokuzalelwa (iDiktheli) kwaye uqinisekisa ukulingana kwamathuba kwimisebenzi kawonke-wonke (Article 16). Urhulumente ukwasebenzisa kwakhona ummiselo (isenzo esisekelwe kwimbali) ukuphendula ucalucalucalulo olusekelwe kwimbali.
  • yaseMzantsi Afrika: iProf-apartheid, iNxulumene yomgangatho nokhuselo loMgaqo-siseko (2000) inika isiphumo kumalungelo omgaqo-siseko ekulinganani. Ijolise ngokukhethekileyo kubuhlanga, ubufanasini, nezinye iintlobo zocalucalucalulo.

IiNtlekele zezizwe ngezizwe

Umthetho wehlabathi unika isiseko sehlabathi lonke. Izivumelwano ezingundoqo ziquka:

  • Isibhengezo esidibanisiweyo samaLungelo oluntu (UDHR, 1948)[FLT: Inqaku 1] lithi, “Bonke abantu bazalwa bekhululekile kwaye belingana ngesidima nangamalungelo.” Nangona bengabophelelekanga ngokusemthethweni, iUDHR iye yaphembelela umgaqo-siseko wesizwe kunye nezivumelwano ezilandelayo.
  • Umnqophiso wezizwe ngezizwe ongobuNowuni kunye namalungelo ezobupolitika (ICCPR, 1966): Inqaku lama-26 liqinisekisa ukulingana phambi komthetho kwaye likhusela ngokufanayo ngaphandle kocalucalulo.
  • Umnqophiso weInternational on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR, 1966)]: Ufuna amazwe ukuqinisekisa amalungelo alinganayo kwimfundo, impilo, umsebenzi, nomgangatho ofanelekileyo wokuphila.
  • Ukuphelisa Zonke Iintlobo zocalucalulo lobuhlanga (CERD, 1965): Amazwe eObligens ukuphelisa ucalucalulo lobuhlanga kuzo zonke iintlobo zalo.
  • Ukususwa kwazo zonke iintlobo zocalucalulo kuMabhinqa (CEDAW, 1979): Idla ngokuchazwa njengerekhodi yamazwe ngamazwe yamalungelo amabhinqa, ithetha ngocalulo kwimiba yezopolitiko, yezoqoqosho, yenkcubeko, yenkcubeko, neyoluntu.
  • Ukukhulula Amalungelo Abantu Abaneziphene (CRPD, 2006): isusa iparadigm ukusuka kwimifanekiso yezamayeza ukuya kwimiqobo yentlalo, igxininisa ukufakwa nokufumaneka.

Ezi zivumelwano zidala izibophelelo ezibophelelekileyo kwiimeko zosayino, kodwa iindlela zokunyanzelisa zihlala zibuthathaka. Isibhengezo esingangqinelaniyo samalungelo abantu kunye ICCPR ishiye amaxwebhu esiseko aqhubeka efaka umthetho wesizwe.

Iingcaciso Zogwebo

Iinkundla zinendima ebalulekileyo ekukhuthazeni ukulingana komthetho. Iinkcazelo zazo zinokunwena okanye zibeke umda wokhuseleko. Amatyala abonisa ukuba ukugweba kunamandla:

  • Brown v. Board of Education (1954): INkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. yathi ucalulo lobuhlanga kwizikolo zikawonke-wonke lwaphula uKhuselo olulinganayo loMgaqo-nkqubo weshumi elinesine. Lo mthetho warhoxa i- “imfundiso ehlukeneyo kodwa elinganayo” kwaye wakhuthaza umbutho wamalungelo abantu.
  • Obergefell v. Hodges (2015): Inkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. yamkela umtshato ofanayo-oxxted njengomgaqo-siseko wamalungelo phantsi kweNkqubo elindelekileyo kunye noKhuselo olulinganayo luka-Claus, ukwandisa ulingana ngokusemthethweni kwi-LGBTQ+ izibini.
  • R v. Unobhala weRhulumente yoMsebenzi nePentesion (2016] Inkundla ePhakamileyo ye-UK yahlolisisa ukuba ngaba iingenelo zoonobumba ezichaphazeleke ngokungenakulinganiswa na amabhinqa, isebenzisa uhlalutyo oluncinane lokulingana ukufumanisa ukuba ucalulo aluchananga.
  • Andrews v. Law Society of British Columbia (1998)]: INkundla ePhakamileyo yase Canada yachaza ucalulo ngokubanzi kweCandelo 15, ichaza ulwahlulo njengolwahlulo lwemithwalo okanye ukukhanyelwa kweengenelo ezisekelwe kwibala elidweliswe okanye elinemiqathango. Eli tyala lamisela iqonga lokuqwalaselwa kwembonakalo yesondo njengelifa elikhuselekileyo.
  • M v H (1999): INkundla ePhakamileyo yaseKhanada yayikholelwa ukuba ukukhulula amaqabane afanayo okuziphatha okubi kwinkxaso yocalulo amalungelo aphule amalungelo okulingana, nto leyo ekhokelela kutshintsho lwemithetho.
  • Navtej Singh Johar v. Umanyano lwaseIndiya (208): INkundla ePhakamileyo yaseIndiya ejongene nolwalamano olufanayo lokuziphatha okubi, ibetha icandelo 377 loMthetho wePenal njengelophulo lamalungelo asisiseko kukulinganisa nesidima.

La matyala abonisa indlela iinkundla ezinokuba yiyo ngayo injini yotshintsho lwentlalo. Ukanti izigqibo zezomthetho zisebenza ngendlela eza kusebenza ngayo ezopolitiko. Ukuchasa emva kunye nokuchasa kusoloko kulandela imithetho yephawu, njengoko kubonwa kwiU.S. emva Brown[ kunye no[FLT]-Obergefell].

Izicelo Zomgangatho Webutho Loluntu

Umthetho awusebenzi kwindawo engenamsebenzi; unxibelelana nezithethe zentlalo, iimeko zezoqoqosho, nemigangatho yenkcubeko. Iziphumo zomgangatho wolungelelwaniso lwenkqubo zinzulu kwaye ziquka iinkalo ezininzi.

Iziphumo Ezifanelekileyo Zentlalo

Xa imithetho yokulingana iphunyezwa ngokunempumelelo, isenokuguqula imibutho yabantu:

  • [[NTLA: 0] Ukudibana nomanyano : Ukunciphisa ucalucalulo lunciphisa uxinzeleleko lwamaqela kunye nokukhuthaza ukuthembana. I-mibutho enokhuseleko olulinganayo olunamandla ithambeka ngokuba nemigangatho esezantsi yemfazwe yogonyamelo kunye nemigangatho ephezulu yokuzibophelela kwezentlalo.
  • Ukugunyaziswa kwamaqela aphantsi : Ukwamkelwa nokukhuselwa ngokusemthethweni kwenza amabhinqa, amancinane esizwe, abantu abaneziphene, kunye nabantu abaneziphene. Oku kusoloko kukhokelela ekuthabatheni inxaxheba kwezobupolitika kunye nomelo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Amathuba athe ngqo ezoqoqosho: ufikelelo olulinganayo kwimfundo, umsebenzi, kunye nokubolekisa imveliso kunye nokunciphisa ubuhlwempu. IBhanki yomhlaba [ ibhale ukuba ukuvala izithuba kumkhosi womsebenzi wokusebenza kunganyusa ngokuphawulekayo ukukhula kwe-GDP.
  • [[NTLA:0] IHealth kunye nengenelo entle: imithetho yokulwa nokonakalisa intlalo-ntle kunye neziphumo zokuhlala ziphucula iziphumo zeqela elincinane. Umzekelo, imithetho ethintela ucalucalulo nxamnye neLGBTQ+ izigulana yandisa ukukulungela kwazo ukufuna inkathalo.

Imiphumo Embi Nengacetywanga

Nakubeni ziluncedo, ukulingana kunokubangela ukuxhathisa kwaye kuvelise iziphumo ezingacwangciswanga:

  • Iqela elincinane elinokuqonda ukulingana kwemigaqo njengemidlalo ye-0-sum, ekhokelela kwimiqobo yezobupolitika. Unyuko lwezinxulumanisi ze populist eYurophu nasemntla Merika ngokwenxenye ibangelwa lixhala lenkxalabo yenkcubeko yokufuduka kunye ne LGBTQ+ amalungelo.
  • UbuToken: Iintlangano zingavumelana ngokuphandle nemiyalelo eyahlukeneyo ngaphandle kokuthetha ngobuchule bokwakha. Itoken jonis zinokuhlukaniswa kwaye zingabi nampembelelo yokwenene, ziqinisa ubalo oluqhelekileyo.
  • Ukuvunywa nokucazululwa [: Iinkqubo zokuqinisekisa izenzo, ngexa zijoliswe ekulungiseni iingxaki zembali, zingabangela ingqumbo phakathi kwabo bavakalelwa ukuba bagqithisiwe ngokungekho sikweni. Ingxoxo kawonke-wonke malunga “nocalulo olugqwethekileyo” idla ngokuba ngabantu abahlala ezindaweni ezidityanisiweyo.
  • Imithetho yezomthetho ngaphandle kweenguqu zentlalo: Ukudlula komthetho akuziguquli ngokuzenzekelayo izimo zengqondo. Kumazwe amaninzi, ukulingana okusesikweni kusephepheni ngoxa ucalucalulo luqhubeka lusetyenziswa ngenxa yokunyanzeliswa komthetho obuthathaka, urhwaphilizo, okanye ikhethe elinzulu.

Umahluko: Ubunzima Bokuntsonkotha Komanani Ahlukeneyo

Ukuqonda okubalulekileyo kwizifundo ezingokwasemthethweni ezigxekayo kukuba abantu baneziphatho ezininzi, ezingenayo. Ibhinqa elimnyama linokujamelana nobuhlanga kunye nobuni ngokwesini ngendlela ezahlukileyo kumava amabhinqa amhlophe okanye amadoda amnyama. Ingcamango yeqela lezenzo , eqatshelwe ngumfundi osemthethweni Kimberlé Crenshaw, ebhencayo, ebhenca umva ukulinganiselwa kwemithetho echasene nocalucalulo olusuka kwenye. Umzekelo, ityala localulo lwemisebenzi eliphatha uhlanga nolwelungu lomzimba omnye lisenokungakwazi ukuthatha iingozi ezithile eziye zifikelelwe ngamabhinqa amaBlam. Iziko zomthetho zangoku ziya kuqwalaselwa ukudibana komnqamlezo, kodwa ukuvelisa kuhlala kucelwcis ’ umngeni. Inkundla yaseYurophu yamaLungu eelwaneeproseli eencelventi ingu enk, kwaye ibizwa ngokuba yinkqubo yokwenziwa yemithetho ye-UN.

Ucelomngeni Lokufikelela Umgangatho

Phezu kwayo nje izakhiwo ezingqongqo ezingokwasemthethweni, kusekho iingxaki ezinzulu.

  • [[NTL:0] Ityala lokufuna kwezobupolitika: Naxa kukho imithetho, oorhulumente basenokuswela ukuzinikela ukunyanzelisa. Uqingqo-mali lusikwe kwiikomfa zokulingana, izigwebo eziyekelelayo kwabaphula umthetho, kwaye ukulibazisela ukudibana kwemizimba yamalungelo abantu konke kulula ukuphumelela.
  • Izixhobo ezingenakwanela ukugcinwa komsebenzi : Amaziko alwa nocalulo asoloko ephantsi kwaye ephantsi kwabasebenzi. Abantu abafumana ucalulo bangajamelana neendleko ezithintelayo ekuziseni iingxelo. Iinkqubo zoncedo olusemthethweni zisoloko zisikwa, ingakumbi kumaxesha okungalawuleki.
  • Imiqobo ekhoyo nengokwenkcubeko: ikhethe elinzulu elisemgangathweni, i-screens, i-homophobia, i-scism, i-"ungenelelo lomthetho-mthetho----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------0]I--------------------I-------------------------I-------------
  • Ucalucalulo kunye nocalucalulo ngaphakathi kwamaziko: Kwawo kanye amaziko atyholwa ngokuqinisekisa ukulingana/ipolisa, iinkundla, izikolo, zinokuba zimvelaphi yocalulo. Ukucalucalulo lobuhlanga, ikhethe, kunye nezenzo zokuqeqesha ezingalinganiyo kwizikolo azibhalwanga kakuhle. Utshintsho oluya kufunanga nje imithetho emitsha kodwa ingqeqesho ebanzi, ulawulo, kunye nemigaqo yokuziphendulela.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukungalingani okungalinganiyo kwezoqoqosho: Ukulingana okusemthethweni akunanto ukuba ubuncwane bezoqoqosho abulingani kakhulu. Umsantsa phakathi kwabatyebileyo nabahlwempuzekileyo uyaqhubeka wandisa emhlabeni wonke. Ukungalingani kobutyebi kuphumela ekufikeleleni okungalinganiyo kwi-methodom, impembelelo yezobupolitika, kunye namathuba emfundo. Ngaphandle kokuthetha ngokwezokwahlukana kwezoqoqosho, ukulingana okusemthethweni kuhlala kungaphelelanga.
  • ukwenziwa kwengqungquthela kunye nobugcisa: ucalucalulo lomda wokunqamleza, ucalulo lwemithetho-siseko, kunye nomsebenzi weqonga zizisa iingxaki ezintsha. Umzekelo, izixhobo zokuqesha i-AI zingaphinda zikwazi ukuguqula imbali ukuba ziqeqeshwe kugcino-lwazi olunekhethekileyo. Intsebenziswano yezizwe ngezizwe iyafuneka ukulawula iinkampani zobugcisa, kodwa ezikhoyo ezisemthethweni zisoloko zikwindawo yesizwe kwaye zicotha ukuqhelanisa.

Indima Yemfundo Ekukhuthazeni Ukulingana

Imfundo iluncedo ekuqhubeni phambili ukulingana. Inokwenza abantu bafumane imilinganiselo, bafundise amalungelo, kwaye ixhobise abantu ngobuchule bokucel ’ umngeni ucalucalulo. Iindlela ezingundoqo eziquka:

  • Ukuguqula imfundo yokulingana ingene kwizifundo zesikolo [: Ukufundisa imbali yemibutho yamalungelo abantu, imigaqo yomthetho ochasene nocalulo, kunye nokuxabiseka kokwahluka-hlukeneyo kukhuthaza uvelwano kunye nokucingela amatyala. Amazwe anjenge-Sweden neKhanada aye afaka imfundo yamalungelo abantu kwimibandela.
  • Ukudibanisa imisebenzi yokufundisa edityanisiweyo: Oothisha kufuneka baqeqeshelwe ukuqaphela iikhethe zabo nokuyila iiklasi apho bonke abafundi baziva bekhuselekile kwaye bexabisekile. Ukuquka ipedagogy iquka ukusebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo, ukulungiselela iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokufunda, kunye nokuthetha noomatshini abancinane.
  • ukucingela amathandabuzo ngemiba yentlalo : Abafundi kufuneka bafunde ukubuza ukumanyana kwamandla nokuhlalutya indlela imithetho nemigaqo echaphazela ngayo amaqela ahlukeneyo. Ingxoxo, iimfaniso, kunye neeprojekthi zoluntu zingenza izinto ezingekho ngqiqweni zicace.
  • Ungenelelo lwangaphambili lwabantwana : Ukunciphisa ikhethe kuqalisa kubantwana abakwimodeli abahlukeneyo nemisebenzi yokufunda ngentsebenziswano inciphisa ikhethe elipheleleyo. Uphando oluvela kwiMelika Psychological Association lucebisa ukuba uqhagamshelwano namaqela ahlukeneyo phantsi kweemeko ezilungileyo lunciphisa ikhethe.

Imilinganiselo Yexesha Elizayo: Imimandla Edityanisiweyo Yomgangatho

Umzabalazo wokulingana awusoze uphele. Imida emitsha ifuna ukuphaphazela nokuqalisa:

  • [[NTLA] Umlinganiselo wobunyani: Ukufikelela kwi-intanethi, kufundo lwamanani, kunye nokhuseleko kwi-intanethi kuqashelwa ngokukhula njengemiba yokulingana. Imithetho yokuphendula ngokwemithetho iyaphuhliswa ukunqanda ucalulo nge-IA.
  • [[NTLA] Imithetho engqinelanayo : Utshintsho lwemozulu luchaphazela ngokungenakulinganiswa imimandla ehlwempuzekileyo nengaphantsi. Iinkqubo zomthetho kufuneka ziguquke ukuqinisekisa ukuba imigaqo-nkqubo yokusingqongileyo ayihambelani kwaye ichaphazela uluntu lunelizwi.
  • Isigwebo sokwahlula : Abanye abaphengululi kunye nabaxhasi baphikisa ngelithi ukulingana kufuna okungaphezulu kunokulwa nocalucalulo(ukufuna ukulungiswa. Ukubuyiselwa kobukhoboka, ukuxhatshazwa kwamakoloni, nokuba kwelizwe lomthonyama kuyaphikiswa kumazwe afana ne-U.S., uMzantsi Afrika, kunye neCaribbean.
  • ulawulo lwehlabathi lonke: Njengokuba ukungalingani kuyingxaki yehlabathi lonke, amaqumrhu ezizwe ngezizwe afana neZizwe Ezimanyeneyo kufuneka asebenzise iindlela ezomeleleyo zokugcina oorhulumente kunye neenkampani zinokuphendula. Inkcazo eSunication Development Zosukelo 10, ingakumbi 10 (Izicwangciso zokuncitshiswa kweMoyengo naphakathi kwamazwe), ibonelela isakhiwo, kodwa inkqubela ayilungelelani.

Isiphelo

Ukuhlolisisa ukulingana ngokwemigaqo-nkqubo esemthethweni nokuqonda intsingiselo yayo yentlalo kubalulekile ekwakheni ibutho labantu elinobulungisa. Imithetho inika ukunyuka, kodwa kufuneka ixhaswe luzibopho lwezopolitiko, ubuncwane obaneleyo, iinguqu zenkcubeko, kunye nobumi obusebenzayo. Nangona iinguqu ezibalulekileyo zenziwe . Ukususwa kokungavumelani okusesikweni nokulingana komtshato nokulingana nokulingana nokungalingani komtshato, lukude kakhulu. Ukuqhubeka kocelomngeni olufana nolu qoqosho, ingxubeko, kunye nezisongelo ezintsha zobugcisa zifuna ukuqaqatsela ukuqwa. Imfundo isoloko iyisixhobo esibalulekile ekukhuliseni imilinganiselo nobuchule obufunekayo ekuqhubekiseni ukulingana. Ngokudibanisa utshintsho olusemthethweni nokwenza intsebenziswanolwazi, singakwazi ukusondela kwihlabathi apho ukulingana kungekho sisithembiso esisemthethweni kodwa kuphila nje esikhoyo ngenxa yabo bonke.