Injongo yeSivumelwano seNkululeko yoLawulo

Inkululeko yolwazi (FAI) imela isiseko esisisiseko solawulo-demokhrasi, enzelwe ukumisela ilungelo elisemthethweni lokuba abemi bafumane iingxelo kunye nogcino-lwazi olugcinwe yimibutho kawonke wonke. Ngeentliziyo zabo, le mithetho ijolise ekupheliseni inkqubano yemicimbi karhulumente enokukhusela izenzo zokuhlola uluntu. Ngokudibanisa umgaqo wokuba ulwazi lukarhulumente lungabantu, imithetho yeFOI idala inkqubo yokuphendula, ibangela abemi, intatheli, kunye nabantu boluntu ukuqwalasela iziphumo zesigqibo sokwenza izigqibo, ukuvavanya imigaqo enokubakho, nokubhenca imilinganiselo engenakuziphethe kakuhle. Ukusebenza kwale mithetho, nokokuba ayifani; impembelelo yabo yokwenene yehlabathi ixhomekeke kakhulu kwinkqubo esemthethweni, kwinkcubelo, kwaye imicimbi yezobupolitika iya kukwenza ulawulo ngalunye.

Kumazwe angaphezu kwe-120 aye amisela uhlobo oluthile lomthetho weFOI, ngesantya sokufumana umntwana oya ngokuya phambili ukususela kwiminyaka yee-1990. Nangona oku kwamkeleka kakhulu, umsantsa phakathi komthetho okwiphepha kunye nokusebenza kwawo okusebenzayo usoloko ubanzi. Ukuphumelela kufuna ukuba uhambele phambili ngaphaya kobalo olulula lwezicelo ezigcinweyo okanye imithetho egqithisiweyo ukuvavanya ukuba ngaba ulawulo lwe-FOI lunika abemi amandla ngokwenene nakukuba namandla okuphendula. Olu hlalutyo luhlola imigaqo, impumelelo eqhubekayo, imiqobo eqhubekayo, kunye nemikhondo yokomeleza ezo zixhobo ezibalulekileyo zokukhanyisa.

Ukuqonda Umyili Wenkululeko Yemithetho Yolwazi

Nangona amalungiselelo athile ahlukeneyo ngokwelizwe ngalinye, inkoliso yemithetho yeFOI isebenzisana nesakhiwo esiqhelekileyo esilungiselelwe ukulungelelanisa ii- zamalungelo okwazi nezilangazelelo ezifanelekileyo ekuhlaleni, ekukhuseleni kwesizwe, nasekulawuleni kolawulo. Iziseko ziquka ukuvalwa kwenkcazelo, umlinganiselo ochaziweyo wezinto ezigqunyiweyo, iinkqubo ezithelelwe phantsi, kunye nolawulo oluzimeleyo.

Imigaqo Engundoqo Namalungiselelo Aqhelekileyo

Ingcamango engundoqo esemva kweFOI kukuba ulwazi kufuneka lufumaneke ngokukhululekileyo ngaphandle kokuba kukho isizathu esinyanzelisayo sokuluyeka. Oku kubuyisela umva ukufihla okuqhelekileyo. Imithetho emininzi iquka ezi mpawu zilandelayo:

  • [[UMTL:0] Ilungelo lokufikelela: Nabani na (ongazekanga okanye ongekhoyo kwiimeko ezininzi) angacela ulwazi ngaphandle kokubonakalisa umdla othile okanye imfuno.
  • [[FLT: 0] Unikezelo lokuphendula: Amagunya kawonke-wonke anyanzelekile ngokusemthethweni ukuphendula kwizicelo ezikwisakhelo sexesha elibekiweyo, mhlawumbi ngokunika ulwazi, ngokuchaza ukukhulula, okanye ngokukhanyela isicelo ngesizathu esichaziweyo.
  • Intelekelelo: Iindidi ezithile zolwazi zikhutshwa ekukhutshelweni ukukhusela izilangazelelo ezifana nokhuseleko lwesizwe, ulwalamano lwezizwe ngezizwe, ukuzimela, imfihlo yezorhwebo, kunye nemisebenzi yokugcinwa komthetho. Umbuzo ongundoqo kukuba ngaba ezi nkululeko zimxinwa kwaye ziphantsi kovavanyo loncedo lukawonke-wonke wonke.
  • [[NT.0] Appals Mechans: Umzimba ozimeleyo] (ngokufuthi i-ombudsman, ikhomishinari yolwazi, okanye inkundla) kufuneka ahlole ukwala ukuqinisekisa ukuthobela nokunika indlela efikelelekayo yabakhalazi.
  • [[UMTL:0] Imali ePhondo ePhondo: Imithetho emininzi ifuna ukuba abameli bapapashe ngokuqhubekayo iintlobo ezithile zolwazi (umz., uqingqo-mali, imigaqo-nkqubo, ugcino-lwazi lomsebenzi) ngaphandle kokulinda isicelo, ukunciphisa umthwalo kubaceli nakumagunya.

Indaleko Yodidi Lwehlabathi

Intshukumo yeFOI yanamhlanje yafumana uvutho-phambili kwixesha lasemva kwemfazwe yehlabathi II, kunye nonyaka we-Sweden we-17666 Inkululeko yoMthetho Womsebenzi Womsebenzi Womsebenzi Womsebenzi Womsebenzi Womsebenzi Womsebenzi Womsebenzi Womsebenzi Onzima njengomdala. IUnited States yagqithisa inkululeko yayo eyingqoko-mali yolwazi kuMthetho (FOIA) ngo1966, i-Atcalynism transferties. Iziqum zezizwe ngezizwe ezifana ne [[FLT:]] I-Organity [intelligion ekhuthaza ukuchasana nokubonakala kokukhanya] kunye noPhuhliso kunye [FLT] ne-ART] i-Actle iphuhlisemodelity esebenzayo ekuqhubekeni nokuhanjiswa komsebenzi kawonke wonke. IZizwe Ezimanyeneyo zikhuthaza imigaqo zesizwe ngokomthetho wesizwe somhlaba woburhulumente.

Ukuvavanya Impembelelo Ebonakalayo Yomthetho WeFOI Kulawulo

Xa isetyenziswa kakuhle, imithetho yeFOI ivelisa iingenelo ezingenakuthelekiswa nazicelo zabantu. Ivuselela ulwalamano phakathi kwelizwe nabemi balo, ikhuthaza isithethe sokungafihli nto esinokuthi sinciphise ukunganyaniseki, siphucule izigqibo zemigaqo, size sikhulise ukuthembana kwabantu.

Ukukhuliswa kwengxelo kunye nokupheliswa

Ubuchule bokukhangela iingxelo ezisemthethweni ezichasene namaxwebhu angaphakathi bungqineke buchanabeke ngokuchanaba ekubhenceni okungaguquguqukiyo. I-jenali yophando ixhomekeke kakhulu kwiFOI icela ukutyhila iipateni zenkunkuma, ucalulo, kunye nokonakala okucacileyo. Umzekelo, izicelo zityhile izivumelwano ezinyuliweyo, ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwemali kawonke-wonke, kunye nongquzulwano lomdla phakathi kwamagosa anyuliweyo. I-2019 isifundo esibhenxiweyo sicelwa [`````````FLT'] isalatect ency International[[[[FLTLT:1]] ireansparency' esezantsi ireastings shoreements shorection incations. FOI isebenza njengesithintelo solwaphulo-mthetho-ocelo loluntu.

Iziphumo eziphucukileyo zomgaqo-nkqubo nokubandakanyeka

Ukufikelela kulwazi kuvumela imibutho yoluntu kunye nabaphandi bemfundo ukuba bahlolisise iinkqubo zikarhulumente baze banike iingcebiso ezisekelwe kubungqina. Ngokomzekelo, amaqela emekobume asebenzise iFOI ukufumana ugcino-lwazi lokuhlola ungcoliso, nto leyo ekhokelela ekubeni aphumelele ekufumaneni imigaqo engqongqo. Ngokufanayo, abaphandi bezempilo boluntu baye bafumana amanani okufa kukarhulumente okuza kufumanisa ukuba abe bangaphantsi kwabemi abagciniweyo kunye nabameli bemali ekufuneka bafumane izibonelele ngayo. Xa abemi benokuhlolisisa ukuthelekelela oku ngasemva kwizigqibo, baxhotyiswe bhetele ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kwimibango yoluntu neenkqubo zolawulo-demokhrasi. Oku kuqinisa ukufaneleka kweziphumo zenkqubo.

Ukwakha Intembelo Ngokubonisa Imbonakalo

Ukuthemba amaqumrhu karhulumente kuye kwancipha kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje. Enye into ebalulekileyo enegalelo koku kukhukuliseka kwengqushu luphawu lokuba ulwazi lufihliwe kwaye izigqibo zenziwe emva kweengcango ezivaliweyo. Imithetho yeFAI inika isicombululo ngokubonisa ukuzinikela ekukhululekeni. Ugcino-lwazi olusuka [FLT [[1] lubonisa ukuba amazwe akhuthaza ngamandla ukuba ubuchule bobuGcisa buyelele ukubhalisa imigangatho ephezulu yokuthembeka kommi kulawulo lukawonke-wonke. Kodwa ke, isiphumo asiyonto ezenzekelayo . Ulwalamano phakathi kokuvela kokukhanya nokuthemba lungabungaphilelwanga bokwenziwa kwe FOI kunye nokusabela kwamagosa.

Ucelomngeni Oluqhubekayo Lokuthintela Ukuphumelela

Nakubeni ithenjiswa kwaye iziphumo ezibhaliweyo, imithetho yeFOI isoloko ingawaphumeleli amandla ayo ngenxa yeqela leenkwenkwezi elinomda osebenzayo, wenkcubeko, kunye nowezobupolitika. Olu celomngeni lunganikezela ngowona mthetho ubhalwe kakuhle ngomfuziselo.

Izakhono ezisesikweni kunye noLawulo olungaphezulu

Inkqubo yokwenza isicelo inokuba nzima. Iifomu ezintsonkothileyo, iimali zokukhuphela okanye ukuphendla, kunye nemfuneko yokuchaza amaxwebhu athile abangela ukhuhlano. Amagunya amaninzi kawonke-wonke aphantsi komququzelelo, nabaphathi abanganele ukuphatha umthamo wezicelo, nto leyo ekhokelela kwimiqathango engapheliyo kunye nolibaziseko lweenyanga. EUnited States, iFOIA esemva kwezicelo ezikhoyo yakhula yaya kutsho kumakhulu amabini amawaka alandela izicelo ezikhoyo ngo-2023. Xa iimpendulo zithatha iminyaka, ulwazi lungalahlekelwa luncedo lwalo, kwaye abafaki-zicelo badimazembeko. Ukunga kakhulu kukunye ukungazifaki nxaxheba okubalulekileyo okungundoqo okusetyenziswa ngurhulumente ngaphandle njengendawo yokuvala iingxelo ngaphandle ngaphandle kwetyala ngaphandle kokuhlola ngetyala.

Inkcaso yenkcubeko kunye nomkhosi wolawulo

Mhlawumbi eyona mqobo ibalulekileyo yinkcubeko yentlangano. Abasebenzi bamakhaya kwaneenkokeli zezobupolitika bangajonga i-SOI njengendawo yokuphazamisa kunembopheleleko yedemokhrasi. Oku kubonakala ngokuxhathisa ukukhutshelwa, ukugcina ingxelo yokukhusela (apho izigqibo zingabhalwanga ngabom), kunye notyekelo lokufuna izizathu zokukhanyela kunokuzityhila. Iinkqubo zokuqeqesha ukubonakala zidla ngokukha phezulu, kwaye amagosa aphezulu asenokungamiseli indlela yokuzithethelela ukusuka phezulu. Kwamanye amazwe, abaceli-sicelo bajongene novuselelo okanye ukuhlaselwa, nto ebangela ukuba kusetyenziswe ngokugqithisileyo.

Ubungqina obuphantsi boluntu nokufumaneka okungalingananga

Uninzi lwezicelo zeFOI zivela kwiqela elincinane labemi . "journales", abaxhasi, izifundiswa, kunye namashishini ."akanye kunabemi abaqhelekileyo. Uhlolo oluseUnited Kingdom nase-Australia lubonisa ngokuqhubekayo ukuba bangaphantsi kwama-30% abemi abawazi amalungelo abo eFOI. Ngaphandle kolwazi oluphangaleleyo, umthetho awunakukwazi ukufeza injongo yawo ebanzi yedemokhrasi. Ngaphezu koko, imiqobo yamanani kunye nemiqobo yolwimi ithetha ukuba, abasoloko befumana kakhulu ekukhanyeni, basenokuba bayakwazi ukusebenzisa iFOI. Le nkqubo ingaba sisixhobo esikhethekileyo kunokuba ibe lilungelo kwindalo iphela.

Uhlolisiso lwemeko ekuzalisekiseni iFOI: Izifundo ezivela kumazwe amane

Ukuhlolisisa amava amazwe athile kubonisa indlela le migaqo inye evelisa ngayo imiphumo eyahlukahlukeneyo exhomekeke kumongo.

EUnited States: Isixhobo Esinamandla, I-Systemic Strain

I-US FOIA, egqithiselwe ngo1966 kwaye yomelezwa zingcinga zotshintsho ngo-1997, 2007, kunye no-2016, yenye yeyona mithetho isetyenziswa kakhulu yokubonisa imbonakalo emhlabeni wonke. Iye yasetyenziswa ekubhenceni imposiso yeWatergate, iPentagon Papers, kunye nezenzo ezininzi zokungavumelani nemekobume. Noko ke, inkqubo iphantsi koxinzelelo olunzima. I-Agency action enobundlobongela, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-"Glomar" impendulo (ukuvuma okanye ukukhanyelisa ubukho beerekhodi) iye yadimaza abaceli. I-2023 FOIAdsoosory Comment icebisa ukuqeqeshwa okugunyazisweyo kunye nobugcisa obungcono, kodwa ihlala ingekho mthethweni. Izenzo zomthetho zixhomekeke kakhulu ekufezeni kolawulo ngalunye lwezo lwezo zobupolitika.

UBukumkani Obumanyeneyo: Ukusetyenziswa Okuphezulu, Ukukhulula

I-Ofisi yoLwazi yamiselwa ngowama- 2000 yaza yasetyenziswa ngokupheleleyo ngowama-2005, i-UK'’s Freedom of Information Act iye yasetyenziswa ngendlela ephawulekayo. Ngaphezu kwama-200 000 ezicelo zenziwa minyaka le, zigquma yonke inkcitho kwibhunga elingummandla elisebenzisa iindleko zepalamente. I-Ofisi yoLwazi inikela ulawulo olomeleleyo kwaye iyalela ukutyhilwa kwiimeko ezininzi eziphezulu. ukanti inkxakenelo luyaqhubeka ngokuxhomekeka kukarhulumente kwintlawulo "longezelelo lobugqeqesho" ukwenzela umgaqo kunye nonxibelelwano lobulungiseleli. Ingxelo yeCamstiwation for Camment of Inkululeko yolwazi yaphawula ukuba amaxesha okuphendula nokuliselwa kolibazi de kuphunye utshintsho lwezikhuthazo.

UMzantsi Afrika: UMthetho Oqhubekayo, Uzalisekiso

I-Promotion of Access to Information Act (PAIA) yowama- 2000 yenye yezona zinto zihamba phambili kumazwe asakhasayo, ezisekelwe ngokucacileyo kwilungelo lomgaqo-siseko lokufikelela. Igqubuthela izidumbu zabucala xa kufuneka ulwazi lokusebenzisa okanye lokukhusela amalungelo. Noko ke, ukuzalisekisa kudibene. Umthetho awuqondwa kakuhle ngamagosa nangabemi. Umba owenzelwe ulawulo, iKhomishoni yamaLungelo oMzantsi Afrika, ibiphantsi kwemiqathango ekwanelisa izikhalazo. Uqikelelo lwama 202020 lufumanise ukuba kuphela intwana yezicelo ezihlaziweyo ezihlaziswe ngexesha eligunyazisiweyo, kwaye abameli abaninzi abazihoyiyo izicelo ezilula. Umba ophakathi kwesithembiso esisemthethweni kunye nesokwenene uhlala ukho.

IIndiya: IGrasroots Signices,

Umthetho waseIndiya ogunyazisa amagosa asekuhlaleni ukuba anikele izicelo ezilula ezithe ngqo zemali encinane, kwaye usohlwaywa ngokusetyenziswa kwamagosa asekuhlaleni. Umthetho unika abemi amandla okubeka izindululo ezithe ngqo zemali encinane, kwaye iziphumo zokungagqibeki zisebenza kumagosa asekuhlaleni. Noko ke, impumelelo iye yafikelela kwixabiso: inkqubo ithwaliswa yizigidi zezicelo zokubhena, kwaye abasemagunyeni abaninzi bamisela oorhulumente abanolwazi lwezopolitiko kunokuba bamisele iingcali ezizimeleyo. Ulibazise ukuthoba okude nokukhula kwemali ukuze kuthotye impumelelo. Nangona kunjalo, i-RTSTI ithel

Imigaqo Yokomeleza Imithetho Nezenzo ZeFOI

Ukuvala umsantsa phakathi kwendlela elungileyo yokubona ngaphaya komsebenzi, oorhulumente nebutho labantu bangalandela uludwe lweenguqu ezijoliswe kwiziphumo. La manyathelo athetha macala omabini okunikezelwa (indlela abasemagunyeni abalawula ngayo inkcazelo) kunye necala elifunwayo (ngendlela abahlali abafikelela ngalo).

Isivalo sediski esebenzayo kunye nogcino-lwazi oluvulekileyo

Eyona ndlela isebenzayo yokunciphisa imithwalo yesicelo kukupapasha ulwazi oluqhubekayo. Iindawo zogcino-lwazi zangoku ezivulekileyo, ezifana nogcino-lwazi.gov kwi US okanye i-data.gov.uk kwi-UK, ityhala idata yexabiso eliphezulu kummandla kawonke-wonke ngaphandle kokufuna izicelo zabantu ngabanye. Oorhulumente kufuneka bagunyazise ukhupho lwezintlu ezingundoqo. //ukukhutshwa kwemiqathango, ukuqokelelwa kwemiqathango, kunye nemizuzu yentlanganiso.

Iinkqubo zoPhicotho oluLula kunye neZixhobo zamanani

Ukwenza ii-portal zesicelo ezibekwe embindini we-intanethi (njenge-FOIAonline kwi-US) zi-odoli ezithobelayo nezigcina imijelo. Ukuhlenga-hlengisa okanye ukuphelisa iindleko, ukuvumela izicelo ze-imeyili ezingacwangciswanga, kunye nokumisela ixesha lokumisela imigaqo yenyani eneziphumo zokwenene zokulibazisa. Amanye amaziko alawula aye asebenzisa "i-dy ukunceda amalungiselelo", afuna amagosa ukunceda abaceli ukuba bacoce uphazo oluphangaleleyo kunokuba nje balulahle. Izixhobo zobulumko ziyaqhutyelwa ukunceda abameli ukuba bafumane izinto kunye namaxwebhu abomvu ngokukhawuleza.

Ulawulo oluzimeleyo nolubonelelo lwezeejaji

Umkhomishinala onegunya lokukhupha izigqibo ezibophelelekileyo nokumisela izigwebo ziyimfuneko. Abakhomishinari kufuneka babe nemali eyaneleyo yokuxhasa kunye nenkululeko yezobupolitika. Kwakhona iinkundla zifeza indima ethile: xa abagwebi besoloko besebenzisa ingcaciso encinane yokukhulula abantu nokunyanzelisa uvavanyo loluntu olufuna umdla, bamisela imizekelo ekhuthaza isimilo sikarhulumente. Ukuqeqeshelwa abagwebi kwicandelo elibonisa ukuba linetyala.

Ukwazisa Uluntu Nemfundo Yesityalo

Oorhulumente kufuneka bafake inxaxheba kwiphulo lokufundisa abemi ngamalungelo abo phantsi kwemithetho yeFOI. Indlela elula yokukhokela, yoomatshini bokusebenzela abantu, kunye nokusebenzisana nemibutho yoluntu kufuneka kuquke amalungelo okubonisana. Izikolo kufuneka ziquke amalungelo eengqikelelo kwiinkqubo zemfundo. Xa abemi beqonda ukuba abanalungelo nje kuphela kodwa nendlela yokuwasebenzisa, umthetho uba sisixhobo esiphilayo kunokuba ube ngumgaqo ongabonakaliyo.

Isiphelo: Umsebenzi Ongagqitywanga Wokubonisa ngaphaya Kwecala

Inkululeko yolwazi iguqukile ngokungenakuphikwa ngokuyila ilungelo elisemthethweni lokwazi ukuba inika abemi amandla kwaye igcina amagunya ephendulekile. Impumelelo yezobunyani . "iimpumelelo" ikhuthaza urhwaphilizo, iphucula inkqubo, kwaye ikhuthaza uluntu olungakumbi oluthembisiweyo. Kodwa olu hambo lukude luphele. Imiqobo eqhubekayo equka ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho, ukuchanabeka kwenkcubeko, ukungaziqondi kakuhle, nokuphazamisana nezobupolitika rhoqo kukwenza kungakuvumeli ukuphumelela kwale mithetho. Ulawulo lwe-FOI luthi qhatha ukubonakala ngaphandle kwemfuneko esemthethweni kodwa njengomsebenzi onamandla, ukuqhuba phambili. Urhwebo oluqhubekayo kwiinkqubo zolwazi, ukuphatha okuzimeleyo, ukuqeqesha amagosa, nokungena kolawulo oluthe cwangcii. Ukufuna ukuphinda ukuthemba ngeminyaka ethanda ukufikelela kolwazi oluninzi olukhoyo.