Ukwazisa: Ukwanda Kwemfazwe Ekude Eburhulumenteni Obuchaseneyo

Imfazwe enye ngokusisiseko iguqule indlela amazwe aqhuba ngayo imisebenzi yobuphekula. Oku kwaqala njengendlela yokuhlola identili iye yajika yaba sisixhobo sobuchule esingundoqo se-United States kunye namanye amazwe. Ukusetyenziswa kwezithuthi zenqwelo-moya ezingasetyenziswanga ngabantu (UAVs) ekuhlaseleni amaqela emfazwe kunika uncedo olusebenzayo oluqhelekileyo olunokungangqinelani nobuchule bobugcisa benqwelo-moya okanye amajoni omhlaba. Kwangaxesha linye, lo mkhwa unyusa imibuzo enzulu ngolawulo, umonakalo wabemi bomkhosi, kunye nokusebenza ixesha elide kokubulala abantu kunokuba kusike iingcamango. Ukuqonda ubukhulu bemfazwe ye-drone ̱ indima ekhoyo ngokuchasene ne-RGrobithi yezo transtessss ifuna ukuvavanyaniswa kobugcisa bayo, ugwebo olusemthethweni, iziphumo ezisesikweni, kunye nemigaqo-mthetho.

Ukuchaza Imfazwe Yemfazwe Nendaleko Yayo

Imfazwe yemfazwe engqukuva yale mihla ibhekisela kwimijukujelwa exhobileyo enjenge-MQ-1 ebizwa ngokuba yiPredator kunye ne-MQ-9 Umvuni, eziqhutywe kude kumaziko okulawula zisoloko zifumana amawaka eekhilomitha ukusuka kwidabi. Le nqwelo-moya ithwala ii-mibhobho elungeleleneyo enjengeTrifish yojulo-mlilo kwaye ingakwazi ukuyekelela kwindawo ejoliswe kuyo ixesha elandisiweyo, iqokelela ubukrelekrele bexesha elililo phambi kokuba ibethane. Ukusuka kwimibhosholo exhobileyo ukuze ibethe amaqonga enqanawa akwiminyaka engamawaka ka 2000 njenge U.S. U. U. umkhosi kunye noMbindingendi wobuNjinga (CIA) zifuna iindlela zokujolise i-Atladropo eAf eAfgh nasePakistan.

Ubugcisa buye banda kakhulu. Amazwe angaphezu kwamashumi amabini anesibini ngoku asebenza ii-drones ezixhobileyo, kuquka i-Tshayina, i-Iran, kunye ne-Iran. Uhlanga ngalunye luzitshintsha iimfazwe ezingqukuva zisebenzisa imeko-bume yokhuseleko lwalo, maxa wambi lusebenzisa iinkqubo ezenziwe ekhaya ukwenzela ukunqamleza imida enqamlezayo nxamnye nabadlali abangeyo mida. Utshintsho olukhawulezileyo lwezobugcisa obudala i-#812; ukusuka kwiqonga eliphezulu lobude bobungxengxeba ukuya kumgangatho omncinci, okhawulezayo okwazi ukuhlasela i-#812; iyaqhubeka nokubuyisela umhlaba wobuchule bokulwa norhoxisana norhoxiso.

Iingenelo ezicwangcisiweyo zeeDroyine kwiNkcubeko

Uphatho lokwehla nomonakalo wobungqubeko

Enye yeenzuzo eziqhelekileyo ezikhankanywe kakhulu ze-drone zizinto ezichanekileyo. Ii-drone ezixhobileyo zingalandelela abantu iiyure okanye iintsuku, ziqinisekisa ukuba ixhoba elijoliswe kulo libonwa kakuhle ngaphambi kokukhupha umlinganiselo wesantya. Oku kwahlukahlukana nomoya ohamba emoyeni kwinqwelo-moya ehamba nabantu, esoloko ixhomekeke kwiifestile ezijongene nexeshana. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba ukubetha kwe-drone kunciphisa iingxxwaleko zabantu abangekho mthethweni xa kuthelekiswa nokuqhushumbisa okuqhelekileyo. Umzekelo, uhlolisiso lwangonyaka ka-2013, lwe-New America Foundation, lwafumanisa ukuba i-drone inqwelo-moya ehamba phantsi kwemidabini enxulumene ne-Pakistan kubulala umlinganiselo omncinci wemilothanga kwimipu enxulumene ne-Pakistan#817; imisetyenzo yomkhosi.

Noko ke, ucoselelo lwenza ukuba ii-drone zikhange zibangele into edidayo: xa iingozi ezingezozaburhulumente zenzeka, ukusabela kukawonke-wonke kusoloko kukhula ngenxa yokuba uhlaselo luthathwa njengotyando, ngengozi, okanye ngokungakhethi. Amalungelo abantu axhomekeke kuluntu Watch[[FLT]] ibhale phantsi iimeko ezininzi apho i-drum ibetha amakhaya, imoto, okanye imingcwabo, iphakamisa imibuzo yokuba ubukrelekrele buqhuba igadele inyanise iziphumo eziyingozi.

Ukunciphisa ilahleko yabasebenzi basemkhosini

I-Drones ziphelisa ubungozi bokudutyulwa komqhubi wenqwelo-moya aze abanjwe. Kumazwe anokuchanabeka kwingozi, oku kwenza imfazwe yemfazwe yezopolitiko ibe phantsi kwemikhosi ekhethekileyo kunokwenza imikhosi ekhethekileyo okanye inqwelo-moya egalelwe abantu. Umsebenzisi uhlala kwindawo ekhuselekileyo, ngokufuthi kwelinye ilizwekazi, ukulawula inqwelo-moya esebenzisa uqhagamshelwano lwesatellite. Oku kususa uxinzelelo lwemvakalelo nolomzimba lwengozi ekhawulezileyo, nangona uphando lubonisa ukuba abasebenzi abafumana uxinzelelo lwengqondo olusuka uxinzelelo lwengqondo yemizwano-media olufana nolo lweziqhubi kwimingxube, ngenxa yokubona ugonyamelo olucacileyo kwibala elibonisa imbonakalo kwibala elikwindawo yokuzimela iifestile zomgangatho zomfo zom.

Ukuzingisa Nokuzingisa

Ngokungafaniyo neesethalayithi ezidlula ngaphezulu kwizithuba ezizinzileyo okanye inqwelo-moya efuna iziphumlisi, ii-drones zingahlala emoyeni ngaphezu kweeyure ezingama-24 (umvuni we-MQ-9 unonyamezelo olukhulu malunga neeyure ezingama-27). Oku kunyamezela kuvumela abahlalutyi abakrelekrele ukuba bajonge iipakethi zobomi, intshukumo yengoma, kwaye balinde ixesha elifanelekileyo lokubetha. Kwindawo elwayo, apho iimfazwe zisebenza khona kwiindawo ezithe tyaba, indawo ezikrwadayo kwaye ziphephe iindlela zonxibelelwano eziqhelekileyo, amandla okukhaba ubuchule angqinileyo angqikelelnelo olubalulekileyo ekulandeleni amaxhoba aphezulu emideni.

Isiphumo sexabiso ekuthelekiseni nezenzo zendibano

Ukusebenza i-drone kuxabisa imali eninzi kunexabiso lokunikezela inqwelo-moya yemfazwe esetyenziswa ngabantu okanye i-afthom yemikhosi esemhlabeni. Indleko ye-Prower drone imalunga ne-R25 lezigidi zezigidi zeerandi, xa kuthelekiswa neerandi ezingaphezulu kwama-100 ezigidi zeerandi ngeF-35. Iindleko zokusebenza ngeyure zimalunga ne R3,500 kumvuzi olingana no-$2 000 (R1,000) kumkhosi webhombu e-B okanye ezo ziqhuba iphulo elide kude nasekhaya, ii-drons zinikezela indlela enokuthengwayo yokuxhasa amandla angapheliyo. Noko ke, ezi zibhanki zimele zilinganiswe kwiindleko zokugcina iqela le-stellite, izitishi, kunye nolawulo lomhlaba wolawulo olufunekayo ukuze zenze ukubetha okusebenza okune.

Iingxaki Nokugxekwa Kwemfazwe Eyingozi

Izivumelwano ezingokwasemthethweni nolongamo

Ukuhlasela okugunyazisayo kusoloko kwenziwa kumazwe apho ulawulo lwezisulu lungaqhutyelwanga ngokusemthethweni emfazweni. Umzekelo, iUnited States, iye yahlasela amawakawaka ePakistan, eYemen, eSomalia, naseLibya, ngokufuthi ngaphandle kwemvume yasekuhlaleni. Ugwebo olusemthethweni luxhomekeke kumthetho oziphethe phantsi komthetho wezizwe ngezizwe okanye kwingxoxo yokuba urhulumente ojoliswe ekujoliswe kuwo akakwazi okanye akazimisele ukunqanda isisongelo kumalungu angekho mazwe akwilizwe lakhe. Abagxeki, kuquka abaphengululi abaninzi bomthetho wezizwe ngezizwe kunye nomthetho wenkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho [ult:]] Okuzigweba okukhethekileyo kwe-RPuntir kumthetho wongezelelwe [FLT2:2], ukuphikisa okunjalo okuphazamisa ulawulo lwesizwe kunye nokuhlulwa kwabantu ngabanye, njengoko kusenzeka nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi na indlela yolwaphulo-mthetho.

Ulawulo lwe-Obama lwaphuhlisa inkqubo yokusebenzisa i “ isibheno ̵ ̬ abantu abajolise kwimiboniso ekrokrelekayo yokuziphatha kunokuba baqinisekiswe. Ezi zibhexeshi zigxekwe kakhulu ngokuzalisa abemi kunye namajoni. Ulawulo lweTrump lukhulule imiqathango engakumbi, ukwandisa iindawo ezingaphaya kwemimandla yemfazwe. Ulawulo lwe Biden lufuna ukuphinda luqale kwezinye zezi ndlela kodwa luqhubeke luxhomekeke kwi drone njengesixhobo sobuphengululi obulwayo, ngokubalulekileyo kwi-Afghanistan emva korhoxiok-2021 naseSomalia.

Ukungafumani Nto Ephambili Kwezorhwebo Nengxoxo Yogcino-lwazi

Uqikelelo lwabantu abafayo kwi-drone etshayelwayo lwahluka-hlukene kakhulu. I-Bureau of Investigative Journalism inikela ingxelo yokuba phakathi ko-2004 no-2020, ukuhlasela kwe-U.S. kwafa abantu abaphakathi kwama-2 500 ne-4000, kuquka ukuya kwi-1000 yabemi abangekho mthethweni. EYemen, amanani akhuphisana ngokufanayo. Urhulumente wase-U.S. udla ngokuthi azibange abantu abangabandakanyekanga basemthethweni abafayo kwiseko, kuphela ngenxa yokuphengulula okuzimeleyo ukuveza ukufa okungalawulekiyo. Ubodwa kwe-U.S. drone ̬ i-CIA ayikhuphi akhuphi amanani achazanga iinkcukacha, kwaye avavanya uphando lomkhosi lucalulwe ngokungenakufikeleleka.

Ingozi idlulela ngaphaya komlinganiselo okhawulezileyo wokufa. Abaphandi babhale ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo kuluntu oluhlala phantsi kokhangelo oluqhubekayo, nabantwana bebonisa iimpawu zoxinzelelo loxinzelelo lwengqondo lwasemva. Ukusoloko kugquma kwentloko kungenza imeko yexhala, ingqumbo, kunye nomsindo oxhatshazwa ngamaqela alwayo ukuze afumane imvume. Xa i drone ibulala umntu omsulwa & #8212; okanye icingelwa ukwenza njalo ̬ ingenza imeko engaqhelekanga efuna ukucinezelwa.

Ubalo lobuntlola nengxaki yolwazi olubi

Ukubetha nge-drone kulungile kuphela njengokuba kukhokela ubuchule. Ubuchule bomntu obuvela kubantu abanolwazi lwasekuhlaleni busoloko bungathembeki, bungachatshazelwa yi-vendettas, imilo yesizwe, okanye inkohliso. Ubuchule bokutyikitya (unxibelelwano oluchanekileyo) bungaphenjelelwa okanye bukhokelele ekuphosweni kwejiyografi. Umthetho olusizi wama 2015 wokubetha koogqirha ngaphandle kweMidalbos sibhedruuz eKuncuz, eAfghanistan, waba ngumphumo wentla-m ephoni ekhath-oomthe-omyalelo, nangona olo hlaselo lusuka kwi-ACCPRRRR, hayi i-drone. Sekunjalo, umgaqo ofihlakeleyo wemfazwe uyasebenza: i-drone ayiniki umkhuseli wenkwili yemfazwe.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala Kwinkqubo Yobunqolobi Obunetyhefu

EUnited States EPakistan NaseYemen

Iphulo lemfazwe lase-U.S. le-Talibani kwi-Pakistan ’ iphulo lomkhosi weeNtlanga eziBalulekileyo (FATA) ukususela ngo-2004 ukuya ku-2018 lalilelona likhulu kakhulu kwimbali. Lahlose u-al-Qaeda, iTaliban, yaye kamva i-Unethwethwekhini. Laphumelela ekubulaleni iinkokeli ezinkulu njenge-al-Qaeda inani ezimbini ze-Abu Yaho al-LBI ngo-2012 kunye nomphathi weTalibhan Hakmlah Mehsud ngo-2013. Kodwa labulala namakhulukhulu abantu abangekho mthethweni nemfazwe emfazweni, kodwa laqhubeka likho kwilizwe lobukhobo. EYemen, eYemen, drone ungqubano noAl-AQAP.

ITurkey ’ Ukusetyenziswa kweDrone eSyria nase Iraq

I-Turkey ivele njengomsebenzisi ophambili wezixhobo ezixhotyisiweyo, ngokuyintloko ngokuchasene nemikhosi yabaphathi-mikhosi baseKurdistan i’ Umnqongo (PK) kunye neInfo i-PK & 8817; i-Unit Ukhuseleko (YPG) kumntla we-Siriya ne-Iraq. I-Turkish drones, efana neBayraktar TB. Iziphumo ezicwangcisiweyo zidityanisiwe ngokuxhasa umoya iTurkey-Mkhosi we-Araq kunye ne-PK izisulu ezinzulu ngaphakathi kwe-Iraq. I-̱ inkqubo ye-drone iphawuleka ngenxa yemveliso yayo kunye nemikhosi yayo ekhethekileyo kunye nezinxulumane. Isiphumo esiqhelekileyo sidityanisiwe: ngelixa ngelixesha i-drons Turkey, ukuhlasela komkhosi wase-Iraq, ukuhlasela kwe-Iraq kunye neengxaki zasemaphandleni.

IEthiopia Nokusetyenziswa Kweedreyimane Kwimiba Yangaphakathi

Ngexesha lemfazwe yeTigray (2020-2022), i-Ethiopia yafumana ii-drones ezixhobileyo ezivela eTurkey, eIran naseTshayina, zizisebenzisa kakhulu nxamnye nemikhosi yaseTirrayan. Imikhosi yanika urhulumente wase-Ethiopia amandla okuhlasela iintambo zokunikezela kunye noxinzeleleko lwemikhosi, iguqula ikhondo lemfazwe. Noko ke, iingxelo ezivela kwimibutho yamalungelo abantu zibonisa ukuba ukuhlasela kwamajoni asekuhlaleni, kuquka imaketheki eTogoga eyabulala abantu abaninzi. Ityala lase-Ethiopia libonisa indlela ubugcisa be-drone obungasetyenziswa ngayo kungekhona nje kumaphekula, kodwa kwiimfazwe zangaphakathi, zifinye imigca phakathi kobuzwe, ingqungquthelana phakathi koburhulumente kunye notshaba.

Iingxoxo Ezingokwasemthethweni NezobuGcisa Ezinzulu

Umthetho ojoliswe ekubulaweni

Ngaphantsi kwemithetho yemfazwe, amajoni asenokujoliswe kulwa nangaliphi na ixesha, kodwa ukwahlulwa komntu njengomlwi kufuna ubungqina obucacileyo bokuthatha inxaxheba kwimfazwe. Kwabagrogrisi abanganxibi iyunifomu nabahlali phakathi kwabemi, lo mgca awucacanga. I-U.S. iphikisa ukuba amalungu e-al-Qaeda kunye namandla anxulumanisiweyo asemthethweni kumaxhoba asekelwe ekusebenziseni umkhosi wamajoni (AMF) odluliselwe yiNgqungquthela ephikisa ukuba i-AUMF ayizange icelele ukubulala abantu emhlabeni wonke ngaphandle kwedabi elichazwe, kwaye ngamnye umkhosi osebenza ngaphandle kwemimandla yemfazwe kufuneka ugwetywe ngeempawu zakhe ezifanelekileyo phantsi kwamalungelo abantu ehlabathi, nto leyo ethintela ukubulala okungeyo.

Ingcamango yesisongelo esinzulu [ ikwagwatywa. Urhulumente wase-U.S. maxa wambi uchaza ukuba kusondele kakhulu ukuquka abantu abaceba ukuhlasela ngexa elizayo, nokuba abakhange babandakanyeke kwimfazwe. Le nkcazelo ininzi ivula ucango kwisehlo esifana nokubulala umntu kunokuba kufuneke ulwe umnqamlezo.

Umahluko ocacileyo nonoxanduva

Imfazwe yotyalo-moya isoloko isenziwa ngasese. Urhulumente wase-U.S. unqabile ukuvuma ukuhlasela okungqalileyo, ingasathethi ke ngokunika ubungqina ngesizathu sokuba umntu othile ejoliswe kwixhoba. Oku kungabikho kokukhanya kwenza ukuba kungabi nakwenzeka kwibutho labemi, imithombo ye-media, okanye iinkundla ukuhlolisisa izibakala ezichanileyo. Ngo-2020, i-drone yase-U.S. ibetha iKabul ibulala i-ISY-K plane, kodwa emva kweenyanga ezithile, iNew York Times uphengululo lophando lwezihlolo lufumanise ukuba ixhoba lisenokuba lingumsebenzi osezantsi woncedo kunokuba libe licebo loncedo. Umkhosi uyavuma ukuba uphando olubule abantu abangabemi besongiweyo, kodwa emva koxinzelelo lwezixhobo zekhompyutha.

Amanye amazwe, njenge-United Kingdom, anenkqubo ecace ngakumbi yokusebenzisa ii-drones ezixhobileyo, ezifuna ukuvunywa kolungiselelo kwisehlo ngasinye nokubhengeza kukawonke-wonke. Noko ke, kwanezi nkqubo zishiya ithuba lolwahlulo lobukrelekrele olungenakuqinisekiswa ngokwalo.

Imigudu Yexesha Elizayo Kwimfazwe Yenqwelo - mafutha Yobunqolobi

Izixhobo zokutsala ezizimeleyo kunye nobuntlola obenziweyo

Umda olandelayo yi-Implate Computation Morcrays ” inkqubo, ebizwa ngokuba zizixhobo ezihambayo okanye i-#820; izibane zendlela zokubulala, i-” sele ikho kwinkqubela. I-United States ixhasa ngemali i-N#8220; i-Colorativation Combation Airporation Infts ” inkqubo, enokuthi idibanise iinkqubo zokulwa nokungalawulwa zize ziphele. Kwimiqathango ephakathi kwe-omatilot, ii-drone zinokuba nezixhobo ezisetyenziswayo ngokukhawuleza nezichanekileyo kunabasebenzi babantu. Kodwa ukuchasana okungoko kunamandla. Kodwa amazwe amaninzi namalungelo abantu amele ukuvalwa ngokupheleleyo ekuvalweni kwezixhobo ezizimeleyo ezingekhoyo ukuphatha. Umngcipheko wee-almolitis, i-spoon, i-eafrion, kunye noweadiad.

Ubuchule bokulwa obuchaseneyo kunye nolwamkelo lomlinganiselo

Njengokuba imfazwe edalayo isanda, kunjalo nangeziphelo. Amaqela amaphekula kunye nabachasi bakarhulumente bafaka imali kwimfazwe ye-elektroniki yokuminxeka imiqondiso yolawulo lwe-drone, i-GPS spoofing, kunye ne-laserss ukudubula phantsi kwee-drones. Ilizwe lamaSilamsi lasebenzisa ii-drone ukukhangela kunye nokuwa kwezixhobo. Kwimpendulo, imikhosi yaphuhlisa izixhobo zezixhobo ezijoliswe kumkhosi njenge-U.S. i-&817; ii- HELIOS inkqubo ye-lasss. Izixhobo ze-lastiki kunye ne-mouse phakathi koomati-d kunye nabo bafuna ukuziguqula ziya kuchaza isizukulwana esilandelayo somkhosi womkhosi, kuquka nezicwangciso-omatilo-othe-omatiko apho ii-mastike zinokufumana khona ii-dropu ezibizayo.

Ukukhuselwa kweentsapho nezizwe ngezizwe

Izindululo zemithetho-siseko yehlabathi lonke yee-drones ezixhobileyo zikhule kakhulu. IKomiti yezizwe ngezizwe ye-Red Cross (ICRC) icebise ukuba kucaciswe imida esemthethweni ye-drone ngaphandle kwemfazwe esebenzayo. I-U.N. icebise isivumelwano sokubulala izixhobo ezizimeleyo. Noko ke, amaphondo amakhulu azimeleyo afana ne-U.S., iTshayina, neRashiya axhathisa imiqathango ebophekayo. De kuvele, ukusetyenziswa kwe-drone kwimikhosi elwayo elwayo kuya kuhlala kulawulwa yimithetho yezizwe ngamanye, nto ikhokelela ekuqhezuleni nasekuguquguqukeni.

Isiphelo: Ikrele elibekwe kabini lokubulala okukwenye indawo

Imfazwe enye inika iingenelo zobuchule ezingaphikiyo kwimikhosi echaseneyo nezenzo zobuphekula: ukuncitshiswa komngcipheko owenziweyo kwi-’, amandla awo siqu, ukuhlolwa okuqhubekayo, namandla okubetha ngesantya kunye nokuchanabeka. Kodwa ezo nzuzo zivela ngexabiso elikhulu. Umlinganiselo wabemi, ukukhuthuka kwemigaqo esemthethweni, impembelelo yengqondo kubemi abachaphazelekayo, kunye nokungakhutshwa kwesixhobo sokwenza ukuba ii-drobithisi ezingakumbi zibangele ukuba kubekho inkqubela phambili. Ubuchule bokulwa ne-crothetho kufuneka budibanise i-drona njengenxalenye yezixhobo ezibanzi zezobupolitika, ezorhwebo, kunye nokusondela koosomashishini. Ubugcisa bodwa bungenakuphumelela kwimfazwe okanye ulawulo oluzinzileyo kwiimeko ezingonakalayo. Iintlanganiso ezisebenzisa ii-dron kufuneka zifake ekuboneni, ukuphendula koovimba-othothotho, kunye nokwenza iproki.

Ikamva lemfazwe exhathisa ubugrogrisi liya kuxhomekeka kwindlela ekwalulungelelani ngayo olu khuphiswano. Ziza kufuna ukuzilawula okungaphezulu kunye nokujolisa kwixhoba, okanye ziya kuziqeqesha ngokwazo ngomthetho wezizwe kunye nolawulo lwedemokhrasi? Impendulo ayiyi kubumba indlela oorhulumente abalwa ngayo nentshaba engengomazwe azimeleyo kuphela, kodwa ikwa nendlela ihlabathi elibona ngayo ukuba izenzo zabo zisemthethweni. I-drone sisixhobo, asisiso imfundiso. Yaye njengazo zonke izixhobo, ixabiso layo lixhomekeke ngobulumko besandla esisebenzisayo.