Ukuqonda ulwalamano phakathi kwamaqondo olwaphulo-mthetho kunye nomthetho onyanzelisa ukugcinwa komthetho kubalulekile kubafundisi-mfundo, abafundi, nabenzi bemithetho abafuna ukwakha abantu abakhuselekileyo. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa indlela entsonkothileyo yokuma koluntu, ukuphembelela ukuthembana koluntu, limisela indlela oovimba abasetyenziswa ngayo kwiinkqubo zobulungisa. Ngoxa ulwaphulo-mthetho luguquguquka ngokusekelwe kwizinto ezininzi zentlalo-ntle, ubuchule bokunyanzelisa ulwaphulo-mthetho bunendima ebalulekileyo ekuthinteleni ulwaphulo-mthetho nokukhuthaza ukhuseleko. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa indlela amaziko ahlukene ngayo achaphazela ngayo amanani olwaphulo-mthetho, lihlola intsingiselo embali yomthetho, kwaye liqwalasela iziphumo ezinzulu zoluntu.

Intsingiselo Yomthetho Engokwembali

Ukusetyenziswa komthetho kuye kwaqalisa ngokuphawulekayo ukutyhubela iinkulungwane, kusuka kwiinkqubo ezisekelwe kuluntu ukuya kwiintlangano eziqeqeshiweyo. Ukuqonda le nkqubo yembali kunika umongo obalulekileyo wokuhlola iindlela zamapolisa zale mihla nonxulumano lwazo kumlinganiselo wolwaphulo-mthetho.

Iindlela zobupolisa zangaphambili ezijolise kakhulu kwinxaxheba kuluntu, apho abemi beqela babenembopheleleko yokugcina ucwangco. Kuluntu lwamandulo, iinkqubo zokugada ezingacwangciswanga zazixhomekeke kubamelwane abaqwalaselana, okusesikweni kudla ngokulawulwa ngesivumelwano soluntu kunokuba kuququzelelwe imibutho esesikweni. Le nkqubo igxininisa ukunqanda ukusetyenziswa kwentsebenziswano yentlalo kodwa ingenayo ingxubeko kunye nobuncwane obufunekayo kuluntu oluntsonkothileyo, olwandayo.

Ukusekwa kweBow Street Runners ngo-1749 kwaphawula utshintsho olubalulekileyo kumsebenzi wamapolisa olungelelanisiweyo eLondon. Lasekwa yijaji enguHenry Fieling, eli qela lincinane lamapolisa ahlawulwayo laqalisa ukutshintsha ukusuka kwiinkqubo zewotshi ezisekelwe kumavolontiya ukuya kutsho kumthetho oqeshiweyo. Umsebenzi wabo wabonakalisa ukuba abasebenzi abaqeqeshiweyo banokukwazi ukuphanda ngobuchule ulwaphulo-mthetho kunye nabasebenzi abaqeqeshiweyo, bebeka isiseko samapolisa anamhlanje.

Ngenkulungwane ye-19 neye-20 kwaqaliswa imizekelo yamapolisa asemthethweni kulo lonke elaseNtshona. UMhlekazi uRobert Peel's Metropolitan Police Act ka1829 waseka umkhosi wokuqala wamapolisa wangoku eLondon, egxininisa ukuthintelwa kolwaphulo-mthetho ngaphezu kwesohlwayo nokumiselwa kwemigaqo yendlela yobuchule. EUnited States, izixeko ezifana neNew York neBoston esungulwe amasebe kamasipala kwinkulungwane ye19, nangona le mikhosi yangaphambili yayisoloko izama ukuxakeka norhwaphithizela kwezobupolitika. Inkulungwane yama-20 yazisa ezinye izinto eziphambili, kuquka ukusetyenziswa koonomathotholo amaqela amabini, iinqwelo-nqwelo-mafutha, inzululwazi yenzululwazi, kunye nokugcinwa kwengxelo ye-computernetic, zonke ezaguqula indlela yokusebenza komthetho.

Iminyaka yee-1960 neyee-1970 yavelisa iinguqu eziphawulekayo eziqhutywa yimibutho yamalungelo abantu nokuxhalatyiswa okukhulayo ngokubekwa ityala kwamapolisa. Eli xesha labonakala liqalisa ukuvela kweentanda-bulumko zamapolisa, ukwenziwa koqeqesho, kunye nolwandiso kwimibutho yamapolisa engokomGaqo-siseko. Ezi nkqubela zembali ziyaqhubeka ziphembelela iingxoxo zanamhlanje eziphathelele ukugcinwa komthetho nokusebenza konxulumano noluntu.

Umlinganiselo Wolwaphulo - mthetho: Ingongoma eqikelelwayo

Umlinganiselo wolwaphulo-mthetho ulinganiswa ngokweziganeko ezixeliweyo kubemi abali-100 000, unika i-metric elungelelanisiweyo ukuthelekisa iziphumo kwiimeko ngaphaya kwamaxesha. Ukuqonda ezi nkcukacha-manani kubalulekile ekuhlalutyeniseni imigaqo-nkqubo nokuhlola ukusebenza kwemisebenzi yokugcinwa komthetho.

Ireyithingi lolwaphulo-mthetho lahluka kakhulu ngokwemimandla, oothunywashe bezentlalo, kunye neemeko zezoqoqosho. Imimandla yasemadolobheni ngokuqhelekileyo inamaqondo aphezulu olwaphulo-mthetho olunogonyamelo kunabemi basemaphandleni, nangona ulwaphulo-mthetho lwempahla lunokuba luxhaphakile kuzo zonke izicwangciso. I-FBI'S XP'S CRing Crime Reporting (UCRR) Inkqubo kunye neSebe leMibaliso yeSigqeba-National Crimetic Surveyment (NCVS) inika uvavanyo olunelisayo olunceda abaphengululi ukuvelisa umfanekiso opheleleyo wemikhwa yolwaphulo-mthetho. I-UCCRCR ibamba ulwaphulo-mthetho oluxekiweyo malunga nezibonelelo ezibini ezixeliweyo zozibini kwaye zingaxelwa, inika ukuqonda kwi-"mo lolwaphulo-mthetho lwe-modiction"prolicter"

Iindlela zoqokelelo logcino-lwazi ziphembelela ngokubalulekileyo ucoselelo lwezintlu-manani zolwaphulo-mthetho. Uguqulo ekunikeni ingxelo yolwaphulo-mthetho, utshintsho kwiinkcazelo zomthetho, kunye nomahluko kwindlela abameli abachaphazelekayo abanokuchaphazeleka ngayo bonke ubuqhetseba. Umzekelo, ukuguqulwa ukusuka kwisishwankathelo sesithethe se-UCR ukuya kwinkqubo yeSizwe esinenkcukacha ezithe ngqo-Isiseko senkqubo (NIBRS) iphucule ubunjani bogcino-lwazi kodwa ikwadala ucelomngeni lokuthelekisa ubude. Ngokufanayo, utshintsho kwindlela ugonyamelo lwasekhaya okanye imicimbi yokuhlasela ngokwesini ekwahlulwahlulwayo lungaguqula ngayo imikhwa yezibalo xa iziphumo zolwaphulo-mthetho zihlala zihleli.

Umlinganiselo wolwaphulo-mthetho othe wanda, uquka ukunyuka kwemeko yezoqoqosho, ukutshintsha-guquka kwamanani abantu, izifo zeziyobisi, kunye neenkqubo zentlalo. Ukwehla okuphawulekayo kolwaphulo-mthetho olunogonyamelo eUnited States ukususela ekuqaleni kowe-1990 ukuya kuma-2010 kuye kwathiwa kubangelwa ziimeko ezininzi: iindlela eziphuculiweyo zamapolisa, amanani aphezulu okuvalelwa, ukuncipha kobhubhani wecrack cocaine, ukwanda kwezoqoqosho, utshintsho lwamanani oluntu. Noko ke, amanani olwaphulo-mthetho ahlala esasazekile, abantu abasweleyo beqhubeka bethwele umthwalo onzima wogonyamelo. Ukuqonda ezi mpawu zibalulekile ekuphuhliseni ukungenelwa kwemiqatha yemiqatha yemibango yezo ebangela iziphumo zesifo kunokuba nje zichaphazele izibakaliso.

Izenzo Zokunyanzelisa Umthetho Nempembelelo Yazo

Umthetho onyanzelisayo ohlukeneyo unokuba neziphumo ezahlukahlukeneyo kumlinganiselo wolwaphulo-mthetho, kuxhomekeka kwindlela owenziwa ngayo nakwimeko engqalileyo osebenza kuyo. Ezinye iindlela zokuphelisa ulwaphulo-mthetho ngempumelelo, ngelixesha ezinye zingandisa ukungavisisani phakathi komthetho kunye nabantu, zibangela ukhuseleko loluntu olude.

UMthetho weSizwe

Amapolisa oluntu agxininisa ukwakha ulwalamano oluhle nabahlali ngokusebenzisana rhoqo, ngokucombulula iingxaki, kunye nokusebenzisana ukucombulula iingxaki zasekuhlaleni. Amagosa anikwe imimandla ethile akhula uqhelano namalungu oluntu, nto leyo ewenza akwazi ukuchaza imiba evelayo ngaphambi kokuba aqhubeke. Le ndlela inxulumene nolwaneliseko olukhulisiweyo, ukuzimisela okukhulu ukuchaza ulwaphulo-mthetho, kunye nokusebenzisana ngokuphuculwa kolwazi oluluncedo ekuphengululeni.

Uphando lubonisa ukuba amapolisa asekuhlaleni anokunciphisa uloyiko lolwaphulo-mthetho aze aphucule indlela amapolisa aqiqa ngayo ngokusemthethweni, nangona kunzima ukulinganisela iziphumo zawo ezingqalileyo kumlinganiselo wolwaphulo-mthetho. Xa abemi beluthemba umthetho, basenokuba basebenzisana nophando kwaye banike iingcebiso ezincedayo ekucombululeni amatyala. Oku kukwanceda ukuxelwa kolwaphulo-mthetho olufihlakeleyo, kuquka ugonyamelo lwasekhaya kunye nokurhwebelana kwabantu, nto leyo enokuthi ekuqaleni yandise amanani olwaphulo-mthetho asemthethweni kwanokuba kukuhla kwehla kolwaphulo-mthetho.

Inkcubeko yokuNcediswa kweNkcubeko yeQhinga

Imigaqo-nkqubo yokulawula iqanda, eyaziwa ngokuba yinkqubo yoonqakrazo lomyalelo okanye yophulo lwamapolisa efestileni, igxininisa ekunyanzelweni kolwaphulo-mthetho olungqongqo ngengcamango yokuba ukuthetha ngengxaki ephantsi kuthintela ulwaphulo-mthetho olunzulu kakhulu. Le ndlela yafumana ukuvelela kwisiXeko saseNew York ebudeni bee-1990, apho ukunyanzeliswa komgangatho wokwaphulwa kobomi okhawulezileyo nokwehla kolwaphulo-mthetho olubalulekileyo.

Noko ke, ubungqina obuxhasa uphatho lwezibonelelo zelifa lemveli oluhlala luphikiswa. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi [[FLT: 0] ukunyanzeliswa kwezenzo ezingqongqo zetyala ezincinci kungacutha ulwalamano loluntu, ngokugqithisileyo kuchaphazela abantu abambalwa, kwaye kuvelise ukubanjwa okuninzi komgangatho ophantsi [ okubangela ukuba inkqubo yenkundla ikhuphe iinzuzo ezihlala zihlelile uluntu. Uphando lubonisa ukuba xa ukunyanzeleka komthetho othile wengxaki ethile ekhoyo kunganciphisa ulwaphulo-mthetho, ukusetyenziswa ngokungakhethi kusenokunyusa ukubanjwa kwezenzo ezincinane ngaphandle kokunciphisa ulwaphulo-mthetho. Eminye imimandla iye yashenxaxwe ukusuka kulwaphulo-mthetho olungqongqo olunento luye luzinzisa ngokuzinzisa izicwangciso ezilungele ulwaphulo-mthetho olunzulu oluthe kratyayo lolwanoxa kuxa kudibana nolwaphulo-ngquzungezo.

Ukupolisa ugcino-lwazi

Ubuchule bobupolisa bogcino-lwazi busebenzisa uhlalutyo lwezibalo, ukwenziwa kwemaphu yolwaphulo-mthetho, kunye nokuxelwa kwangaphambili kolwahlulelo lwezibonelelo zolwaphulo-mthetho ngokunempumelelo nokuchonga amachaphaza ashushu. Iinkqubo ezifana neCompStat, ezaveliswa liSebe lamapolisa laseNew York kwiminyaka yee-1990, zisebenzise iintlanganiso ezithe rhoqo zogcino-lwazi lolwaphulo-mthetho ukugcina abaphathi-mthetho benoxanduva lokuphendula iintlobo ezilandelayo. Izichazi zakutshanje ziquka imigaqo-algosalthis ezithe ezithe ngqo ezibonisa iindawo ezisemngciphekweni ophezulu wolwaphulo-mthetho kwixesha elizayo.

Abaxhasi baphikisa ngokuthi iingcebiso ezizinzileyo zedata-drive zinika amasebe amandla okumisa abaphathi apho zifuneka khona kakhulu, ukwandisa ukunqanda nokunciphisa amaxesha okuphendula. Uphando lubonisa ukuba uphatho lwe-politilitili eshushu, xa luzalisekiswa ngemiqathango exhobisayo exhobisayo kunokuba nje kunyuswe ubukho bophatho-gadatha, lungavelisi uhliso oluthozamisayo kodwa olunentsingiselo ngaphandle kokubeka ulwaphulo-mthetho kwiindawo ezimeleneyo. Noko ke, inkxalabo malunga nocaso lwemithetho, imfihlelo, kunye nobuchule bokwenza uphatho logcino-data-lwazi olukhoyo lufuna ingqalelo enono kwinkqubo yobuchule ekhoyo yokwenziwa nabasebenzi bomsebenzi.

Comment

Ukulungelelana phakathi kwamapolisa asebenzayo nasebenzayo kubumba indlela amasebe asebenzisana ngayo nabantu abahlala kunye nokusabela ngayo kwizenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho. Amaqhinga asebenzayo, kuquka amajoni ajoliswe kulawulo, udliwano-ndlebe, kunye nokugcinwa kweenqwelo-mafutha, azimisele ukuthintela ulwaphulo-mthetho ngaphambi kokuba luvele. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, amapolisa ajolise ingqalelo ekusabeleni kwizicelo zenkonzo nokuphanda ngolwaphulo-mthetho oluxelweyo.

Amasebe asebenzayo asebenzisa umxube wendlela zokungena, kunye nezicwangciso ezisebenzayo ezijoliswe kwiindawo eziphezulu naxa kusemgangathweni ophezulu. Isitshixo kukubetha umlinganiselo ogcina ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke ngaphandle kokwenza oqhagamshelana ngokugqithiseleyo okunokudodobanisa ukuthembana kwabantu. Uphando lucebisa ukuba [[FLT: 0] izicwangciso ezisebenzayo zisebenza kakhulu xa ziqhutywa ngokhokelo olucacileyo nolungeno lwentlalo-ntle [, ukuqinisekisa ukuba imisebenzi yokunyanzelisa ibonwa njengefanelekileyo kunokuba ibangele ukuphazamisa.

Indima Yokubandakanyeka Kuluntu

Ukuganana kwabantu kubaluleke kakhulu ekusebenzeni komthetho. Xa abantu bebandakanyeke ngokukhutheleyo kwimigudu yokuthintela ulwaphulo-mthetho, badla ngokubona imiphumo emihle nolwalamano oluqinileyo namagosa abakhonzayo.

Iintlanganiso zoluntu zingakhuthaza ukuthembana phakathi komthetho nabemi ngokulungiselela intlanganiso yokuncokola. Iintlanganiso ezithe rhoqo apho abemi banokuthetha iingxalabo zabo, babuze imibuzo, baze bafumane uhlaziyo ngemikhwa yolwaphulo-mthetho olusemgangathweni lunceda ukuphelisa imisebenzi yamapolisa nokukhuthaza ukuqondana. ISebe elifuna igalelo loluntu ngokukhutheleyo libonise ukusabela kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni lidla ngokunandipha imigangatho ephezulu yentsebenziswano nokufaneleka.

Iinkqubo ezibandakanya ulutsha ekuthinteleni ulwaphulo-mthetho zinganciphisa ubundlobongela bolutsha kunye nemijikelo yokuphazamisa ugonyamelo. Emva kweenkqubo zesikolo, amanyathelo okunika iziqendu, kunye nezikolo zolutsha zamapolisa zinika ezinye iindlela eziluncedo kumsebenzi wolwaphulo-mthetho ngeli lixa ulwakhiwo phakathi kwabantu abaselula nabaphathi. Uphando lubonisa ukuba ezi nkqubo ziphumelela kakhulu xa zigxininisa ekukhuliseni ubuchule, ukuphuhlisa intlalo, kunye nolwakheko lokwenene kunokuba zinikelw'ulwando nje oluchasene nolwaphulo-mthetho.

Umanyano nemibutho yasekuhlaleni lunganyusa ukufumaneka koovimba nokufikelela imigudu yokunyanzelisa umthetho. Ukudityaniswa kwezikolo, amaziko asekelwe kukholo, amashishini, kunye namasebe oluntu kwenza amasebe akwazi ukuphendula izinto ezisisiseko ezifak ’ isandla kulwaphulo-mthetho, kuquka ukunqongophala kweziyobisi, kunye neengxaki zempilo yengqondo.

Iinkqubo zobulungisa ezibuyiselwa zimela olunye uhlobo lokuzibophelela koluntu oluthi lutshintshe ingqalelo kwisohlwayo sokulungisa umonakalo. Ezi nkqubo zihlanganisa amaxhoba, izaphuli-mthetho, kunye namalungu oluntu ukuze kuxoxwe ngempembelelo yolwaphulo-mthetho, kuhlaziywe izivumelwano zokubuyiselwa nokubuyiselwa. Ngoxa ukubuyiselwa kobulungisa kungafanelekanga kuwo onke amatyala, uphando lubonisa ukuba kunokunciphisa ukuncitshiswa kweentlobo ezithile zolwaphulo-mthetho ngoxa kunika amaxhoba ulwaneliseko olungaphezulu kuneenkqubo zenkundla yesithethe.

Ucelomngeni Ekunyanzelweni Komthetho

Nangona kukho inkqubela ephawulekayo ekuqeqesheni, kwezobugcisa nakumacebo, ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kujamelana neengxaki ezininzi ezenza kube nzima ukudibana kolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nemisebenzi yamapolisa.

Izithintelo zoqingqo-mali zingamisela ubuncwane obukhoyo kumsebenzi wobupolisa, iinkqubo zoqeqesho, kunye nobuchule bokwenza utyalo-mali. Amasebe amaninzi asebenza ngezixhobo ezisikelwe umda, izixhobo ezaluphalayo, kunye nezicelo zokukhuphisana ngenkxaso yemali evela kwezinye iinkonzo zikawonke-wonke. Ezi zithintelo zinganyanzela ukurhwebelana okunzima, njengokunciphisa umlinganiselo woluntu ukuze kulondolozwe ukugqunywa kobupolisa okanye ukulibazisela uphuhliso lobugcisa obungaphucula ukuphumelela. oovimba abangenele banokufaknelisa ukudinwa nokujika kwesebe , umthamo ongaphezulu womsebenzi wesebe.

Ukuqondwa komthetho kuluntu kuphembelela intsebenziswano ephawulekayo evela kuluntu. Iziganeko eziphezulu zezenzo zokunganyaniseki kwamapolisa, ukusetyenziswa kwemikhosi egqithisileyo, okanye ukudubula okuphikiswayo kungaphelisa ukuthembana kwaye kunciphise ukuvuma ukuxela ulwaphulo-mthetho okanye uphando oluluncedo. Imbono engachananga inokuba nentsingiselo engakumbi kuluntu oluye lwafumana imbali yokubekwa phantsi kwemeko-ntle okanye phantsi kwegunya. Ukubuyiselwa kwentelelo kufuna ukubonakaliswa okungaguquguqukiyo kobucuphini, ukuphendula uxanduva, kunye nokuzinikela ngokunyaniseka kwintlalo olulungileyo.

Ukuxinezeleka okuphezulu kunokukhokelela ekudinyweni, kwingxaki yempilo, nasekugwebeni ngokuchaseneyo phakathi kwabasebenzi abasebenza ngomthetho. Amagosa asoloko ejamelana neemeko eziyingozi, ukuchanabeka kwingozi, kunye nohlalutyo olunzulu lukawonke-wonke, konke okubangela ukuba kubekho ingxwabangxwaba yengqondo neyomzimba. Amasebe angakwaziyo ukunikela inkxaso eyaneleyo yempilo, ingcebiso loontanga, kunye neenkqubo ezintle zibeka engozini yokuphulukana nabasebenzi abanamava ekwakhenkeneyo kunye nokwenza izigqibo ezicinezekileyo ngexesha elinzima. Ukungcakaza egosa umphathi kukungangomnye umbandela nje wokunyanyekelwa kwabelo lwasemzimbeni kodwa ukhuseleko oluyimfuneko kuwonke.

Umgaqo-nkqubo ongomthetho nowokugcinwa komthetho uyaqhubeka uguquka, udala ucelomngeni lwesebe elifuna ukuhlala likho ngemisebenzi emihle. Ukutshintsha kwemithetho elawula ukusetyenziswa kwamandla, ukuphengulula nokuxhuzula, ukuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi, kunye neemfuno zolawulo kufuneka ziqhubeke ziqeqeshwa kwaye zihlaziywe ngokwenkqubo. Amasebe kufuneka asebenzise imigaqo entsonkothileyo esemthethweni ngoxa egcina ukusebenza kakuhle, isenzo sokulinganisela esifuna ubuchule obuntsonkothileyo beemfuno zomgaqo-siseko kunye nomthetho ovelayo.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala: Iingcamango Zomthetho Ezinempumelelo

Uhlolisiso olunempumelelo lunika ingqiqo eluncedo kumaqhinga asebenzayo okugcinwa komthetho athe achaphazela umlinganiselo wolwaphulo-mthetho lo gama ukulondoloza ukuthembana kwabantu. Le mizekelo ibonisa ukuba ukuphunyezwa kobuchule nokuzibophelela okuzinzileyo kubalulekile ukuze kuphunyezwe iziphumo ezifanelekileyo.

Ukuphunyezwa kobupolisa boluntu kwisiXeko saseNew York, ngexesha lee-1990, kudityaniswe neendlela zogcino-lwazi ezifana neCompStat, zidibene nenye yezona zenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho eziphawulekayo zihlayo kwimbali yaseMerika. Phakathi ko-1990 no 2000, amaqondo okubulawa kwabantu ehla ngesantya esimalunga nama-70 ekhulwini, kwaye ulwaphulo-mthetho olunogonyamelo luye lwehla ngokugqithisileyo. Nangona ingxushuwa iqhubeka ngemibango enxulumene neminikelo enxulumene nemibandela eyahlukeneyo, amava aseNew York abonisa ukuba [[FLT: 0] ukubekwa phambili komthetho, ukuphenjelelwa kweziphumo, ukukhuselwa kweziphumo, ukukhuselwa kweziphumo, kunye nokukhuselwa kwemibutho yokhuseleko, kwaye ukukhuselwa kwebutho loluntu kungane nempumelelo.

EChicago, ukusetyenziswa kogcino-lwazi lokuchaza nokulungisa amachaphaza olwaphulo-mthetho ashushu asulungekiswe ngaphezu kolawulo oluninzi. Iziko leZiko leZigqibo zeNkxaso yoLunga lobuPolisa eCwangcisayo leZiko loLawulo loMgaqo-nkqubo loBunyani lolwaphulo-mthetho ukukhokela ukuthunyelwa komkhosi kunye nemigudu yokulungisa iingxaki. Xa zidibene neenkqubo zokuzithintela eziqwalasela ukunikela kweenkonzo zentlalo ecaleni konyanzelo lokunyanzelo, ezi ndlela zibonise isithembiso sokunciphisa ugonyamelo lwemipu kwiindawo ezithenjiweyo. Isitshixo besiqinisekisa ukuba iindlela zogcino-data-lwazi-drunedrunentlukwano zoluntu kunye nezomGadelo, ukuphepha imigibe yokugcinwa komthetho okungagwetyelwano-mthetho.

Iinkqubo ezijoliswe kwiLos Angeles ezibhekiselwe ekuthembiseni ulutsha nokwakha uluntu zibonise ukuba ukuphuhliswa kolwalamano olunempembelelo kungenza ugonyamelo luncitshiswe kwaye kuphucule ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke. ISebe lamapolisa laseLos Angeles lisebenzisa iSebe loKhuseleko loLuntu loLuntu loLuntu kwimisebenzi efuna uluntu oluphezulu, apho basebenza ngamandla nabantu basekuhlaleni ukuphendula imicimbi yasekuhlaleni, ukwakha ukuthembana, kunye nokudibanisa ulutsha ngamathuba alungileyo. Uhlolisiso lubonisa ukuba le migudu iye yanciphisa ulwaphulo-mthetho olunogonyamelo kwezinye iindawo ngoxa iphucula indlela yokucinga ukuba amapolisa anyanisemgangathweni.

Inkqubo yeBoston Shitle, inxalenye yenyathelo loMgcini- mkhosi woxolo, ibonakalisa indlela eqwalaselweyo yokunqanda ukunyanzeliswa koovimba abanyanzelisi kwinani elincinane labasebenzi abaqhuba ugonyamelo oluninzi ngeli linika abasebenzisi boncedo lweenkonzo zentlalo. Eli cebo lavelisa unciphiso olubalulekileyo ekubulaleni kolutsha eBoston ebudeni boo-1990 kwaye liye laboniswa kwezinye izixeko ngeziphumo ezithembisayo. Impumelelo yokuzithintela okuqwalathisileyo ibonisa ukuba uwino oluthelelweyo, oludityaniswe ngamathuba okwenyaniso okutshintsha lungaphazamisa imijikelezo yogonyamelo [ ephumelelayo kunemiqatha yemithetho esekelwe kumthetho.

Ugcino - lwazi, Ubugcisa Nekamva Lepoliniki

Ukuqokelelwa kogcino - lwazi, uhlalutyo nobugcisa kuyaqhubeka kusetyenziswa ngokutsha, kusetyenziswa izixhobo ezintsha zokuthintela ulwaphulo - mthetho ngoxa kubuzwa imibuzo ebalulekileyo ngokuphathelele ukuzifihla, utyekelo nokwenza ityala.

Iikhamera zomzimba ziye zaba yizixhobo ezisezantsi kumasebe amaninzi, zinika iirekhodi zenjongo zoqhagamshelwano lwabaphathi-mikhosi olunokuphucula ukuphendula, ukunciphisa izikhalazo, kunye nokuqinisa ukuqokelelwa kobungqina. Uphando ngempumelelo yekhamera yomzimba luvelise iziphumo ezidityanisiweyo, kunye nezinye izifundo zokufumana unciphiso ekusetyenzisweni kwesantya sombane nezinye ezibonisa iziphumo ezisikelwe umda. Isitshixo sokwandisa iingenelo zekhamera yeqela sibonakala silele kwimigaqo ecacileyo yolawulo xa iikhamera kufuneka zivuselelwe, indlela isantya esibuphini esibuphindiweyo, nendlela okuthelekisa ngayo ukukhanya nokuqwalanisa ngemicimbi ye-mfihleko.

Ubuchule bokulungisa izithuba zolwaphulo-mthetho nokuzikhusela kolwaphulo-mthetho, ukujongwa kwelayisensi, kunye neekhamera zokuhlola, zinika ubuchule obuphangaleleyo bokujonga izithuba zoluntu kunye nobokuphawula umsebenzi wolwaphulo-mthetho. Ezi bugcisa zinganceda ekucombululeni iimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, kodwa zikwanyusa amaxhala obuqu afuna uphuhliso olunobuchule benkqubo. ukujonga ngamandla, ukubonakala, kunye nommiselo wenkcazelo unganceda ekulondolozeni ukuthemba uluntu ngoxa ubugcisa bokuxhobisa ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke.[[FLT]]

Amanani aqikelelwayo enkqubo yobupolisa asebenzisa ugcino-lwazi olungokwembali ukuze kubonwe ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho luza kwenzeka phi, kusenzela ukwabiwa koovimba abasebenzayo. Noko ke, inkxalabo malunga nokungavumelani kwemithetho-siseko kunye nokunokwenzeka kwezixhobo ezixelwe kwangaphambili ukukhuthaza iipateni zembali zokusetyenziswa kwemibutho esweleyo kufuneka ziqwalaselwe ngenyameko. Amasebe asebenzisa ii-arhente ezixeliweyo kufuneka aqhube iingxelo zolwaphulo-mthetho rhoqo ukwenzela ukukhulula iziphumo zemithetho-algorithm kunokuzisa ukwazisa kunokuba amisele izigqibo zokusebenza.

Ukujongwa kwezentlalo zonxibelelwano kunye nobugcisa bophando lwamanani kuye kwaya kusiba baluleke ngakumbi ekuboneni izisongelo, ukuqokelela ubungqina, nokunxibelelana noluntu. Ezi zixhobo kufuneka zisetyenziswe ngokugunyazisa ngokufanelekileyo nokuhlonela izithintelo zokuqala ezisemthethweni. AmaSebe akha imigaqo ecacileyo ngokusetyenziswa kwe-intanethi yezentlalo-ntle, abaphathi-mikhosi ekuthinteleni imiqathango yomgaqo-siseko, kwaye agcine ukubonakala kakuhle phakathi kwabantu abasebenza nabo kunokuzigcina ziluncedo izixhobo zekhompyutha zobugcisa zoluntu.

Ucelomngeni Neenguqu

Ulwalamano phakathi kwamaqondo olwaphulo-mthetho nomthetho onyanzeliswayo lunemiphumo ebalulekileyo kumagosa anyuliweyo, amagosa amapolisa, neenkokeli zoluntu. Ukwenziwa kobugcisa kufuneka kulungelelane izinto ezininzi eziza kuqala, kuquka ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, amalungelo omgaqo-siseko, ukuthembeka kwezemali, nokuthenjwa kwebutho labantu.

Imigaqo-nkqubo esekelwe kubungqina ebeka phambili iindlela eziqinisekisiweyo zokunciphisa ulwaphulo-mthetho ngaphandle kokwenza iziphumo ezingalunganga zinikezele indlela phambili. Amasebe kufuneka afake ingeniso kungenelelo oluye lwavavanywa ngokungqongqo kwaye luboniswe ukuvelisa iingenelo ezizinzileyo, ngeli lixa zinokuthi zivelise iziphumo ezifutshane zexesha elifutshane ngexabiso lolwalamano olude loluntu. uvavanyo lwenkqubo egocagocagoca kunye nokukulungela ukuyeka imisebenzi engasebenziyo kubalulekile ekwenzeni imigaqo esekelwe kwimigaqo.

Ukuphendula nokuphatha iinkqubo zolawulo kufeza indima ebalulekileyo ekulondolozeni ukuthembana kwabantu nokuqinisekisa ukuba ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kuyahambelana nemilinganiselo yoluntu. Iibhodi zolawulo loluntu, uphando oluzimeleyo lweziganeko ezimatyala, iinkqubo zokuqala zokulumkisa amagosa asengozini yehambo enzima, kunye neenkqubo zoqeqesho ezicacileyo zonke ezinegalelo ekuphenduleni. ISebe elithabatha ukujongela njengesixhobo sokuphucula kunokuba lifake isisongelo kwi-OSGP lityekele ekuphumezeni iziphumo ezingcono nolwalamano olunamandla lwasekuhlaleni.

Uqeqesho, kuquka ukujolisa phambili ekuncitshisweni kwemeko, ukungenelela kweengxaki, ucalucalulo olucacileyo, kunye nokukhuphisana kwenkcubeko, kungaphucula imigangatho yokwenza izigqibo kunye nokusebenza koluntu. Imigangatho yoqeqesho egunyazisiweyo, iimfuno zoqeqesho, kunye neenkqubo zophuhliso lobugcisa eziqhubekayo zinceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba abaphathi-mikhosi banobuchule obufunekayo bokulungisa iimeko ezinzima ngokunempumelelo. Uqeqesho lusebenza kakuhle xa lusekelwe kwimo yemo yendalo, luhlaziyeka rhoqo, kwaye luqiniswa yinkqele yenkqele kunye nolawulo.

Iindlela ezithe zaqwalaselwa ziingcali zempilo yengqondo, abasebenzi bezentlalo-ntle, kunye neengcali ezikhotyokisiweyo ezikwazi ukucombulula iziphumo eziphambili zolwaphulo-mthetho ngeli xesha zinciphisa umthwalo kumthetho onyanzelisayo. Amaqela okungenelela kwentlekele, imizekelo engqinelanayo edibaniswe namagosa oogqirha, kunye neenkqubo zokuphendula iimbongozo ezingezolwaphulo-mthetho ezingezizo ezolwaphulo-mthetho, zingenza ngcono iziphumo kubantu abakwingxaki namagosa akhululekileyo ukuze anikele ingqalelo kwiimeko zokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke. Ezi ndlela zifuna ukuveliswa, ukulungele ukuvavanywa, nokuvuma ukuvavanywa kweemodeli ezintsha zokuhambisa iinkonzo.

Isiphelo

Ulwalamano phakathi kwamaqondo olwaphulo-mthetho kunye noqheliselo lomthetho luntsonkothile yaye luneentlobo ezininzi, lubunjwe yimizekelo yembali, iimeko zentlalo, iinkqubo zenkcubeko, imiqathango, kunye neempembelelo zoluntu. Ukuqonda olu lwalamano kufuna uhlalutyo olucokisekileyo lwezibalo zolwaphulo-mthetho, uhlalutyo olunyanisekileyo lwenkqubo zamapolisa, nokuqwalaselwa kobume bentlalo apho ulwaphulo-mthetho lusenzeka khona.

Imisebenzi yokugcinwa komthetho esebenzayo ingalunciphisa ulwaphulo-mthetho, kodwa impumelelo yabo ixhomekeke kakhulu kwindlela abasetyenziswa ngayo nokuba banandipha ngayo inkxaso yoluntu. Imikhosi egxininisa ukuhambelana, ukubonakala, kunye nokwenza izigqibo ezisekelwe kubungqina isenokuba ivelisa uphuhliso oluzinzileyo kukhuseleko lukawonke wonke ngeli xesha ulondoloza ukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko kunye nokuthembana kwabantu. Ngokuchasene noko, ukusetyenziswa komthamo wolawulo oluphambili ngokusemthethweni, ukuphuhlisa inkqubela-manani yamaxesha angaphambili, isenokuvelisa inkcitho exabiso elifutshane lomonakalo wolwalamano olude kunye nentsebenziswano.

Njengoko ibutho liqhubeka liguquka, uqheliselo lokunyanzelisa umthetho kufuneka luvumelane nocelomngeni olutsha, ubugcisa, kunye nolindelo loluntu. Olona sebe lusebenzayo luza kuba lolo lubandakanya ukufunda okuqhubekayo, lugcine umanyano olunamandla loluntu, luhlale luzinikele kwimigangatho ephakamileyo yobuchule nokuziphendulela. Ngokuqonda amandla entsonkothileyo phakathi kolwaphulo-mthetho nemisebenzi yamapolisa, abafundisi, abafundi, kunye nabenzi benkqubo banokubandakanyeka kwingxubusho enentsingiselo ngokhuseleko lukawonke wonke kwaye lunegalelo ekwakheni uluntu olukhuselekileyo nolunobulungisa.

Ukuqhubeka ufundo ngezibalo zolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nomthetho womthetho, jonga kwi- FBI'S FI 'FI' Crime Programing Project ye-data yolwaphulo-mthetho olusemthethweni, i- i-Bureau yamanani obulungisa[[ kuhlolo lophando lwezikhotho-mthetho, kunye nophengululo lwe-Prolice I-Advision Efocument forum yolu ludwe olusekelwe kwimigaqo-mthetho esebenzayo.