Ubuchule Bokusebenzisa Izixhobo Zokusebenzisa Imali: Ukuqonda Ulwimi Lokurhwebelana Nokuyila

Kumaziko aphezulu eemeko zezobupolitika, ulwazi luyindawo yokuguqula indalo kunye nesixhobo sokukhusela. Phakathi kwezixhobo eziphikiswayo kwisixhobo sobuchule bale mihla kukuxilonga okunyanzelisayo — uhlolisiso oluthi luzibonakalise njengophando lobundilele lokwenza uluvo. Ngokungafaniyo novavanyo olusemthethweni lukawonke-wonke olulungiselelwe ukulinganisa iimvakalelo, lunyanzelisa uphando olucetyo olucetyiswayo ukuze luguqule. Ngokuzinzisa ngobuchule ulwimi olunyuliweyo kunye nokuphengulula okucwangcisiweyo kwimibuzo yophando lwangoku, amaziko ayakwazi ukuvelisa amathandazo, kunye nomonakalo ngaphandle kokuhlasela ngqo. Kuvoti, iintatheli, nabaphandi, ezi zinto aziqondisi, aziyo, azilo msebenzi wokufundisa; bubuchule obufunekayo ekulungiseni ulwazi oluntsonqekekileyo. Eli nqaku lidiza iilwimi kunye neendlela zokuphosa ii-fram, ukuphenyanisa ii-cor-corn, ukupheracs ezisetyenziswa kwezixhobo ze-corn

Ukuchaza Ungcoliso Lonxibelelwano: Oko Kuko noko Lungeko

Ukuqonda uphando olunyanzelwayo, kuqala umntu kufuneka alwahlule kuphando olusemthethweni. Uhlolisiso lokwenyaniso loluvo lusebenzisa ulwimi olungathathi cala, umzekelo oqhelekileyo, kunye nendlela ezigunyazisiweyo zokuqokelela ugcino-lwazi olubonakalisa iimvakalelo zikawonke-wonke. Usukelo lukuvavanya. Uhlolo lokunyanzela, ngokwahlukileyo, lusebenzisa ulwimi olunengxembo, ulwazi olukhethayo, kunye nokuncinanisa okuvuselelayo ukuze kufunyanwe injongo yonxibelelwano — okuqhelekileyo ukucinezela iinqobo okanye ukutshintsha iimbono kwinkupho ethile.

Uphando olungxamisekileyo ludla ngokwenziwa ngamaphulo ezobupolitika, amaqela olawulo, okanye iikomiti zezenzo zezopolitiko ezingabonakaliyo. Zisenokunikelwa njengeminxeba yophando, kodwa zifikelela kwinani elikhulu labavoti — maxa wambi amakhulu amawaka — ngaphezu kakhulu kwemilinganiselo efunekayo yokuvota ngokusemthethweni. Esi sikalisela injongo yabo yokwenene: ayikokuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi, kodwa ukuthunyelwa kwemiyalezo. Imibuzo ngokwayo yisigidimi.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba asilulo lonke uvolo olunyanzelekileyo olunyanzelwayo. Olunye uhlolisiso olusemthethweni lungaquka imibuzo equlathe ikhethe. Uphawu oluchazayo lovolo olunyanzelisayo luyi luyintengiselwano : uyilo lwamaqhinga lwemibuzo ukuvelisa impembelelo enobuyiselo kunokuba kuqokelelwe ugcino-lwazi olungakhethiyo. Olu mahluko luthwala ubunzima obusemthethweni nobufanelekileyo, njengoko ukunyanzela unyulo kuphantsi komthetho kwezinye iindawo.

Ubugcisa Bolwimi: Ubuchule Obungaqondakaliyo Bokuthetha Amagama Arhabaxa

Ulwimi lokunyanzelisa lulula ngokukhohlisayo. Isichazi esinye, isenzi esikhethwe ngenyameko, okanye isityholo esicetywayo sisenokuguqula umbuzo obonakala ngathi awuthathi cala ube yinqwelo yokutsala. Ukuqonda ezi ndlela zolwimi linyathelo lokuqala ekuboneni ukuxhatshazwa.

Amazwi Anzima Neziphene Ezingokweemvakalelo

Amagama afakiweyo aneentsingiselo ezinamandla ezingokweemvakalelo ezinokuthi intloko yabaphengululi basabele ngendlela emiselwe kwangaphambili. Kuhlolisiso lokunyanzelisa, lamagama alungiselelwe ukudibanisa umbambo okanye inkqubo eneempawu ezingakhiyo. Amagama aqhele ukufakwa aquka "corrupt," "iphosakele," "yakhwaza," "iyarhasha," "i-'i-metacity," "i-engenakuphumelela," kunye " i-rith'.[FLT: 3]] Ngentetho enjalo, uphengululo lwenziwe lunxulumano oluphendulayo, oluphendulayo, kwanokuba lungachaphazanyiselwanga.

Umzekelo, umbuzo ungabuza: [[FLT: 0]" Ingaba unokuba nokwenzeka kakhulu okanye kancinci ukuxhasa umvo othe watyholwa [[FLT: 1] i-corpurt unxibelelwano nabaququzeleli be- hourters? [ Igama "ikrupt" yenza ukuphakamisa okunzima apha. Ibangela imizobo engakhiyo emibala emibala naluphina ulwazi olulandelayo malunga nomntu ozamkelayo, nokuba ngaba isityholo sifanelekile kusini na. Umbuzo awubuzi ukuba uvavanyo lobungqina; ilula ukuhlasela nokulinganisela umonakalo.

Imibuzo Ekhokelayo Enokukunceda Ufumane Iimpendulo

Umbuzo okhokelayo ngowomnye ocebisa okanye ocebisa impendulo ethile. Kwimivo yokunyanzela, imibuzo ekhokelela ekuqhubeni abaphengululi kwisigqibo esinqwenelekayo ngexa ugcina imbonakalo yobundilele. Isakhiwo sombuzo ngokwaso sithetha ukuba impendulo "echanekileyo" icacile.

Qwalasela lo mzekelo: . Awuvumi ukuba ngu- ovunyiweyo ukuvotela umvotelwa nge irekhodi ye rekhodi [[[FLT:]] yezithembiso ezophukileyo? [[[FLT:]]] umbuzo uqala nge "Usavumelana," ebangela uxinzelelo lwentlalo ukuqinisekisa. Igama "indlela elungileyo" ifreyithi yokungavumelani nokungavumelani. Kwaye "ungqina irekhodi" ichaza isityholo njengenyaniso, nokuba irekhodi ithatyathiwe okanye ikhutshwe ngaphandle komo lwemeko. Incoko ishiywe ngaphandle kokungaboni kakuhle.

Ulwimi lwe-Vague kunye ne-Inuendo

Asiyiyo yonke intetho yovolo enyanzelayo ekrakra. Ezinye iindlela ezisebenzayo zixhomekeke ekungacacanga nasekusebenziseni intsingiselo. Ngokusebenzisa amagama adidayo, abavoteli bangacebisa iimpawu ezingalunganga ngaphandle kokuzibeka izityholo ezithe ngqo ezinokucelw'imbambano okanye ezinokungqinelwa bubuxoki.

Ngokomzekelo: [[FLT: 0]] Uyazi umbuzo ophakanyiswe nge X's ihambo yexesha elide `````````''''''' na 'ihambo yangaphambili ayibhekiswa ngabom. Bamema isicelo ukuzalisa kwizinto ezingenanto nangaluphi na unxulumano olungalunganga. Ukreqo lutyale imbewu yokuthandabuza ngaphandle kokwenza nayiphi na into enokuthi iqinisekiswe — okanye ikhanyelwe. Olu buchule bufihlakeleyo kakhulu ngenxa yokuba utyelelo lwendalo lwendalo lufuna nokuzalisa iimpahla ezifumaneka rhoqo, okanye ukudityaniswa kwe-media.

Iingcamango Zobuxoki Neenkokeli Zokhetho

Uphando loqhushululu lusoloko lusebenzisa imibuzo ephosakeleyo enika kuphela iinketho ezimbini ezigqithisileyo, ukuphelisa nawuphi na umhlaba ophakathi okanye indawo edityanisiweyo. Umphulaphuli unyanzeleka ukuba akhethe phakathi kokhetho olungcono nolo lungamkelekanga.

Umzekelo: [[FLT: 0]" Ubuya kukhetha ukuvota umvoti lowo ukhusela ukhuseleko lwentsapho yakho [ okanye lowo angenalwazi kummandla wakho [? [ Akukho vota ezakukhetha ukhetho lwesibini, kodwa umbuzo ugqwetha ezona zinto zikhoyo. Inciphisa izikhundla zenkqubo ezintsonkothileyo kwikhafi. Lo buchule buyasebenza kuba budala isibini esixhasa umxhasi ngexa usenza umphikisi wotshaba ngokumkisa ngenxaxhimi.

Ubuchule Bokuyila: Indlela Imeko Eguquka Ngayo

Ngoxa ubuchule bolwimi busebenza kwigama nakwiqondo lesivakalisi, ubuchule bokwenza uludwe lwezinto ezisebenzayo kumgangatho wesakhiwo nomongo. Ukudwelisa yinkqubo yokukhetha izinto ezithile eziziboneleyo kwaye kuzenze zibonakale zingenamsebenzi kumbhalo wokunxibelelana. Uphando olungunobangela wokusebenzisa uphando olufunyanisiweyo ukulawula ulwazi abaluphendulileyo olucingayo nendlela abaluqwalasela ngayo.

Ukuxhobisa: Ukutyhila Nokufihla

Ukufaka imbambano kubandakanya ukugxininisa imilinganiso ethile yenkupho ngeli lixa ucutha okanye ushiya ezinye. Kuhlolo lokunyanzelisa, oku kusetyenziselwa ukwenza umfanekiso ogqwethekileyo oxhasa icala elinye. Uphando lungabuza malunga [" componist"[ yenkqubo ecetyiweyo ngaphandle kokukhankanya [[[FLT:]]]" ii-befit"[[FLT:]" ingeniso.[FLT]

Umzekelo: " Uyayixhasa inkqubo enokuyifaka irhafu yakho ngonyaka [? [ esi sixhobo sikhetha isiphumo esinye esingalunganga kwaye siyibeka njengesiphumo esipheleleyo somgaqo-nkqubo. Lo mbuzo ushiya nayiphi na imeko malunga nemali ehlawulwayo yerhafu, enokuthi ithwale iindleko, okanye ukuba ziziphi ezinye iindlela zezoqoqosho. Impendulo ishiyeke nomxinwa, isakhelo esingalunganga esibangela ukuba kungenelwe impendulo elungileyo.

Umyalelo wombuzo kunye nokunyuswa

Umyalelo apho imibuzo inikelwa khona ungenza isazinge esichaphazela indlela etolikwa ngayo imibuzo kamva. Abakhi bovolo abaqhutyelwayo basebenzisa le nto ngokupheka imibuzo ukwakha imeko ngokuchasene nomvo okanye umba phambi kokulinganisa uluvo lokugqibela lomntu ophendulayo.

Ulandelelwano oluqhelekileyo lungaqala ngothotho lwemibuzo edityanisiweyo emalunga nophawu lotshaba, ilandelwe ngumbuzo omnye malunga nenjongo yokuvota kovoti. Ngexesha umvoti afikelela ngalo kumbuzo wokugqibela, aye amiselwa ngothotho lwezinxulumani ezingalunganga. Ulwandiso lukukutshintsha okuzenzekelayo ukuba imibuzo ibingachazwanga ngendlela engobundileleyo.

Obu buchule bunzima ukuphawula kuba umbuzo ngamnye ungabonakala ungenangozi xa uhlolwa kwindawo yodwa. Kuphela xa ulandelelwano lujongwa njengendlela yonyanzeliso epheleleyo ivela. Abaphandi bakubiza oku " isiphumo esisibheno"[ — usetyenziso lwezinxulumaniso ezithile eziphembelela uhlolo olulandelayo.

Imiphumo Efunyenweyo Nemizekelo Ephathekayo

Uphando olucinezelayo ludla ngokusebenzisa intelekelelo yokucebisa iziphumo ezingalunganga ezinokubakho ngokuxhasa umlandeli othile okanye inkqubo ethile. Ezi meko zidla ngokuba zigabadele, zinzima, okanye azinakuthelekiswa nazo, kodwa zidala iimvakalelo ezinokuphembelela izigqibo zehlabathi lokwenene.

Umzekelo: " ukuba ubuyazi ukuba iinkqubo ze-Candidate Y zinokukhokelela ekuvalweni kwezikolo kwisithili sakho [[FLT:], ingachaphazela ukhetho lwakho? [ Lo mbuzo uthetha unxulumano phakathi kwemigaqo-nkqubo ye-Y kunye nokuvalwa kwesikolo, nokuba akukho lunxibelelwano. Uqikelelo luchazwa njengobunyani, lushiya intsebenziswano lombuzo ngomvotelo ongenakuba nako okuzinzi. Oku kwenza utyekelo lobuchopho lungasebenzi naxa kusongelo okanye luthe krwanotyatya.

Kwiqela/Ngaphandle kweqela

Olunye uhlolisiso lunyanzelisa ukuba umntu acinge ukuba ungomnye wabo. Ngokucela amalungu eqela — enoba asekelwe kwiqela, kummandla, kubuzwe okanye kwiingcamango — umhloli weencutshe unokubangela ukunyaniseka.

Umzekelo: uvumelana nale media iphambili i-Candidate Z ilungele, okanye uyathemba ugwebo lokwenyani lwamaMelika[[FLT:]] [[FLT]] ufana nawe? [ Lo mbuzo uquka amajelo eendaba njengeqela elingaphandle ukuze angathembaniwa kwaye aphendule njengenxalenye yesidima kwiqela. Ngokuchubileyo ucebisa ukuba ukuvumelana namajelo eendaba kukunganyani kweqela lomntu. Umbuzo awukho ngokokuba nemfaneleko; umele ukuba unyanise kwintlalo kunye nokuvumelana.

Imizekelo kunye nohlalutyo lwehlabathi lokwenene

Xa sihlolisisa imibuzo enyanzelisayo yophando, sifumanisa indlela ezisebenza ngayo ezi ndlela zobugcisa.

Umzekelo 1: Isakhelo sokuzibek' Ityala- Ngokuvalela

[[UMTL: 0]" Ubuyazi ukuba iCandidate A ineminikelo yolwamkelo kwiqela eliya kusikelelwa iinzuzo zokhuseleko lweNtlalo?

Iiteknique ezisetyenzisiweyo: ulwimi olulayishiweyo ("Ukhuseleko loluntu olufakiweyo"), ukuba netyala ngonxulumano, nokushiya umongo. Umbuzo awukhankanyi ukuba umvoteli usenokuba uvote ngokuchasene nesikhundla seqela okanye ukuba iminikelo ibikwimida esemthethweni. I-frame ithetha ukuba naluphi na unxulumano neqela lungavumelani nolona gunya lalo lingathandwayo.

Umzekelo 2: Umbuzo ophindiweyo

[[UMTL: 0]]" Ubuya kuxhasa iCandidate B ukuba uyazi ukuba uyazi ukuba uthe wafumana irhafu ephezulu kunye nemali exhasweyo yamapolisa?]

Amatyala asetyenziswayo: Isakhiwo esiphindiweyo (iimbambano ezimbini kumbuzo omnye), ulwimi olulayishiweyo, kunye nokulingana okungachananga. Umbuzo uquka ii-propati ezimbini ezahlukeneyo zenkqubo kunye, unyanzelisa intsebenziswano ukuze iphendule zombini ngaxeshanye. Ikwasebenzisa namagama adidanayo — "Imali exhaswayo yamapolisa" ingathetha ukuvota ngokuchasene nolwando oluthile lwemali, hayi ukuphikisa ulwano jikelele lwemithetho-poli.

Umzekelo 3: Intlekele YeHypothetical

" Ukuba imigaqo-nkqubo yokusingqongileyo yeC inyanzelekile ukuba izimboni zivale kunye amawakawaka abasebenzi baphulukana nemisebenzi yabo[, ingenza ukuba ungakuvoti kakhulu?

Iiteknike ezisetyenzisiweyo: isimo esigqithisileyo semo, esiboniswayo, kunye nolwimi lwemvakalelo. Umbuzo unika isiphumo esibi sentloko ngokungathi siqinisekile. Ayibuzi ukuba ophendulayo ukholelwa ukuba umboniso unokwenzeka, ucela nje ukuba aphendule kumbhalo, ngaloo ndlela afaka amathandabuzo ngemithetho yomntu oza kungenelela.

Imilinganiselo Esemthethweni Neyobugcisa

Uphando olucinezelayo lukwindawo esemthethweni nengamkelekanga. EUnited States, ngokuqhelekileyo zikhuselwa njengentetho yezopolitiko phantsi koMphetho-mvakalo Wokuqala, kodwa amanye amazwe aye amisela iimfuno zokutyhilwa. Ngokomzekelo, amaphondo amaninzi afuna ukuba ababhexeshi boqhagamshelwano bafune ukwazi ukuba ngubani oxhasa olu nxulumano. Ukuqhatha kunokuphumela kwintlawulo okanye kwezinye izigwebo.

Ngokwentelekiso, uphando olunyanzelisayo lugwetywa yimibutho yophando yophando. I-American Association for Public Opinion Research (AAPOR) yahlula ngokucacileyo ukutyhalela uphando kuphando olusemthethweni kwaye ibongoza uluntu ukuba luluqaphele. Intlangano ithi ukunyanzela uphando luyiyo " hayi uphengululo kuko konke"[ kodwa kunoko uhlobo lwephulo lwezopolitiko. Abachongi kunye nabakhangeli-nyani baye babhenela ngakumbi imibuzo yokubhenela njengemo ye-transchementi, ingakumbi xa besasaza izityholo ezingaveliyo.

Kubaphengululi nakwiinkcubeko, ukunyanzela uphando kuzisa ucelomngeni: lungcolisa imekobume yogcino-lwazi luze lubangele ukuncitshiswa koluntu kuphando lophando. Xa abavoti bengakwazi ukwahlula phakathi kohlolisiso olusemthethweni nokhuthuzo olunyanzelekileyo, bayathandabuza yonke i-data yokuvota, enciphisa esinye sezixhobo ezingundoqo zokuqonda uluvo lukawonke wonke kwidemokhrasi.

Indlela Yokubona Umphumo Wokusasaza: Ukhokelo Olusebenzisekayo

Ukuqaphela uphando olunyanzelwayo kufuna ingqalelo enzulu kulwimi, imo-nkqubo, kunye nomongo wemibuzo yophando. Ezi zibonisi zilandelayo zinokubanceda abavoti, iintatheli, kunye nabaphandi bahlule ukuphengululwa kophando olusemthethweni:

  • [[FLT: 0] Ubukhulu obuninzi bomzekelo: Uvolo lweLegitimate luthatha amakhulu ambalwa ukuya kumawaka ambalwa abantu. Ukuba unxulumano lufikelela kumashumi amawaka, lusenokuba luvavanyo lokutyhalela.
  • Ulwimi olulayishwe okanye olungokweemvakalelo: Imibuzo esebenzisa amagama anjenge "corrupt," "ingozi," okanye "enokujika" yiflegi ebomvu. Uphando lomthetho lulwela amagama angathathi cala.
  • Akukho mibuzo yamanani okanye yemvelaphi: uvolo lophuthuzo lunqabile ukuqokelela ugcino-lwazi olusezantsi lwamanani kuba lungenamdla kuhlalutyo. Bafuna kuphela impembelelo ephembelelayo.
  • Imibuzo enika ulwazi olutsha: Amanyathelo ophando okwenyaniso akhoyo. Ukuba umbuzo uqulethe ulwazi oluyilelwe ukutshintsha uluvo — njengesityholo okanye isimo esicingelayo — isenokuba ngumboniso onyanzelayo.
  • Uxinzelelo lwengqondo lokuphendula kwicala elithile: Imibuzo eqala ngo "Ungavumi" okanye "Awuyi kuthi" yenzelwe ukuvelisa isivumelwano.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Akukho nkcazelo yoxhaso: Abavoteli-zincwadi abazichaza bona ngokwabo kunye nomxhasi wabo. Ukufola okuqhushelwayo kusoloko kufihla okanye kufihla inkxaso yabo.

Impembelelo Ebanzi Kulawulo - melo Nentetho Yesidlangalala

Isiphumo sohlolo oluhlaziyiweyo sidlulela ngaphaya kwamaphulo omntu ngamnye. Xa abavoti bechanabeke kwimiyalezo yokhuthuzo ephinda-phindwayo, basenokufaka inkcazelo ebubuxoki okanye elahlekisayo malunga nabathathi-nxaxheba nakwimibandela. Oku kukhukuliseka kwezizathu eziyinyaniso kunokubangela ukwanda kobuzwe bezobupolitika, ukuphelelwa kokuthembana kwamaziko, kunye nokuncitshiswa kwamandla okuqiqa.

Ngaphezu koko, uphando olunyanzelekileyo lungacinezela umvoti. Ngokusasaza inkcazelo engakhiyo — kwanenkcazelo engeyonyaniso — malunga nomntu oza kubhaptizwa, banokudimazeka abo baxhasi bomvoti kwaye banciphise amathuba abo okuvota. Oku kuyingozi kakhulu kwimida ekufuphi apho imida ijikayo. Abanye abaphengululi baye bachaza ukunyanzela uphando njengohlobo lwe " ukucinezela kwe-i-pesenti yemibuzo.

Imigudu yokufumana ulwazi iquka ukunyanzelwa kophando njengobuchule obungundoqo. Oothisha bangasebenzisa imizekelo yophando ukunyanzela abafundi ukuba bafundise ukusetyenziswa kwenkcazelo engekho mthethweni, ukuphosa amaqhinga, nokubaluleka kokuxilongwa kwemvelaphi. Ngokuqonda iingcebiso zokunyanzela ukusetyenziswa kolwimi lokuvotelwa nokusetyenziswa koonobumba, abemi bangakuxhathisa ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi baze benze izigqibo zokhetho ezithelekelelwayo.

Isiphelo: Ukubona Ngombuzo

Uphando olucinezelayo alukho. Luhlobo lwezibhengezo zezobupolitika ezifihlakeleyo njengophando, zisebenzisa ubuchule bokudlulisela isigidimi esibunjwe ngobuchule. Amandla azo axhomekeke kubuchule bawo — igama elilayishwe apha, ifreyimu efakweyo, ulandelelwano olubangela ukuba intshumayelo ingaqondi. Kodwa xa uthe wazi oko ukujonga, ukuphamba kuyabonakala.

Ulwimi kunye nobuchule bokuyila obuhlalutyiweyo kweli nqaku — amagama akhankanyiweyo, imibuzo ekhokelela kwizinto ezingacacanga, ukushwankathela, ukukhupha imiyalelo ephosakeleyo, ukubuza, iziphumo eziboniswayo, kunye nokuchaza amagama — akuyonto ingaqhelekanga ukunyanzela uphando. Zibonakala kwizibhengezo zezobupolitika, kwingxelo yamajelo eendaba, nakwintetho yezopolitiko yemihla ngemihla. Ukufunda ukuzibona zisenzo sobulumko bobuqu. Kwixesha lolwazi olunentsingiselo kunye nezixhobo zephulo elintsonkothile, ukukwazi ukubona ukudlula kubuchule obungebo bobubuchule bokwenza uphakaliso; luxanduva.

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya ngemilinganiselo yophando kunye nonxibelelwano lwezopolitiko, bona Ikhowudi yemithetho yokuziphatha ne Iziko lophando] Pew's Isikhokelo sophando kuphando lweendlela zophando. Uphando olunzulu lokufaka umlomo kwintetho yezobupolitika, qwalasela umsebenzi we-ligist George Lakloff [[FLT:]] ufamraming kunye nezobupolitika zezobupolitika. Amaphulo ahamba-ndaba angangenelwa ku- i-PGOPG] i-PROFERS kwimpereyities kumaphu e-'injini. [b[FLT:]]