Ukuqonda Umthetho Wamakhaya: Amalungelo, Amaqhinga Nezenzo Ezisemthethweni

Umthetho wamakhaya usisiseko solwalamano olusemthethweni lwabucala, ulawula iingxabano phakathi kwabantu, amashishini, kunye namanye amaqumrhu. Ngokungafaniyo nomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, owohlwaya izikreqo ezichasene norhulumente, umthetho wamakhaya ugxininisa ekucombululeni iingxabano, ekuqinisekiseni amalungelo, nasekunikeni iimpendulo zokonzakalisa. Lo mthetho uchaphazela phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi bemihla ngemihla, ukungasayini irente, ukuqhawula umtshato kuze kubangele umonakalo wobuqu. Kubafundi nabafundisi ngokufanayo, ukuqiniswa okuqinile komthetho wamakhaya kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela ibutho loluntu elilondoloza ngayo ucwangco, ukukhusela inkululeko, nokucombulula ukungavumelani ngaphandle kokuzifunela uncedo.

Inkqubo yomthetho wamakhaya eUnited States isuka kumthetho oqhelekileyo wamaNgesi, kodwa ikwaquka iziqalelo zomthetho wemithetho yomthetho kunye nemigaqo yomgaqo-siseko. Ngumsebenzi onamandla oqhubekeka uqhelanisa neenguqu zentlalo, inkqubela yezobugcisa, kunye neengcamango ezigqwethekileyo zokusesikweni. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa iingcamango ezisisiseko zomthetho wamakhaya, kuquka uhlobo lwamalungelo asemthethweni, iintlobo zonyango olukhoyo, amanyathelo anxulumene nomthetho, neendidi ezinkulu zemicimbi yamakhaya.

Uyintoni Umthetho Wamakhaya?

Umthetho wamakhaya ludidi olubanzi olusemthethweni olusingatha iimpikiswano zabucala. Injongo yawo ephambili asikokokohlwaya abenzi bobubi kodwa kukuwenza aphelele kwakhona (okanye phantse ngokupheleleyo. Xa umntu okanye iqumrhu liqhawula isivumelwano, libangela ingozi, okanye liphule amalungelo empahla yomnye umntu, iqela elinzakeleyo lingazisa ityala ukuze lifune imbuyekezo, umyalelo wokuphelisa ukuziphatha okuyingozi, okanye ezinye iintlobo zoncedo.

Umahluko omnye phakathi komthetho wamakhaya nowamatyala uxhomekeke kumaqela abandakanyekileyo kunye nomthwalo wobungqina. Kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, urhulumente umangalela umntu ngokophula umthetho, kwaye ummangalelwa angahlawuliswa, afakwe entolongweni, okanye omabini. Ityala kufuneka libonise ukuba unetyala [ ngaphandle kobuthandabuza obusengqiqweni[, owona mgangatho uphakamileyo wobungqina. Kumatyala ophakathi komntu, impikiswano iphakathi kwamaqela azimeleyo, `andingxtiff (lowo umangalelwa) kunye nommangalelwa (owe) nomntu owenziwe ityala). Ityala limele libonise ukuba likholwe yimali eninzi okanye ilahleko.

Umthetho wamakhaya ukwagubungela iindawo ezininzi ezingekho "kwenzakalisa" ngokwesithethe. Umzekelo, umthetho wentsapho (uqhawulo-mthetho, ilungelo lokugcina umntwana) kunye nomthetho weprobate (iimfuno, imimandla) zizinto zoluntu. Kwanaxa kungekho mpazamo, inkundla isenokufuna ukwahlula impahla okanye imisele amalungiselelo okugcina umntwana. Ngoko, umthetho wasekuhlaleni uthetha kakhulu ngokulungiselela ulwalamano kunye namalungelo ahlukeneyo njengokuba kunjalo ngokulungisa izinto eziphosakeleyo.

Iingcamango Ezingundoqo: Amalungelo, Amanyathelo, nezenzo ezingokwasemthethweni

Iingcamango ezintathu zingumthombo womthetho wasekuhlaleni: amalungelo, unyango, kunye nezenzo zomthetho. Ukuqonda ezi ziqalelo kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofunda okanye oqhelisela umthetho. Makhe sihlolisise nganye ngokweenkcukacha.

Amalungelo Asemthethweni Kumthetho Wamakhaya

Amalungelo asemthethweni anikwe abantu okanye imibutho. Angenziwa ngomgaqo-siseko, imimiselo, okanye ngemigaqo yomthetho. Kumthetho wasekuhlaleni, amalungelo ahlulwe ngokweendidi ezininzi:

  • Amalungelo e-Eyodwa: Ezi zikhusela ukuthembeka komntu emzimbeni nasengqondweni. Imizekelo iquka ilungelo lokuzimela ngokwasemzimbeni, lobuqu, nokukhululeka ekuhlawulweni okanye ekuhlaseleni kwento eyimfihlo. Amalungelo obuqu aquka nelungelo lokwenza izigqibo zezamayeza nelungelo lokulawula umfanekiso womntu.
  • [[FLT: 0] Amalungelo orhwebo: Ezi zinxulumene nobumnini, ukuphatha, ukusetyenziswa, nokudluliswa kwempahla [“yombini umhlaba nempahla yobuqu. Amalungelo empahla aquka ilungelo lokushiya ezinye, ilungelo lokuthengisa, nelungelo lokusebenzisa impahla ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa.
  • Amalungelo amkelekileyo: Xa amaqela amabini okanye ngaphezulu engene kwisivumelwano, iqela ngalinye lifumana amalungelo athile nezibopho. Umzekelo, ukuba uqesha ikontraka ukulungisa ikhitshi lakho, unelungelo lokufumana umsebenzi ofanelekileyo ngexesha, kwaye ikontraka inelungelo lokuhlawulwa. Ukukhutshwa kwala malungelo kunyusa imvume esemthethweni.
  • Amalungelo omqeqeshi: Amalungelo amaninzi asungulwa ngumthetho. Imithetho yokukhusela abasebenzi, imithetho yokusebenza (ingeniso ephantsi, iimeko ezikhuselekileyo zokusebenza), kunye nemithetho echasene nocalucalulo yomthetho wonke udala amalungelo akhethekileyo anokunyanzeliswa kwinkundla yamakhaya.

Amalungelo akaphelelanga. Asoloko engqubana, yaye umthetho uyawalinganisela. Umzekelo, ilungelo lakho lokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo lisenokusikelelwa ekuthinteleni ukunyeliswa okanye ukuthenjiswa kwentetho. Kwiimpikiswano zempahla, amalungelo omnini omnye asenokulinganiselwa ngokuphucuka okanye ngokubekwa kwemithetho. Ukuqonda umlinganiselo namathuba okunikwa amalungelo ngumsebenzi ongundoqo kubenzi bezomthetho nabagwebi.

Indlela Yokuzilungisa: Ukwenza Iqela Elibe Lisibi Libe Lisenyongweni

Xa ilungelo liphulwa, umsebenzi wenkundla kukunikezela ngonyango olufanelekileyo. Iinkqubo zomthetho wamakhaya ziwela kwiindidi ezimbini ezingundoqo: amayeza akwizicwangciso zemali (umonakalo wemali) kunye namayeza angenakuchazwa (imiyalelo engekho ngqiqweni esuka enkundleni). Uhlobo lonyango luxhomekeke kuhlobo lomonakalo nokuyimfuneko ukufikelela kubulungisa.

Umonakalo wokophula ityala [[FLT: 1] luhlobo oluqhelekileyo lonyango olusemthethweni. Luyilelwe ukuhlawulela ityala lokoqobo, njengeendleko zezamayeza, ilahleko, iindleko zokulungisa impahla, iintlungu kunye nokubandezeleka. Injongo kukubeka i-compotiff kwindawo ebeya kuba ibingakhange yenzeke. Umzekelo, kwimeko yengozi yemoto, ilahleko yelahleko isenokugquma iindleko zesibhedlele, ukulungisa imoto, ukulahla ilahleka kwemali yemoto, nokulahlekelwa yingeniso ngexesha lokuchachacha.

Umonakalo odityanisiweyo luhlobo olunqabileyo lonyango lomthetho, lunikwa ukungahlawuleli ummangalelwa kodwa ukubohlwaya ummangalelwa ngenxa yehambo engalunganga kwaye ukunqanda ukuziphatha okufanayo kwixesha elizayo. Ezi zibekwe kumatyala abandakanya iitort, ubuqhetseba, okanye ukungakhathali okugqithisileyo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo igqibe kwelokuba iziphumo zentengiso mazilungelelaniswe kwingozi enkulu kwaye azinakulinganiswa.

amayeza angenakulinganiswa[ aquka imiqathango, ukusebenza okukhethekileyo, kunye nokungagqibeki. i-information ngumyalelo wenkundla ofuna iqela lento ethile (umz., susa ucingo olwakhiwe kwimpahla yomnye umntu) okanye ukuyeka ukwenza into ethile (umz., ukuyeka ukusebenzisa imfihlo yentengiso). [[FLT:]] ukwenziwa okubalulekileyo [ kusetyenziswa kakhulu kwizivumelwano apho umonakalo wemali uzakungangenelwa khona, umzekelo, isivumelwano sokuthengisa into ethile okanye ukurhweba okungaqhelekanga. Imiyalelo yokusebenza kwenkundla ebambenento elungileyo. [FLT] [5] i-ftvoctivestions'''errectives''errectives projectives projectivess profiles tractives travotions profiledments tractivements profied tracccc

Imigwebo yokwahlula-hlula lulunye uhlobo lonyango, apho inkundla ivakalisa nje amalungelo amaqela ngaphandle kokuyalela nasiphi na isenzo. Oku kunokusombulula ukungaqiniseki, umzekelo, malunga nentsingiselo yesivumelwano okanye ubunyani bommiselo.

Iizenzo Ezisemthethweni: Inkqubo Yokugunyazisa Amalungelo

Izenzo ezisemthethweni zizithuthi ezisebenzisa amalungelo agunyazisiweyo kunye neengcaciso zonyango. Inkqubo yokuhlahlela ilandela amanyathelo alandelelanayo, nangona amatyala amaninzi ehla phambi kokuba afikelelwe kwityala. Ukuqonda amacandelo kunceda amaqela namagqwetha awo ahambe ngendlela efanelekileyo.

  • [[NTL:0] Ifaka ingcinga: Isikhalazo esicacileyo esichaza izikhalo, isiseko esisemthethweni setyala, kwaye isisombululo sifunwa. Isikhalazo sibekwa kwinkundla efanelekileyo (ityala okanye imo), kwaye kuhlawulwa umrhumo wetyala. Inkundla inika inani kunye nomgwebi.
  • Inkonzo efanelekileyo ibalulekile ukuba inkundla ilawule ummangalelwa. Ukuba ummangalelwa akanakufunyanwa, inkundla isenokuvumela ezinye iindlela zomsebenzi.
  • Impendulo neNkqutyana: Ummangalelwa kufuneka aphendule kwisikhalazo ngexesha elibaluliweyo (ekusoloko kungamashumi amabini-30). Impendulo ingaba yimpendulo (ukumangalela okanye ukukhaba) okanye intshukumo yokukhupha (ukumangalela ukuba isikhalazo asiphumeleli ukuchaza isaziso esisemthethweni okanye ukuba inkundla ayinalo igunya). Ukuba ummangalelwa akakwazi ukuphendula, umgwebo ongagqibekanga ungangena kubo.
  • Isicelo: Eli liqondo langaphambili apho amaqela atshintshisana khona ulwazi nobungqina. Izixhobo zolwazi oluchaphazelekayo ziquka uphendlo (imibuzo ebhaliweyo), ukudityaniswa (okanye ubungqina phantsi kwesifungo), izicelo zokuveliswa kwamaxwebhu, kunye nezicelo zokuvunywa. Injongo kukuphepha imimangaliso ekulingweni nokukhuthaza ukuhlalisana ngokwambulela ngokwambulisa amandla nobuthathaka becala ngalinye. Uhlolo lungakuba lixesha lokufaka isifungo kunye nexabiso eliphezulu, kodwa luyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yoluvo lwangoku.
  • Izicelo zomgwebo wesishwankathelo: nakweliphi na ixesha emva kokufunyanwa, omnye umbutho angacela ijaji ukuba alawule kwimeko ukuba akukho mpikiswano yokwenene yento ephathekayo. Ukuba ivunyiwe, ityala liphela ngaphandle kokuvavanywa kuba umthetho ubonakalisa ngokucacileyo icala elinye. Ugwebo lwesishwankathelo luqhelekile kwisivumelwano kunye nenkxwaleko yempahla apho izibakala zichasana kakhulu.
  • [[Ngqungquthela:0] yeNgqungquthela yeProfithi kunye nokuzinziswa: Iinkundla ezininzi zifuna amaqela ukuba abe nenxaxheba kwingqungquthela yangaphambi kwentlanganiso yokuxoxwa ukuze kuxutyushwe amathuba okuhlaziywa nokuncitshiswa kwemiba yokuvavanywa. Ukuququzelelwa kwetyala lisoloko likhuthazwa okanye ligunyaziswa. Uninzi lwamatyala asekuhlaleni (engaphezulu kwama-90%) azinziwa phambi kokuvavanywa, mhlawumbi ngengxoxo ngqo okanye ngenye impikiswano.
  • : Ukuba akukho ndawo ifikelelweyo, ityala liya kwityala lebheri (umgwebo) okanye ityala lejaji (ukuba omnye umbutho ufuna). Ngexesha lokuvavanya, icala ngalinye linikela ubungqina, libiza amangqina, kwaye lenza iimpikiswano. Emva kokuququzelela, ijaji okanye abachopheli-mthetho baza babuyisela isigqibo. Ukuba isalatha, inkundla ingena kumgwebo welahleko okanye omnye umqali. Iqela elilahlekileyo lingabhenela kwinkundla ephezulu.
  • [[NTL: 0] Ukunyanzeliswa komgwebo: uphumelele umgwebo awuyifaki ngokuzenzekelayo imali kwingxowa yommangalelwa. Ukuba ummangalelwa akahlawuli ngokuzithandela, ummangalelwa makathathe amanyathelo okunyanzelisa umgwebo, njengomvuzo wokonga, ukuqhobosha ii-akhawunti zebhanki, okanye ukubeka ubuxoki kwimpahla. Kwezinye iimeko, ummangalelwa angafaka ifayili yokuwa kwemali, nto leyo enokuthi ikhulule ityala kwaye ilahle imigudu yokuqokelela iminikelo ilahleko.

Yonke inkqubo yokuthethana yamakhaya ingathabatha iinyanga okanye iminyaka, kuxhomekeka ekuntsonkothekeni kwetyala, ucwangciso lwenkundla, nokuvuma kwamaqela ukuhlaliswa. Ngenxa yexesha nexabiso, abantu abaninzi namashishini bafuna ezinye iindlela ezinokusetyenziswa enkundleni, ezifana nokuhlawulwa okanye ukukhutshelwa kwemithetho yezomthetho.

Iintlobo Ezinkulu zamatyala Abemi

Umthetho wamakhaya uquka uludwe oluninzi lweembambano. Ngapha koko kukho ezona ndidi ziqhelekileyo, nganye inemithetho yayo, imigaqo nemigaqo yayo esemthethweni.

Iimpikiswano Ezimanyeneyo

Umthetho ogunyazisayo ulawula izivumelwano zokuzithandela phakathi kwamaqela. Isivumelwano esisemthethweni sifuna ukunikwa, ukwamkelwa, ulwamkelo (into yexabiso etshintshiweyo), ukuvunyelwa, kunye nobuchule obusemthethweni. Xa omnye umntu engaphumeleli ukwenza njengoko kuthenjisiwe(-/b ukufikelela isivumelwano) / elinye iqela lingamangalelwa ngenxa yomonakalo okanye umsebenzi othile okhethekileyo. Isivumelwano esiqhelekileyo sibandakanya ukuthengiswa kweempahla, iinkonzo, umhlaba, izivumelwano zezempawo, izivumelwano zemisebenzi, kunye nerentengiso. I-FUDICONCCONCONCONDED COM (UC) ilawula ukuthengiswa kwempahla kumazwe amaninzi, ngoxa umthetho oqhelekileyo ulawula izivumelwano zenkonzo kunye neendawo zokwenziwazo.

Ityala Elincinane

Iitort zizizono zamakhaya ezibangela umonakalo komnye umntu okanye kwimpahla yazo. Ngokungafaniyo namatyala esivumelwano, amatort asuka kumsebenzi omiselwe ngumthetho, hayi ngesivumelwano. Amatort awela kwiindidi ezintathu: ezizimiseleyo ii-torts[ (aspart, ibhetri, ukuvalelwa ngempazamo, ukushwabana kweminyemba), iglicece[ (ingozi yemoto, i-slip-pall, imposiso-, ityala [[FLTL:5]], ukuvalela okungeyonyani, [izinto eziyingozi okanye iimveliso ezingalunganga zempazamo, okanye iimveliso ezingalunganga zetyala). I-pectertiff ekungqinekeni kwetyala, ityala, nokuchasana kwento, i-toptrt, kwaye inyuka rhoqo kunye nemveliso.

Ityala lempahla

Iimpikiswano zempahla zibandakanya imibandela yokuba ngumnini, ukusetyenziswa, nokudluliselwa kwempahla yokwenene neyomntu ngamnye. Izicelo eziqhelekileyo ziquka ukumeneka, inkathazo, into engalunganga, ukwahlulwa kwempahla ekhoyo, imbambano yempahla yendlu, kunye neempikiswano zemida. Iingxoxo zemeko yelizwe zingakhokelela ekudityanisweni kweziphene zesihloko, ukuthotywa kwento, okanye ukwaphulwa kwemithetho yezolawulo. Umthetho wepropati unzima kakhulu, kunye norhulumente ngamnye unemithetho yakhe ephathelelene nemisebenzi yokushicilela, i-exasourciation, kunye nommandla obalulekileyo.

Ityala Lomthetho Wentsapho

Umthetho wentsapho usebenza kulwalamano lwasekhaya: umtshato, uqhawulo-mtshato, ukugcinwa kwabantwana kunye nokuxhaswa, ubukho babantwana, ukukhuliswa kwabantwana, ukukhuliswa kwabantwana kunye nokukhuliswa. La matyala asoloko ebandakanya iimvakalelo eziphezulu kwaye kufuneka ukuba iinkundla zilungelelanise izilangazelelo ezikhuphisanayo ngoxa zimisela kuqala iimfuno ezintle zabantwana. Umthetho wentsapho ngokuyintloko ngumthetho wesizwe, kwaye amaphondo amaninzi aye amkela "ukungawi mthethweni", okuthetha ukuba amaqabane awafuni mfuneko yokungqina ukuba amatyala aphelisa umtshato.

Amalungelo e-oyile

Ukumangalelwa kwamalungelo abantu kuziswa phantsi kwemithetho karhulumente neyalela ucalucalulo olusekelwe kuhlanga, ubufanasini, unqulo, ukukhubazeka, ubudala, okanye imvelaphi yesizwe. Ezi meko zingavela emsebenzini, kwindlu, kwimfundo, nakwindawo yokuhlala kawonke-wonke. Amatyala asoloko efuna ukuthomalalisa (ukuyeka izenzo zobugxwayiba) kunye nezomonakalo. Amatyala aphezulu amalungelo abantu e-Onbergefell v.

Indima Yomthetho Wamakhaya Ebuthoni

Umthetho wamakhaya wenza imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo kwibutho labantu lanamhlanje. Okokuqala, unika inkqubo yoxolo yokucombulula iingxabano. Ngaphandle komthetho wasekuhlaleni, abantu basenokubhenela ekuzincedeni okanye kugonyamelo ukuze balungise izikhalazo. Iinkundla zinikela iprojekthi elungelelanisiweyo, engakhethi cala apho kunikelwa ubungqina nezigqibo ezisekelwe kwimithetho esemthethweni kunokuba kusekelwe kwigunya elitsha.

Okwesibini, umthetho wasekuhlaleni ukhusela amalungelo abantu kunye nenkululeko. Ngokuwamkela amalungelo asemthethweni nokuwanyanzela ngonyango, umthetho wasekuhlaleni unika intsingiselo kwisiqinisekiso somGaqo-siseko kunye nemigaqo-siseko yokukhusela. Ngokomzekelo, ilungelo lokukhululeka kucalucalulo belingayi kuba lilize ngaphandle kokuba kukwazi ukumangalelwa phantsi kwemithetho yamalungelo abantu.

Okwesithathu, umthetho wamakhaya ukhuthaza ukuzinza nokwanda kwezoqoqosho. Umthetho ogunyazisa izivumelwano unika amashishini ithuba lokwenza izivumelwano ngentembelo yokuba ziza kunyanzeliswa. Umthetho wempahla ukhuthaza ukuveliswa kwemali ngokucacisa ubunikazi kunye nokudlulisela imithetho esemthethweni. Umthetho wetort ufaka ukhuseleko nomgangatho ngokubeka abantu nemigaqo-nkqubo eyingozi ebangela umonakalo. Le misebenzi ibalulekile kuqoqosho lwezoqoqosho olusebenzayo.

Okwesine, umthetho wamakhaya ulolonga izithethe kunye nendlela yokuziphatha. Ngemimiselo yengqalelo yenkcazo, iinkundla zingaphembelela uluvo lukawonke-wonke zikhokelele kwiinguqu zomthetho. Ngokomzekelo, ukwanda kwetyala lemveliso enesiphene kutyhalela abenzi bezinto ekuphuculeni imigangatho yokhuseleko. Ngokufanayo, imithetho yomtshato onxulumene nokuziphatha okufanayo kunye nemithetho echasene noknanomo-ntla eboniswayo nekhawulezileyo yeenguqu zentlalo.

Ekugqibeleni, umthetho wasekuhlaleni usebenza njengendlela yokuhlola igunya likarhulumente. Imithetho ichasene namaqumrhu karhulumente ngenxa yokwaphulwa komgaqo-siseko, izenzo eziphosakeleyo, okanye ukwaphulwa kwesivumelwano kunyanzelisa urhulumente ukuba anamathele kwimigaqo engokwasemthethweni. Ngoxa amaqumrhu karhulumente esoloko enandipha ukulawulwa ngokusemthethweni, iSivumelo se-Federal Tort kunye namaqabane karhulumente zivumela ukumangalelwa okuthile ukuba kuqhubeke, kuqinisekiswe ukuphendula komthetho.

Isiphelo

Umthetho wamakhaya uyinxalenye entsonkothileyo kodwa ebaluleke kakhulu kubume bomthetho. Ichaza amalungelo abantu abanawo, amayeza akhoyo xa loo malungelo echaswa, kunye neenkqubo zokufuna okusesikweni ngokwezenzo ezisemthethweni. Ukusukela kwimfazwe zesivumelwano ukuya kwiimbambano zempahla, ukusuka kumadabi empahla ukuya kwiimfuno zamalungelo abantu, umthetho wasekuhlaleni ulungiselela izigqibo zoxolo nokukhuselwa kwezilangazelelo zobuqu kunye nezoqoqosho. Njengoko ukuguquka koluntu, umthetho wamakhaya uza kuqhubeka ukulungelelanisa, ukusingatha iingxaki ezintsha ezibangelwa bubugcisa, ukudibaniselwa kwehlabathi, nokutshintsha kwemilinganiselo yentlalo.

Kubafundi nabafundisi, ukuhlola umthetho wamakhaya kunikela imbali ngendlela ibutho labantu elisingatha ngayo ingxabano, ukwandisa izinto, nokuxhasa umthetho. Ngokuyiqonda le migaqo, abemi banokuwakhusela ngakumbi amalungelo abo baze banikele kwibutho labantu elinobulungisa nelilungeleleneyo. Enoba uceba ukuba ligqwetha, umfundisi, okanye ummi onolwazi nje oluqhelekileyo, ulwazi lomthetho wasekuhlaleni lukunika amandla okulawula iinguqu zobomi banamhlanje ngentembelo nangobuchule.

[[UMTL] izibonelelo ze-Extel ukuze zifundwe ngokubhekele phaya:[[UMTL:1]