Imbali Esekelwe Kwiingxelo Zembali

Imbali ye-Referendendims inembali ende nengaguquguqukiyo, esebenza njengendlela ecacileyo yokuba abemi bame umthetho kunye nenkqubo. Ngeli gama ipetrandendium yaxhaphaka kwinkulungwane ye-19, uqheliselo lokubeka izigqibo kwivoti ethandwayo lunemvelaphi yakudala. Umzekelo wokuqala owaziwayo uvela kwiRiphabliki yamaRoma, apho ngamaxesha athile iindibano zabemi zivota ngqo kwimithetho nakwizivumelwano. Noko ke, ingcamango yale mihla yokuvota ngokuchola ngqo ngomvololo luphela kwinkupho ethile. "eye yakhuliswa kakhulu ngokunyuka kolawulo lwedemokhrasi kwiinkulungwane ezili-18 kunye neze-19.

Imizekelo Yokuqala Nemizekelo YaseSwitzerland

Irepublic ze-Swiss cantons zaqalisa ukusetyenziswa rhoqo kwee-arhenteum. I-arhentem yokuqala yelizwe lonke kwimbali yale mihla yenzeka eSwitzerland ngo1848, xa abemi bevota kumgaqo-siseko omtsha wezwe. Esi siganeko samisela umzekelo wedemokhrasi othe ngqo ohlala usembindini wolawulo-demokhrasi eSwitzerland. Umzekelo weSwitzerland . "apho abami bavota rhoqo ekulungiseni kwemithetho-mthetho-siseko kunye nomthetho omkhulu (* iidemondsterotes ezithelela inxalenye eqhelekileyo yobomi bezobupolitika. Eminye imizekelo yangaphambili iquka ukuhlanganisa i-1861 ye-Italian com i-amathentium, eyavumela imimandla ukuba idityaniswe noBukumkani obutsha be-Italiyalina, kunye nomthetho-Frentshiya u-umeya-Lou Louis-Napolitan Bran'.

  • 11848 – iSwitzerland ivumela umgaqo-siseko wayo wezwe osetyenziswa yi-astendum.
  • [[UMTL:0] 1852 – irentemu yase Fransi ibuyisela ubu bukhosi beBonapartist.
  • 1881 – umanyano lwe Italy lukwimimandla esembindini nasezantsi.
  • 1898 – Eyokuqala i-arhenteum ye-Australia imisa inkqubo yorhulumente.

Ukwanda KweeNtlanganiso Zesizwe Ngenkulungwane Yama - 20

Njengoko ulawulo lwedemokhrasi lwanwenwa, kwasetyenziswa nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zolawulo-mthetho. Kwinkulungwane yama-20, amazwe amaninzi amkelekileyo athathi-nxaxheba ukucombulula imibuzo engomgaqo-siseko, iimbambano zelizwe, kunye neenguquko ezinkulu zenkqubo. I-Irish Home Lavendendum yowe-1916, nangona ithe yamiselwa yimfazwe yehlabathi I, yabonisa ukuthandwa okukhula kolwazi oluqhelekileyo oluqhelekileyo kulawulo lwesizwe. I-1975 Kingdom i-avendum kumalungu aqhubekayo kuMbutho waseYurophu yaphawula incopho yokuguquka kwemibutho, njengoko yayiyimeko yokuqala yelizwe kwimbali yeBritane kwaye imisela iqokoliso le mbambano yezopolitiki yexesha elizayo. Eminye imizekelo ephawulekayo iquka ulawulo lwesizwe lwamanyene eKhanada e-1980 kunye nowee Union ichaza iziganeko eziphambili zomanyano lwezizwe.

  • [[UMTL: 0] – Umthetho wasekhaya wase Irish (ufakelwe).
  • – UK uvotelo oluza kuhlala kuLuntu lwaseYurophu.
  • (1980 – ulawulo lwe Quebec i-arhendemu (40% yobubele).
  • 1998 – Soviet Union i-arhenteum ekulondolozeni unikezelo.
  • 1999 – i-astralian trandendum ngokuba yiriphabliki (eyenziwe ityala).

Umatshini Neentlobo Zokukhupha Imali

Iireferendendum zahluka kakhulu kwindlela eziqalwa ngayo, eziqhutywa ngayo, nezisetyenziswa ngayo. Ukuqonda abakhandi kubalulekile ekuvavanyeni ubungangamsha babo bolawulo-lwazi kunye nempembelelo esebenzayo.

Ubophelelo lwe khowudi

Umahluko ongundoqo uxhomekeke ekubeni isiphumo sibotshelelwe ngokusemthethweni kurhulumente. i-Binding tradendings ifuna isiphumo sokumiswa `njengeziphendu zomgaqo-siseko eSwitzerland okanye e-Ireland. [ I-Adcory rendenditionums [ ivumela unyulo lokwenza uluvo, kodwa urhulumente ugcina isigqibo sokugqibela. Umzekelo, i-UK ibhekisa i-Andlum kwiMbangingqi yoMphathiswano Vote, kodwa ibophelele ukuzalisekisa isiphumo. Kuqheliselo, ukuchaza okunamandla kwezobupolitika, nangona besenza iziphumo zezobugxaso-o-okhesa.

IiReferendendums v.

Kubalulekile ukwahlula phakathi kwe-athenderum kunye neenyathelo. ivumela abemi ukuba bamisele umthetho omtsha okanye iziphene zomgaqo-siseko ngqo, ngokufuthi basebenzisa isicelo, baze bavote kuso. Ngokwahlukileyo, i-arhentem ibhekisela kwivoti kumlinganiselo obekwe phambi konyulo olubekwe yindlu yowiso-mthetho okanye umgaqo-siseko. Amaqela amaninzi, anjengeKhalifoni, adibanisa zombini izixhobo, asebenzisa idemokhrasi kufutshane nolawulo-melo lommeli.

Inkqubo Yololongo Nemisebenzi Yesakhelo

Le nkqubo ibandakanya umbuzo ocacileyo (ngokufuthi ubekwe ngamagama "yes/no"), ixesha lephulo, nosuku lovolo olumiselweyo. Iinkqubo zomthetho zicwangcisa iimfuno zomjikelo omncinci, umda ofunekayo wokudlulisa, kunye nomgca wexesha lokuzalisekisa. Amanye amazwe, njengoDenmark, afuna uninzi lwevoti ezisebenzayo kunye nomnyango othile wabavoti abafaneleyo ukuba bathathe inxaxheba. Amazwe nawo ayalawula inkxaso-mali, ukusasaza, kunye nokupapashwa kwengxelo yemivo ukugcina ubulungisa.

Impembelelo Kumsebenzi Wokunikela Intetho

Abaxhasi bathi i-arhenteum ikhuthaza ukuganana kwebutho labantu ngokunika abemi ingqwalaselo engqalileyo ekwenzeni izigqibo. Banokulwandisa ulwazi lwezopolitiko, bakhuthaze ukucinga, bakhuthaze ingqiqo yokusebenza kunye.

Ukukhuthaza Ingxoxo Esekelwe Kulwazi

Ii-Referendendim zidla ngokubangela intetho kawonke-wonke enzulu. Iphulo elithelekelelwayo le-Madipoint, imibutho yabemi, kunye namaqela ezobupolitika, zivelisa iphulo lokuzimisela, iingxoxo, kunye nokukhangela inyani. Ebudeni be-2014 ulawulo lweziqulo ze-Scotland, ivoti yafikelela kuma- 84.6%, kwaye iphulo elithelekelelwa ku- 97% labavoti abafanelekileyo ababhaliswe ngokusemthethweni. Iphulo laliquka iintlanganiso zengcambutho, iingxoxo ezinconyezweyo, kunye neengxoxo zoluntu ezisasazeneendlebe. Ngokufanayo, ukuqhomfa kowe-Irland kwabangela ukusetyenziswa kwengxoxo entluntlukwano neyalulo-mthetho. Olu hlobo lwencoko yezezentlalo lungaqinisa imikhwa-demo ye-demo-demo-ographic kunye nokuthemba, ingakumbi xa inkqubo ithe yabonakala isebenza njengentle.

Ukunduluka Nokuthabatha Inxaxheba

Ukujika okuphezulu kwi-adrendims kucebisa ukuba abemi baluve uvoti lwabo ngqo. Ukujika-jika kudla ngokugqitha kwelo lungelo kumazwe apho unyulo lwezibheno lungaqhutyelwanga. Uvavanyo loxolo lwama-Colombia 2016 lwavela kuphela kuma-37%, ngenxa yokubhalisa okuphantsi, ngoxa i-2020 yemithetho-siseko ye-rendendium eChile yabona ukujika kwama-50% phezu kwako nje ukuvota okunyanzeleka. Iimeko zokuphembelela ukurhoxa kubandakanya ukurhoxa kwetyala, umgangatho wokurhoxafa, ukulula kokuvota, kunye nokurhoxa kwemiswa kovota. Ukukhuthaza ukuba inxaxheba kwimimandla emininzi i-injini ephakathi, ukuvota, ukuvota, okanye ukubhalisa i-intanethi.

Ucelomngeni Nokugxekwa

Phezu kwazo nje iinzuzo, amathemo ajongene nokugxekwa okuqatha.

Ukuphucula Ngokugqithisileyo Iimbambano Ezintsonkothileyo

Okuqhelekileyo ukugxekwa kukuba okubini "yes/no" imicimbi enzima yemibuzo kukhetho olugqithiswe kakhulu. Umzekelo, i Brexit inciphisa ulwalamano oluphindiweyo phakathi kwe UK ne EU ku "ISSS" okanye "Remaince" ukunyusa iimodeli ezininzi ezinokwenzeka zokuphuma (Isimbo se-EEA, urhwebo lwezimbo ze-Khanada lwendlela ekhululekileyo, okanye ukungabikho komsebenzi). Ngokufanayo, i- 2000 euro ekhomba ifuna uvotisotho kwimali eneemfuno ezininzi zezoqoqosho. Oku kungakhokelela ekukhetheni imodeli esekelwe kwiimvakalelo okanye kwizikhalazo ezingqubanayo kuneengciso zenkqubo ezincinci.

Izixhobo Zokwahlula Ulwahlulo Nezobupopu

I-Referendendums ingenza ulwahlulo lobuhlanga lunyuke. Ngamanye amaxesha iinkalo zisebenzisa ubuchule bokuchaza ukuba izalathiso zidityanisiwe. Ulawulo lwezikhundla lweScotts, nangona ingakumbi lungokwabantu, lubhenca umahluko onzulu phakathi kwe-buzwe kunye nabaququzeleli bomanyano. I-Bretityentum yabona izityholo zokungahambi kakuhle kunye ne-nativivism, kwaye iziphumo zatyhila ukuqhekeka okungalawulekiyo kwesizukulwana, imfundo, kunye nokwahluka-ngquzulwano. Ngaphezu koko, ii-ntengiso zinokuqweqwediswa zinokuqhathwa ngabefundisi abameli bemisholo abameli bemili bemilingelela imigaqo elungileyo. Umngcipheko unokuba sisininzi oluncinane lungamisela izigqibo kwiqela elithandabuzayo, eliphembele intlalo.

Inkcazelo Ephosakeleyo Nenkcazelo Engachananga

Kwixesha lamanani, ukuxelelwa kakubi kuyingozi. Ngexesha loxolo lwaseColombia 2016, amarhafu obuxoki malunga nesivumelwano soxolo aphembelela abavoti abangelwanga. I-2019 yaseBolivia i-operationum ekunyulweni kwakhona kukaMongameli Morals yahlaselwa zityholo zokungaqondani kunye nenkcazelo ephosakeleyo. Amaqonga ezentlalo-ntle entlalo-ntle angakhuthaza ukulahlekisa, ukungenelela kwamanye amazwe, ukuqhatha-nxaxheba kwentengiso ye-internet. Ukukhutshelwa kwentengiso yezopolitiki kunye nokukhuthazwa kokufunda nokubhala. Amanye amazwe aye amisela iikhomishini ezizimeleyo ukuqwalasela ukuthembeka komkhankatho.

Anokukwazi Ukungakwazi Ukufumana Umbane

Abavoti basenokuswela ulwazi olukhethekileyo olufunekayo ekwenzeni izigqibo zobuchule (umz., utshintsho lokhetho, imibhalo esemthethweni, okanye izivumelwano zorhwebo). Uphando lubonisa ukuba abavoti abaninzi baxhomekeke kwii-heurist okanye kwizivumelwano zeqela kunokuba banconywe ngokwendlela yenkqubo entsonkothileyo. Ekuphenduleni, amanye amagunya anika iincwadana zolwazi olusemthethweni, ukuvota okusemthethweni, okanye iindibano zabemi ukukhokela. IConvention ye-Constitural (20:2.20.20) kunye neendibano zabemi ezilandelayo ziye zanconywa ngenxa yokwanda kolwazi olusemthethweni phambi kwevoti yesizwe.

Uhlolisiso Lweengxelo Ezinokubonwa

Ukuhlolisisa imizekelo ethile kubonisa indlela iiathompes eziyilo ngayo imikhwa yamazwe yaye kufundisa indlela yokuqhelisela kwixesha elizayo.

IBreet Referendem (2016)

I-UK seavenlum ejongene nobulungu baseYurophu yayiyi-arhentendium ephambili yeminyaka yengxoxo yama-21. Umbuzo othi "Ngaba uManyano lufanele luhlale lulilungu le-European Union okanye lushiye i-European Union? wanika ukhetho olubini. Isiphumo esisibini. Isiphumo sokuxhasa iSithili /51.9% sokuva i-Stywaved transkywaves kwimisis zehlabathi lonke kwaye icwangcise iminyaka yengxoxo. Iphulo laphawulwa ziziqulubulo olugqithisileyo ("Ukulawula Kwasemva", "Britit I-Brit I-Brexit"", ukuchophela okunzima, kunye nokuphengulula kwemiwa kwemibhiyo ekhuthayo kunye nokugcingela ukugxakeka kwe-Russia. Ukuchana kwengqubana kwemithetho-mali-mali.

IReferendedum Ezimeleyo EScotland (2014)

Ngo-2014, iSkotlani yavota lo mbuzo: "I-Skotlani iyayi-zizimele?" i-Turnout yaba lirekhodi 84.6%, kunye ne-55.3% yovoti "Ayikho. Le komiti yandulela iphulo lokuququzelela iminyaka emininzi ngokumanyana okubanzi, kuquka iingxoxo ze-teknoloji, iphepha elimhlophe loRhulumente yaseSkotlani elikwinkululeko, kunye ne-Enternburg Adminignes phakathi kwe-UK noRhulumental, eyaqinisekisa ukuba iziphumo ziza kubekwa imbeko. Inkqubo yabonwa ngokuba ntle kwaye ikhul. Noko ke, umngeni awukhange uzinziswanga; ukuvota kwe-Brexinzelo (oko i-Skotlani) ibiza kwakhona i-elekhompyume yesibini, ibonisa ukuba i-evenum i-evenum i-ex i-artment.

IIReferendendums yaseIreland (19983, 1992, 2002, 2018)

I-Ireland yaba nothotho lwee-parendsum ezithe zaqukunjelwa ekuqhosheni, ezaqukunjelwa kwiNkqutyana yokuLandlwa kweMpatho-ntle ka-2018. I-stadendum yafaka isithintelo somGaqo-siseko ekukhutshweni kokuqhomfa, lo gama kamva isalathisi salo sabhala ilungelo lokuhamba nelolwazi. I-201818 sendendum yalandela iNdibano yaba neNgqungquthela yeZiko loluntu eyathi yaqulungela ukuqulunqwaza okuthiwe yiNgqongqothelwe yinkqubo yokulungisa iingcana, ubungqina obungokweemvakalelo, kunye nenkxaso enqamleneyo yokuxhasa utshintsho. Iziphumo ze-endleko zibonise ukuba iNtlanga utshintsho olubalulekileyo xa kuqaliswa yinkqubo yokulungisa i-demodemo-yo. Le nkqubo idla ngokucatshulwa njengemo ye-demo-demode ye-demodeccodec.

Ukusetyenziswa rhoqo kwee-Referendendom zaseSwitzerland

ISwitzerland yinkokeli yomhlaba wonke kwidemokhrasi engqalileyo, eneempelaveki ezine zokuvota nyaka ngamnye kuludwe lwesizwe, lwezikhephe, kunye neembambano zikamasipala. Le nkqubo iquka zombini ezinyanzelekileyo zolu ludwe (ukulungisa umgaqo-siseko) kunye nezixhobo zokumisa ezingezomkhethe (iintengiso ezingacetywanga-mkhethe zinokuyicel'ilwa imithetho edluliswe yipala ngokuqokelela iintsayiti ezingama-50 000). Oku kusetyenziswa rhoqo kukhuthaza ukunyanzelisa umanyano lwezopolitiko kunye nemikhosi elawulayo. Noko ke, isenokuyithoba imigaqo ephantsi kwemithetho efuna ukuthoba kwaye ngamaxesha athile ive iziphumo ezichasene nemilinganiselo yamalungelo abantu ehlabathi (umz., umba we-Fraystieslands kubonisa ukusetyenziswa koontathe-od com, iprojectives proving, ilungiselelwe njengeences ezingundoqo zezo ezingundoqo zolawulo ezisemthethweni.

Ikamva Leemvukelo Kulawulo - melo

Njengokuba iinkqubo zezobupolitika ziguquka, indima ye-arhentesum izakukhula. Zinika indlela yokuthetha norhoxiso lomntu ochasayo nolawulo-melo lwabameli, kodwa zifuna ucwangciso olulunono lokuphepha usetyenziso kunye nolwahlulo.

Ukuqhelanisa Nolwazi Oluphosakeleyo Nelanga

Ukwanda kokuqulethwe yi-Al-everence kunye nobunzulu be-apples kuphakamisa imingeni emitsha yokuthembeka. Iivoter zisenokuzama ukwahlula phakathi kwenkqubo zobunyani nezoyilo lolwazi. Amanye amazwe azama iinkqubo zobuchule bokufunda nokubhala eziyimfuneko kunye nezigwebo ezomeleleyo zokuqhatha kwi-intanethi. IiNkonzo ze-Alticism zimisela iimbopheleleko kwiqonga zokunciphisa iinkqubo zokhetho. Ii-arhentem zexesha elizayo zingaxhomekeka kwiinkqubo zokuvota ezisekelwe kwibloko ukunyusa ukhuseleko nokubonakala okucacileyo, nangona ezi zizisa ubuchule kunye neengxelo ezithenjiweyo.

Ukuxhasa Izizukulwana Eziselula Nezahlukahlukeneyo

Abavoti abaselula badla ngokufumana unyuko olusezantsi kwaye bangazifaki kwimibutho yesithethe. Ukubandakanya zona, oorhulumente bangadibanisa ii-arhenteum kwizifundo zesikolo, basebenzise i-media yoluntu ukwenzela ulwazi olusemthethweni, baze bathobe iminyaka yokuvota ukuya kwi-16 (njengokuba kunyaka we-Escopeach i-arhentemu) yonyaka ka-2014. Ngaphezu koko, intsebenziswano encinane yemingcingo-mali-mntuthu-ninzi (ezinjenje ngamaqumrhu e-ejoni aqhelekileyo) ne-UK). Lo mxube we-template-ntellim novocation ingaba unokuba ngumgaqo oqhelekileyo.

Imithetho Yokuguqula Utshintsho

Iinjongo zokuphucula i-arhenteaderum ziquka ukufuna i-arhente-intence ephezulu". Ezinye zicebisa ukuba kufuneke ingqwalaselo yesibini yoluvo lwezomthetho-siseko (umz. 55% okanye 60%) ukuqinisekisa ukuba kukho ulwamkelo olubanzi, ukuseka imiqobo encinci, nokuvumela imiqobo encinane ekhoyo, kwaye ukunikezela ngemigangatho ye-procedtura nesezantsi (umz.ii-"i-'incophone""incopho yoluvo oluphezulu"). Ezinye zicebisa ukuba kufuneke i-arhentententeum yesibini emva kwexesha elithile lokuthintela izigqibo ezingxamisekileyo. IBhunga-Venice yeBhunga likhuphe imigaqo ye-procedqual kunye ne-entupectitations, ukugxininiswa kwentetho, ukubonakala, ukuva nokuqind ’ ukuqinisekisa okunokwenzeka koncedo. Ukuqinisekisa oku kukulondoloza ukuthemba koncedo.

Isalathisi somsebenzi

Njengoko amatyala enyuka ngokuhambelana (umz. inkqubo yemozulu, izivumelwano zorhwebo, ulawulo logcino-lwazi), ukufunwa kwemida enqamlezileyo ye-data kungakhula. Ibheyile-nterum yonyaka ka-2015 yayingumzekelo okhethekileyo apho unyulo lwesizwe lwacelwa ukuba lwamkele okanye lulahle iimeko ze-Yuronesi. I-European Union iye yaxabana ukuba i-londs ezisekontini kwiisivumelwano ezinkulu, nangona ezi zijongene nemiqobo esemthethweni nesebenzayo. Kwixesha elizayo, sisenokubona ii-endendium ezininzi ekunikezeleni izidumbu ezinobugqwebo ezingopheleyo, ngokuchaphazela kwesizwe ukuzisebenzela izidumbu ezingopheleyo kunye nolawulo lwehlabathi lonke.

Ekupheleni, ama-athestendium ahlala enempembelelo kodwa engafezekanga kwisigqibo soluntu. Iimvelaphi zawo zembali, iingcambu ezijikelezayo, kunye neempembelelo ezahlukahlukeneyo zinika izifundo ezityebileyo. Xa zenziwe kwaye zifakwe ngokhuseleko, njengemibuzo ecacileyo, ulwazi oluthembekileyo, kwaye iququzelela. Zinganika abemi idemokhrasi amandla kwaye zinike ilizwi elibalulekileyo. Noko ke, ukusetyenziswa ngokungakhathali kwe-arhententer kungaveza izahlulo kunye nokuthoba ukuthemba. Njengoko imiqobo izama ukuqhuba imiqobo, ukulungelelaniso phakathi kwedemokhrasi ecacileyo nengummeli iza kuqhubekeka ukuvavanywa. Ufundo olubhekele phambili, ukufunda [[FLT] [FLT], ulawulo lwe-EFFT] [FT] [FFT] kunye noluppective .[4]