Isiseko Solawulo LwaseMerika

Ingcamango yokuhlola nokulinganisela asiyonzululwazi yezopolitiko eqikelelwayo eyakhiwayo; yiDNA yedemokhrasi yaseMelika esebenzayo. Ixhotyiswe kuMgaqo-siseko, le nkqubo yenzelwe ngooTata abaFuqulunqiweyo ukukhusela naliphi na isebe likarhulumente ekuqokeleleni amandla agqithisileyo. Isiseko somthetho siqinisekisa ukuba ulawulo, ulawulo, kunye namasebe agweba alawulayo aphethe amandla ahlukeneyo anokulawula abanye abantu. Le nkqubo ikhuthaza ukubuyiselwa komthetho osemthethweni, apho ukusungulwa komthetho wesizwe kufuna ingceleleka phakathi kwala masebe amathathu alinganayo. Ukuqonda indlela okuhlola nokulinganisa ummiselo kuyimfuneko ngayo nabani na ofuna ukuqonda izinto ezisebenzayo zenkqubo yokwenziwa kwe-United States. Le nkqubo ikhuthaza ukuphendula, yaye ekugqibeleni ivelisa imithetho ekhuthaneyo ekhuthayo phantsi kwegunya elikhulu eliphantsi kwegunya, ikhusela umgaqo-ogqeqeqesho onamandla, kwaye ikhusela ulawulo lwangokusetyenziswa ngabantu.

Iintsika Ezintathu Zamandla: Uhlolisiso Olunenkcukacha

Urhulumente we-U.S. wohlulwe ngamasebe amathathu ahlukeneyo kodwa axhomekeke kumntu omnye. Ngelixesha inqaku lokuqala linikela ushwankathelo olusisiseko, ukuqonda okunzulu ngamandla abo akhethekileyo kunye nezithintelo kuyimfuneko ukuxabisa ububanzi obupheleleyo benkqubo yokuhlola nokulingana.

Isebe Lomthetho: Ilizwi Labantu

Inqaku leSigqeba I elimisela isebe lowiso-mthetho ``IBhunga-mthetho). eliyiBhunga eliyi-badamaral, eliyiNdlu yabameli neNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu. Indlu, enamalungu ayo angama-435 ahlulwe ngabantu, ilungiselelwe ukuba ibe kufuphi nabantu, enamalungu asebenza iintetho ezimbini zeminyaka. IBhunga, enamalungu akwi-100 (amalungu amabini), lilungiselela i-e-enjini yomthetho, lilungiselela i-injini yomthetho, kodwa igunya lawo lokumisela imimiselo elinolawulo oluyiminyaka emithandathu. Ingqungquthela iphethe igunya eliyintloko lemali esetyenziswayo, elilawula yonke imali esetyenziswa ngurhulumente, kwaye linegunya eliphela lokuvakalisa irhafuthelo, kunye nolawulo lwezoshishino-mthetho. Isebe elilawula umthetho liyi-enjini yokwenza umthetho, kodwa igunya lokuyila imimiselo eliphuma kwamanye amasebe amabini.

Isebe Elilawulayo: Umnyanzelisi Womthetho

Inqaku lesibini lezakhono ezilawulayo kuMongameli waseUnited States. Eli sebe linembopheleleko yokuzalisekisa nokumisa imithetho edluliswa yiKhonkxalane. UMongameli usebenza njengoMphathi-oyintloko wemikhosi exhobileyo, angathethana ngezivumelwano (ngemvume yeNdlu yeKhonthi), kwaye amisele abagwebi kunye nabaphathi-mikhosi abalawulayo. Uvavanyo oluqatha olubanjelwe nguMongameli lunamandla, oluvumela umphathi ukuba akwamkele umthetho odluliselwe yiKhonklare. Ngaphezu koko, uMongameli angakhupha imiyalelo yegunya eliphetheyo ukukhokela imicimbi karhulumente wesizwe, nangona le miyalelo iphantsi kokuhlola okugweba kwaye inokwenziwa komthetho womthetho. Isebe eliphetheyo likwaquka urhulumente omkhulu ophethe imithetho emiselwe ngemini, ewenza umenzi wenkqubo enamandla.

Isebe Eligwebayo: Ingcaciso Yomthetho

Inqaku III limisa iNkundla ePhakamileyo lize linike amandla okudala iinkundla ezisezantsi. Isebe lezomthetho lichaza intsingiselo yemithetho, liyisebenzisa kwiimeko nganye, lize ligqibe ukuba ziyawuchasa na umGaqo-siseko. Eli gunya lokujongana nezomthetho, elidume kakhulu liqinisekisiwe kwityala Mathbury v. Madison, lililigumbi lembombo lembombo lenkqubo yokuhlola kunye nolungelelwaniso. Abagwebi bagwebi babamba izikhundla zabo zobomi, ezibakhuselayo kwingcinezelo yezopolitiko, ezibavumela ukuba basebenze njengeemeko ezingakhethiyo. Inkundla ephakamileyo inokubetha phantsi kwesizwe okanye imigaqo ekwayilindele ukuba ingakhangeli, inike imigaqo engqalileyo kwinkqubo ye-grobian. Noko ke, ngoko, i-judiki, ngoko ivavanya ngesebe, ityala elilawulayo, kwaye ityala elilawula, elilawula, ityala, elinokujika ngokokuguqula, okanye ukurhona kwemithetho.

Inkqubo Yomthetho: Incwadi Yokudlala Yokukhangela Nokulungelelana

Uhambo lwemali ukusuka kumbono ukuya kumthetho luyinkqubo ende nenzima, eyenzelwe ukuthoba ukwenziwa kwesigqibo kunye nokunyanzelisa. Iqonga ngalinye linika ithuba lokuba amasebe amathathu asebenzise impembelelo kwaye aqinisekise ukuba nawuphi na umthetho omtsha uqwalaselwe ngenyameko.

Imvelaphi neNkqutyana

Iphepha-mali lingavela nakweliphi na igumbi leBhunga, ngaphandle kwamatyala emali, ekufuneka iqale kwiNdlu yabameli. Xa ithe yaziswa, ityala linikwa ikomiti elungele ukuhlolisiswa. Iikomiti zidla ngokubizwa ngokuba yi "ii-"arsports" yeBhunga-ngqungquthela ngenxa yokuba zinamava, ziva ubungqina obuvela kwiingcali nabagcini-matyala, zize ziphawule (isiphelo) ityala. Kulapho kulapho iindlela zokuqala ezibalulekileyo zokuhlola ziyenzeka, njengokuba isitulo sekomiti sinokukhetha ukubulala isibhamlo ngokungasingenisi kwivoti. Inkqubo yekomiti ivumela ukuba kuqwalaselwe uphando olukhethekileyo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba umthetho usebenza kakuhle kwaye ucinge ukuba uneziphendundulo ezinokwenzeka.

Ingxoxo yeNkcubeko noLuvo

Ukuba ityala lixelwa kakuhle ngaphandle kwekomiti, lisiya kumgangatho wegumbi ukuze kuqhutywe ingxoxo kunye nokuvota. Imithetho yengxoxo iyahluka phakathi kwendlu nendlu. Kwindlu, ingxoxo isoloko inqunyanyiswe yiKomiti yeMimiselo. KwiBhunga leNtlanganiso, impikiswano ivuleke ngakumbi, kwaye eliqhinga apho i-geneta-mali inokuthi ilibazise ukuvota ngokuthetha ixesha elide, ngokuthetha ngexesha elibanzi, elinokusetyenziswa ukuvala umthetho. I-Rosethi ye-3-fithi yeBhunga (60) iyafuneka ukuphelisa i-Patricbuster. Lo mqobo we-proccolot iyindlela enamandla apho umnikazi unokunyanzela ukuba afune inkxaso ye-bipartis. Ukuvota okuqhelekileyo kufuna ivoti enkulu.

Uxolelwaniso Phakathi Kwamagumbi

Ukuze imvume yokuba ibe ngumthetho, kufuneka idlule zombini iigumbi ngendlela efanayo. Ukuba iBhunga leNdlu yeeNdlu zeMali lidlulise uhlobo olwahlukileyo kuneNdlu, ikomiti yengqungquthela `iqokelelwe yamalungu asuka kuzo zombini iigumbi(ii-"is) esungulwe ukuxoxa ngokulalanisa. Ingxelo yengqungquthela ephumeleyo mayivunywe yiNdlu kunye neNdlu yeeNtsimbini ngaphandle kokuzinzisa. Eli nyathelo lidla ngokuya kuba apho ingxubusho enzima kakhulu ivela khona, njengoko iinkokeli kufuneka zithelekise izinto ezizahlukeneyo kwaye zifumane umhlaba omnye. Imfuneko yolwimi olufanayo ikhusela igumbi ngalinye kwigumbi lomthetho lokuphela komnye.

Isenzo soMongameli: IVito nePocket Veto

Emva kokuba la magumbi omabini edlulise isibhaka-mali esifanayo, inikwa uMongameli. Owokuqala, uMongameli unokusayina ityala kumthetho, esisisiphumo esiqhelekileyo. Okwesibini, uMongameli angawubuyisela kwisivumelwano, awuwubuyisela kwiBhunga ngengxelo ephikisayo. Oku kujongisisa ngqo kumandla owiso-mthetho. Okwesithathu, ukuba uMongameli akathathi nto ngeentsuku ezilishumi (iiCawa) xa iNgqungquthela ikwintlanganiso, usiba ngumthetho ngokuzenzekelayo ngaphandle kosayino lukaMongameli. Okwesine, ukuba iBhunga loMphathi liyakwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuba akukho nto inokwenziwa ngelixandeko lomthetho.

ISigunyaziso seNkqutyana

Kwanasemva kokuba umthetho uthe waba ngumthetho, uhambo lwawo alupheli. Isebe lejaji linetyala elipheleleyo. Naliphi na isebe elimiyo lingakucel ’ umngeni umthetho enkundleni, liphikisa ukuba liwuphula umGaqo-siseko. Ityala linokusebenza lihambele phezulu kwinkqubo yezibheno zequmrhu lesizwe lide lifike kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo. Ukuba iNkundla ePhakamileyo iyavuma ukuva ityala kwaye emva koko iqinisekisa ukuba umthetho awuhambisani nomthetho, uyaphela kwaye awubhangi nto ukususela ngomhla wesigqibo. Eli gunya lokuhlola isigwebo, nangona lingakhankanywwanga ngokucacileyo kwiNkuhlulo-mgathetho, liyinxalenye yendlela yokuhlola kunye neyo, iqinisekisa ukuba yonke imithetho ithobela umthetho ephakamileyo yelizwe.

Uhlalutyo lweQhosha lokuHlola kwiGunya loMkhosi

Ngapha koko kulandelwa kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho, iinkqubo eziliqela ezikhethekileyo zisebenza njengemiqathango enamandla kwiBhunga. Ezi zihlolo zenzelwe ukuthintela ukuphangwa kwemithetho nokuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho iyavisisana nobume obubanzi bomGaqo-siseko nokuthanda kwabantu.

IVeto EnguMongameli: Ingxaki Enamandla

Ngokucacileyo iveto sisixhobo esithe ngqo soMongameli sokubumba umthetho. Inyanzela ukuba iKhomishini iphinde iqwalasele isigqeba somthetho, kwaye ukuba uMongameli ungafuni ukuphendula kwezobupolitika, kunokuba nzima ukuba iKhomishini ihlanganise ii-3 ezintathu ezifunekayo. I-veto asiyonto nje ekwaliwa; sisixhobo sonxibelelwano oluqhelekileyo. Ngokufuthi i-vetoto izisongelo ngexesha lenkqubo yowiso-mthetho ukuxubushela utshintsho kwidesika. Isisongelo nje se-veto siyakwazi ukuguqula intetho kwiNkqutyana eqhutyweni. Ukuhlasela i-athoba kukufuna ukuququlukwano kwe-agrabhu. Ukugxaza i-gronal-om kufuna ukuba kufune i-gronat-gent, nto leyo esoloko isenzeka ngabomyo.

Impinda yezeejaji: Umgcini-mGaqo-siseko

Amandla eNkundla ePhakamileyo okuvakalisa imithetho engaqulunqwenga ngokusemthethweni yeyona ngqikelelo inzulu kumandla owiso-mthetho. Indima yeNkundla njengechaphaza lokugqibela loMgaqo-siseko ithetha ukuba kwanomthetho odluliswe ngamagunya amakhulu anzima nosayinwe nguMongameli ungoyiswa. Iimeko zemfundo ezifana Brown v.[FLT]..[FLT]][1] [15] [1954]] [1954], owehlahlaziyo imigaqo yohlanga, [owawuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho yesizwe ilungele ukulawulwa kwemithetho yobuhlanga, [[FLT] ye-United States v. Loption [[FLT]] [19595]], eyanciphisa umgangatho weNkusebenza kwe-Celascale, ibonisa ukuvuma kwemithetho yoorhulumente kunye nemithetho yesizwe. Le qinisekisa ukuba kukhundla lwemithetho elungelelawunga.

Ulawulo Lwengqungquthela Namandla Okuthenga

Ngeli xesha isebe elilawulayo nelaselugwebi lihlola iKhomishini, iKhomishini ikwanezixhobo ezinamandla zokuhlola umlawuli ophetheyo. Ukulawula iBhunga eliphetheyo kubandakanya ukuvalwa, uphando, kunye nee-asenawas ukuqwalasela indlela imithetho esetyenziswa ngayo yimibutho karhulumente. Iikomiti zinokubiza amagosa aphakamileyo esebe ukuba angqinele, afune amaxwebhu, kunye noqingqo-mali lwezikomponi. Amandla emali yemali yeCandelo kukusetyenziswa kweBhunga. Ngokulawula ii-arhentervery, iBhunga lingaxhasa, ukukhuthulwa, okanye ukubekwa kweemeko kwiinkqubo zesebe ezilawula ulawulo. Umthetho owenziweyo uyakwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuba ulawulo lwesebe luhlala luphendula kwiinkqubo zomthetho.

Amandla Okufuna

IBhunga liphethe amandla akhethekileyo okungathethi nto kwaye lisuse amagosa aseburhulumenteni, kuquka uMongameli, uMongameli, kunye nabagwebi. Indlu yabameli inamandla okuphela (izisa izityholo), ngelixa iNdlu yeNdlu yeQela isenza ityala. Le nkqubo kukuvavanya okunzulu kokubini amasebe aphetheyo kunye nezomthetho. Ngoxa ukungaquququzeli kuyinkqubo yezopolitiko kwaye kungasetyenziswa ngokulula, kusebenza njengesithintelo ekuxhathiseni okugqithisileyo kokusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla. Isisongelo sokungalawulwa komongameli siyakwazi ukuphembelela ukuziphatha komongameli kwaye siqinisekisa ukuba amagosa aphezulu angaphezulu angaphezulu kunomthetho. Noko ke, umqobo wamasebe amabini eehende zomvoti zokuvota-ma.

Impembelelo Ebanzi Yokuxilonga Nokulungelelana Komthetho

Inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela ineziphumo ezinzulu nezineentlobo ezininzi kumhlaba wowiso-mthetho. Ayiyilelwanga ukuqhuba kakuhle, kodwa yenzelwe ukucinga nokuzinza. Iingongoma ezilandelayo zibonisa indlela esi sixokelelwano esibumba ngayo uhlobo lokugqibela nomgangatho womthetho wase-U.S.

  • Ukubeka izigqeba ze Bipartisanshi kunye nokuyekelela: kuba ukudlulisa umthetho kufuna intsebenziswano yamagumbi omabini eBhunga kunye nenkxaso kaMongameli, kukho intshukumisa enamandla yokwakha imidibaniso emibanzi. Isisongelo se-monicbuster kwiBhunga okanye imikhosi yomongameli iveto exhasa ukuxoxisana nokulungelelanisa izicelo zabo ukutsala inkxaso ukusuka ngaphaya kwepasethi. Oku kudla ngokuphumela kwimithetho engahambi kunye nehlala ixesha elide, njengoko ibonisa ukuvumelana okubanzi.
  • Imithetho edityanisiweyo kunye nomthetho oqwalaselweyo: I-veto iingongoma ezininzi `````kuhlalutya ikomiti ukuya kwingxoxo yomgangatho ukuya kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Oku "kunqanda" kucetyiswe ngempazamo. Iqinisekisa ukuba imithetho ibekwe kuhlolo olungqongqo, ingxoxo kawonke-wonke, kunye neenxaxhithi ezininzi ze-ampment. Inqanda uninzi lwexeshananana ekukhawulezeni kweziphumo ezinokuthi zingabikho ngeziphumo ezilindelekileyo.
  • Ikhusela uMalungelo amancinci kunye nenkululeko-nye: Imfuneko yemiqathango emikhulu kwiimeko ezithile (njengokuba ingumphathi okanye ilawula umGaqo-siseko) ikhusela iimfuno ezincinane. IBhili yamaLungelo namandla okuhlola isongeza ukhuseleko oluthe vetshe, ukuqinisekisa ukuba imigaqo-siseko ayinakuwanyathelela lula amalungelo abantu okanye amaqela. Lo mgaqo wokukhusela ungundoqo wesizathu sobude benkqubo.
  • Inyusa i-Transparency kunye nokungaXhosa: Ngenxa yokuba baninzi abadlali ababandakanyekileyo kwinkqubo yokwenza umthetho, kunzima ukwenza izigqibo emfihlekweni. Ukuphulaphula, iingxoxo zomgangatho, kunye nokuvota okuqengqelekayo ziingxelo zikawonke-wonke, ukuvumela abemi, iintatheli, namaqela olawulo ukubona kakuhle ukuba abameli babo babo babo babo bavote njani. Ubuchule besebe ngalinye bokwenza uphando nowongamela abanye abantu. Oku kunceda ukwandisa ukuthemba urhulumente kwingqibelelo yakhe.
  • Ifuna ubuchule bepolitiki kunye nobeminye: Impumelelo yolawulo phantsi kwale nkqubo ifuna imigangatho ephezulu yobuchule bezobupolitika. Abenzi bomthetho kufuneka babe ngabaququzeleli abanobuchule, abakhi abamaqela, nabanxibelelani. Ubuchule bokusebenzisa imidlalo entsonkothileyo phakathi kwamasebe buyimfuneko ekumiseleni iinguqu ezinkulu zenkqubo. Oku kuqinisa ixabiso lokhokelo oluneenkxalabo nolwazi lweziko.

Ngokwenyani, uvavanyo kunye nolwahlulo lwenkqubo luguqula inkqubo yowiso-mthetho ukusuka kukhetho olulula lwemithetho ukuya kuqiqeka phakathi kwamasebe karhulumente alinganayo. Le ngxoxo, ngeli xesha idimazayo, ngumthetho owenza ukuba umthetho we-U.S. uhlale uhleli kwaye wamkeleke kakhulu kunaleyo idluliswe phantsi kwesixokelelwano esisembindini. Ibonisa ukuzimisela okunzulu kumgaqo-siseko wokuba amandla amele alungelelaniswe ukuqinisekisa inkululeko. [FLT: F] ugcino-mthetho oluthe ngqo lwenkqubo yomthetho, unikezele uxwebhu olusemthethweni lwe-U. [[FLT:] [FM] [FLT] [5] unika izibhengezo-mthetho ezibhaliweyo ezithe kratyayo. [ft] kunye neengxelo zembali]

Isiphelo: Ukuzukiswa Okuqhubekayo Kwamandla Okwabelana Ngawo

Inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela inguwo wesiseko solawulo lwezomgaqo-siseko waseMelika. Yinkqubo esebenzayo nedla ngokuphixana ebumba onke amasebe orhulumente. Ngokwahlula-hlula amandla phakathi kwamasebe amathathu nangokunika ngamnye iindlela zokulinganisela amanye, abaseki badala urhulumente oye wangqinela ukumelana ngokuphawulekayo neenkulungwane ezimbini. Ngoxa inokuthi ikhokelele kwintambo kunye nonxunguphalo, le nkqubo inye ikwathintela ukuma komkhosi, ikhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye, kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba imithetho iveliswe ngenkqubo yokucazulula nokulala. Abafundi, abafundisi, nabantu, ngokufanayo, ukuqonda ukuqhuba phakathi komthetho, isigqeba, namasebe alawulayo ayiyo nje into engundoqo, kwaye ayiyo. Umlinganiselo wokusebenza kolawulo lwedemokhrasi uyaqhubeka, umgaqo ophilayo, kwaye uyaqhubeka umgaqo wokuchaza imithetho ye-United States kunye nomthetho.