Ukuqonda Ukulungelelana Kwamandla

Ingcamango yolungelelwano lwamandla ingundoqo kwisakhiwo somGaqo-siseko waseUnited States. Lo mgaqo uqinisekisa ukuba alikho isebe elinye likarhulumente elinamandla kakhulu, elilondoloza amalungelo nenkululeko yabemi. Abaquluneli bomGaqo-siseko bayila inkqubo apho igunya lisasazwa kumasebe amathathu ahlukeneyo, ngalinye elineseti yoxanduva kunye neziphene zalo. Eli candelo lamandla liqumrhu lithintela naliphi na iqela okanye umntu ekufumaneni igunya elingathintelwanga, isifundo esifundwe kwiinkulungwane zolawulo lolawulo lookumkani base-Europe kunye namava obuthanga phantsi kolawulo lweBritane.

Embilinini wayo, ulungelelwano lwamandla alukolwakhelwa nje ngokuyila kodwa luyinkqubo esebenzayo yokulawula. Ibonakalisa ukuthandabuza okunzulu kwabalawuli abaphezulu kunye nenkolelo yabo yokuba indalo yomntu, xa ingathintelwa, idla ngokujongwa kukunganyaniseki nokuqhatha. Ngokudala amasebe ahlukeneyo amele asebenzisane ukulawula ngokunempumelelo, umGaqo-siseko umisela intsingiselo enamandla apho amabhongo enzelwe ukulwa namabhongo, njengokuba uJames Madison waphikisa ngokudumileyo kuludwe lukaFrefest No. 51.

Amasebe Amathathu Neendima Zawo Ezahlukileyo

Ulungelelwano lwamandla lubhekiselele kukusasazeka kwegunya phakathi kwamasebe amathathu orhulumente: uwiso-mthetho, ulawulo, kunye nekomiti egwebayo. Isebe ngalinye linamandla alo ahlukileyo neembopheleleko, ezenzelwe ukulinganisela amandla amanye amasebe. Olu lwahlulo aluphelelanga ```lwa amasebe ahambelana' kwaye asebenzisana ngeendlela ezidala inkqubo yokuphathana nokuthintela. Ukuqonda indima ekhethekileyo yesebe ngalinye kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela ulungelelwaniso lwamandla olusebenza ngayo.

Isebe lowiso-mthetho lenza imithetho, isebe elilawulayo liyayinyanzela, kwaye isebe lezahlulelo liyayitolika. Esi sakhiwo somjikelezo siqinisekisa ukuba akukho lungu linye elinokudala nokunyanzelisa imithetho ngaphandle kokuvelela. Abafaki-nkqubo bafumana impembelelo kwiinkcuba - buchopho ezikhanyiselweyo njengoMontesquieu, owaphikisayo kuMthetho umoya ofuna inkululeko yezobupolitika yokwahlulwa amasebe orhulumente ahlukeneyo.

Isebe Elisemthethweni

Isebe lowiso-mthetho, eliyilwe ngokuyintloko yiBhunga, linembopheleleko yokwenza imithetho. Linezindlu ezimbini: iNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu zoMasipala neNdlu yabameli. Indlu nganye inamagunya nemisebenzi eyahlukileyo, efak' isandla kulungelelwano lwamandla alo lonke. Esi sakhiwo se-bameral saba lulwahlula phakathi kwamazwe amakhulu namancinane kwiNdibano yomGaqo-siseko, ukuqinisekisa ukuba zombini umelo olusekelwe kubemi kunye nomgangatho worhulumente walondolo.

Indlu yabameli, kunye namagama ayo eminyaka emibini, yenzelwe ukuba iphendule ngokuthe ngqo kubantu. Abameli bajongana nonyulo rhoqo, olugcina benoxanduva lomntu abamele balwenze. Indlu iphethe amandla okusungula iindleko zemali, inika ulawulo olubalulekileyo kuqingqo-mali lwesizwe. Ngaphezu koko, iNdlu inamandla okungawathobeli amagosa asekuhlaleni, kuquka uMongameli, ukuvukela, ukunyoba, okanye obunye ulwaphulo-mthetho obuphezulu kunye nokungakhuli kakuhle. Eli gunya lisebenza njengelijongo elibalulekileyo kwisebe eliphetheyo.

ICathenate, kunye namabinzana ayo eminyaka emithandathu, inika iqumrhu lowiso-mthetho elizinzileyo nelikhulu. Abaququzeleli bakhethwa ekuqaleni yizindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente, nangona uHlaliso lweSindululo se-17 lwayiguqula oku ukuze lwalathise unyulo oludumileyo. IBhunga linegunya lokuqinisekisa ukumiswa koomongameli, kuquka amalungu ekhathebhathi-nxaxheba, abagwebi bephondo, nabagwebi beNkuNkundla ePhakamileyo. Kwakhona likwahla izivumelwano ezixokozelwe nguMongameli, ezifuna ukuba inkoliso-3 yomni. La mandla anika iNtlanga yeNtsimbi indima ebalulekileyo ekulungiseni isebe eliphetheyo kunye nenkqubo yamazwe asemzini.

Zonke, izindlu ezimbini zeBhunga kufuneka zidlulise umthetho ofanayo ngaphambi kokuba uthunyelwe kuMongameli ukuze afumane imvume. Le mfuneko iqinisekisa ukuba imithetho ibonakalisa ukuvumelana okubanzi nokuthintela umthetho ongxamisekileyo okanye ongaqwalaselwanga kakuhle. Isebe lemithetho likwalawula amandla emali, lilawula yonke inkcitho yemali nerhafu karhulumente. Eli gunya ligunya lemali lelona sebe linamandla ekwakufuneka lijonge isebe elilawulayo.

Isebe Elilawulayo

Isebe elilawulayo likhokelwa nguMongameli waseUnited States, omele anyanzele ukunyanzelisa imithetho nokuqhuba inkqubo yamanye amazwe. UMongameli ukwanamandla okulawula umthetho weveto, osebenza njengengqwalasela kwisebe lowiso-mthetho. Isebe elilawulayo liquka amasebe amaninzi kunye namasebe alawulayo amisela imithetho karhulumente kwaye amisela iinkqubo zikarhulumente.

UMongameli usebenza njengentloko yorhulumente kunye nentloko karhulumente, umxube onika umanyano nokugqibelela ngamaxesha obunzima. UMongameli unyulwa ngeElectoral College, inkqubo elingana nolawulo oluqhelekileyo kunye nomelo lukarhulumente. Xa eofisini, uMongameli unamandla okukhupha imiyalelo yolawulo lokulawula imisebenzi kurhulumente worhulumente. Le miyalelo inamandla osemthethweni kodwa mayisekelwe kwigunya elikhoyo lomthetho okanye kumandla omgaqo-siseko.

Amandla eveto ngomnye wezona zihlolo zikaMongameli zibalulekileyo kwiBhunga. Xa iBhunga ligqithisa umthetho, uMongameli angawutyobela umthetho, awuvumele ukuba ube ngumthetho ngaphandle kotyikityo, okanye ulwenziwo. Kodwa ke, u-veto uthumela irekhodi emva kwiBhunga, apho kufuneke ukuba uninzi lwabaninzi kwizindlu zombini luwulawule. Le mfuneko iphezulu yenza ingabikho, inika uMongameli isixhathiso esiqinileyo kwinkqubo ye-Rhulumente. Kodwa, isisongelo se-veto sisenokukhuthaza iBhunga ukuba sixubuthene noMongameli phambi kokudlulisa umthetho.

UMongameli ukwakhonza njengoMlawuli kwiNtloko yemikhosi exhobileyo, enika ulawulo lwabemi basemkhosini. Ngoxa iBhunga linamandla okuvakalisa imfazwe, uMongameli ulawula imisebenzi yomkhosi kwaye wenza izigqibo zokhuseleko ezigxekayo zesizwe. Le candelo lamagunya emfazwe liye laba ngumthombo wenkxwaleko eqhubekayo nengxoxo eqhubekayo kuyo yonke imbali yaseMerika, ingakumbi kwixesha lanamhlanje lomkhosi wehlabathi lonke.

Isebe Eligwebayo

Isebe eligwebayo lichaza imithetho kwaye liqinisekisa ukuba isetyenziswa ngokusesikweni. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yeyona nkundla iphakamileyo kwelo lizwe kwaye inamandla okuvakalisa imithetho okanye izenzo zolawulo ezingekho mgaqweni, ngaloo ndlela ikhusela amalungelo abemi. La mandla okuhlola agwetywayo awakhankanywanga ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko kodwa amiselwa lityala lenkcazo yembali [Marbury v. Madison[FL:1] [183]]

Inkqubo yenkundla yephondo iquka iinkundla zesithili, iinkundla zetyala, kunye neNkundla yeSithili ePhakamileyo. Iinkundla zeSithili ziinkundla zamatyala apho kuthethwa khona kuqala, ngoxa iinkundla ezichaphazelekayo zihlola izigqibo ezivela kwiinkundla zesithili. INkundla Ephakamileyo inesiphendu kwimibuzo engokomGaqo-siseko, kwaye izigqibo zayo zimisela imizekelo ebophelelekileyo kwiinkundla eziphantsi kulo lonke eli lizwe. INkundla ithetha kuphela ngecandelo elincinane laloo matyala, ngokwenyani ezo zibandakanya imibandela ebalulekileyo yemithetho-siseko okanye iinkundla eziphantsi.

Amatyala eNkundla ePhakamileyo amiselwe ubomi, evumela ukuba benze izigqibo ngaphandle kwengcinezelo yezobupolitika. Oku kuphila kuyazikhusela kwiimbono zikawonke-wonke nakwiziphumo zonyulo, kuzenze zikwazi ukuxhasa imigaqo yesiseko somgaqo-siseko naxa loo migaqo ingathandwa. Le nkqubo yokumiswa ibandakanya amasebe alawulayo kunye nemithetho: uMongameli uthatha izigwebo, kwaye iNdlu yeeNtlanganiso iyavumelana. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba ukumiswa kwekomiti kubonakalisa ukuvumelana okubanzi nokuba ngabagwebi abafanelekileyo nokungakhethi buso.

Isebe eligwebayo likwanamandla okuchaza imimiselo kunye nemimiselo yolawulo. Xa imithetho ingaqondakali okanye iphikisana, iinkundla zifumana intsingiselo yazo zize zisebenzise. Eli gunya lichaza isigwebo linika abagwebi indima ebalulekileyo ekulungiseni inkqubo kawonke wonke, nangona linyanzelwa ngumbhalo wemithetho nomGaqo-siseko ngokwawo.

Inkqubo yeepeksi nolungelelwano olusemngciphekweni

Iingqinipho kunye nolungelelwano lubalulekile kulungelelaniso lwamandla. Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba isebe ngalinye lingajonga lize lisikelele izenzo zamanye, lithintele naliphi na isebe ekulawuleni urhulumente. Ukusetyenziswa kwezi ngqikelelo kudala inkqubo esebenzayo yokuxoxisana, ukulalanisa, nokuphendula okuchaza ulawulo lwamaMelika.

Ukuqonda indlela esebenza ngayo uxilongo nolungelelwano, kuluncedo ukuqwalasela imizekelo ethile yolwalamano oluphakathi. Isebe ngalinye linezixhobo ezininzi zokuhlola ezinye, kwaye ezi zixhobo zidala iinkqubo zolawulo ezingenanayo ezizilindayo ekuxhatshazweni. Ukusebenza kwezi zixhobo kuxhomekeke ekuzimiseleni kwesebe ngalinye ukusebenzisa amandla alo nokuphaphamela kwabasebenzi kunye namaphephandaba.

Indlela Isebe Ngalinye Elibajonga Ngayo Abanye

IBhunga lihlola isebe elilawulayo ngeendlela eziliqela. Iikomiti zolawulo lwesebe eliphetheyo, ukuva amatyala, namaxwebhu namangqina angaphantsi. IBhunga liqinisekisa okanye liyalwalela ukubekwa koomongameli, kuquka oonobhala-masebe, iintloko zeziko kunye nabagwebi bequmrhu. IBhunga likwalawula uqingqo-mali lwesebe lorhulumente, limisela ukuba lingakanani isebe ngalinye kunye nocwangciso olufumanayo. Amandla okungaquququzelela amagosa aphezulu anegunya ngehambo engafanelekanga, kunye neemvavanyo zeBhunga lokugqiba enoba ayalususa kusini na.

IBhunga lihlola isebe lenkundla ngokumisa isakhiwo senkqubo yenkundla yephondo, kuquka inani lamatyala kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo. INdlu yeNtlanga yeeNkundla iyaqinisekisa okanye iyabachasa abagwebi, kwaye iNgqungquthela isenokungathethi nto kwaye isuse iijaji zesizwe ngenxa yehambo engafanelekanga. IBhunga likwanamandla okucebisa ukuba kulungiswe umgaqo-siseko, onokuthi uthabathe izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo ukutolika umGaqo-siseko.

UMongameli uhlola iKhonkxamente ngamandla eveto, njengoko kuchazwe ngasentla. UMongameli angabiza iintlanganiso ezikhethekileyo zoMbutho kwaye, njengentloko yesebe elilawulayo, aphembelele umthetho ngokubhenela, ngokubhena, nangokusongela kukawonke-wonke. Indima kaMongameli njengenkokeli yezomphathi ivumela umphathi ophethe inkqubo yamazwe angaphandle kunye nezivumelwano, nangona izivumelwano zifuna ukuvunywa kweBhunga.

UMongameli uhlola isebe lezogwebo ngokutyumba abagwebi bephondo, kuquka abagwebi beNkundla Ephakamileyo. UMongameli ukwanamandla okuxolela nokubuyisela ulwaphulo-mthetho lwamagunya, olunokusigqitha isigwebo somthetho. Isebe eliphetheyo linyanzelisa inkundla, linika uMongameli isigwebo ngendlela eziphunyezwa ngayo izigqibo.

Isebe eligwebayo lihlola iBhunga kunye noMongameli ngohlolo lwezomthetho. Iinkundla zingayibetha imithetho edluliswe yiBhunga zize zityikitywe nguMongameli ukuba zichasene nomGaqo-siseko. IiNkundla zisenokuzenzi kungabikho sizathu sokusebenza kwemithetho elawulayo engaphaya kwegunya elingomthetho okanye lomGaqo-siseko. Izigqibo zezomthetho zibophelele amasebe owiso-mthetho kunye noomphathiswayo, nangona iBhunga linokuyiphelisa imimiselo ekuphenduleni kwimimiselo yenkundla.

Amandla Eveto Nemida Yawo

Iveto engumongameli inamandla, kodwa inemiqathango ebalulekileyo. IBhunga lingayidlulisa iveto ngoninzi oluzii-3 ezimbini kwizindlu zombini, umgxube ophezulu ofuna intsebenziswano ye-biparta. Isisongelo seveto singabumba umthetho phambi kokuba ifike kwidesika kaMongameli, njengoko abenzi bomthetho belindele oko uMongameli aza kukwamkela. Kwakhona oomongameli basebenzisa iveto ngokucwangcisa ukubonisa ezona zinto ziphambili zenkqumshozo yabo, nokwakha inkxaso kawonke-wonke-wonke yeendawo zabo.

Zimbini iindidi zevetoes: iveto eqhelekileyo kunye neveto yepokotho. Iveto eqhelekileyo iyenzeka xa uMongameli ebuyisela isibhengezo kwiKhomishini ephikisayo. Ingxowa iyenzeka xa uMongameli engatyiki tyala ngeentsuku ezilishumi ngexesha iBhunga lithe lagqunywa, ngokunempumelelo libulala umthetho. I-pocket ivatoes ayinakuba yi-Outley, inika uMongameli i-veto epheleleyo kwingqungquthela.

Umxholo-mxeba weveto, oya kuvumela uMongameli ukuba anike umphako othile wetyala ngaphandle kokugatya wonke umthetho, uye waphikiswa. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yabetha phantsi komgca-metho-oyile kumgangatho wezwe kwi Clinton v. IsiXeko saseNew York [1998], ibambe ukuba yaphula umthetho wesiProfeti wemGaqo-siseko. Noko ke, amanye amatyala, athathe ulwamkelo lomgca-ingxenye-veto kwimimiselo yawo.

Ukuhlolisiswa Kwesigwebo Nemvelaphi Yaso

Uhlolo lwezomthetho ngamandla eenkundla okuvakalisa imithetho kunye nezenzo ezilawulayo ezingekho mgaqweni. Eli gunya lamiselwa kumthetho ophakamileyo we- Marbury v. Madison apho iJaji eyintloko uJohn Marshall wabhala ukuba "yiphondo eligxininise kwaye ngumsebenzi wesebe lejaji ukuchaza oko umthetho." Isigqibo saqinisekisa ukuba umGaqo-siseko ngumthetho ophakamileyo welizwe kwaye inkundla kufuneka iwuxhase kwimimiselo ephikisayo.

Kusukela kuMarbury v. Madison, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yenza uhlolo logwebo kumatyala amaninzi, ibumba elilungisa umthetho nebutho labantu. Izigqibo zeLandmark zithethe ngamalungelo abantu baseMelika, ukuvota, inkululeko yokuthetha, ukuqhomfa, amalungelo empuphu, umgangatho wamandla orhulumente. Izigqibo zeNkundla azinako ukuhlaziywa okanye ukutshintshwa; iiNkundla ezilandelayo zinokubhukuqa imizekelo yangaphambili, njengoko kuye kwenzeka kwi- Brown v. Ibhodi yemfundo yezemfundo (1954]), elawula [FLD]).

Imida yohlolo lomthetho ibalulekile. Iinkundla ngamaziko angenamsebenzi anokuphulaphula amatyala aziswa kuwo ngamaqela azimeleyo. Awanakuqalisa ukuphengulula okanye anikele iimbono ezichaphazelekayo. Ukunyanzeliswa kwezigwebo kuxhomekeke kwisebe elilawulayo nakwimiqathango kawonke-wonke. Xa iinkundla zikhupha ityala elingathandwayo, zibeka ubomi obutoliki bezopolitiko kunye nocelomngeni lokuba zifanele zifanele zigunyazwe.

Isiseko Sembali Sokulungelelana Kwamandla

Abalawuli bomGaqo-siseko babephenjelelwe yimizekelo engokwembali yokuqhatha nokuphathwa kakubi kukarhulumente. Bafuna ukuyila inkqubo eya kukhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye ngoxa begcina urhulumente ophumelelayo. Ukulungelelaniswa kwamandla kwakungeyonto nje elungileyo kodwa yayikukusabela okusebenzisekayo kokusilela kokumkani kunye neMigaqo yeNkxaso.

Impembelelo Yokukhanyiselwa

Intanda-bulumko yezobupolitika yokukhanyiselwa yanika isiseko sobuchule kulungelelaniso lwamandla. UJohn Locke's Imisebenzi Emibini kaRhulumente yaphikisa ukuba urhulumente osemthethweni ufumaneka kwimvume yabalawulwa kwaye abantu banamalungelo emvelo urhulumente amele akhuseleke. Ulocke waxhasa ukwahlulwa kwamagunya, ukwahlula phakathi komthetho, umphathi, kunye nemisebenzi yolwandiso-mali karhulumente.

UMontesquieu's Umoya woMthetho wasebenzisa impembelelo engqalileyo kubalawuli. UMontesquieu waphikisa ngelithi inkululeko yezobupolitika ifuna ukwahlulwa kwamagunya phakathi kwamasebe amathathu: uwiso-mthetho, umphathi, kunye nekomiti egwebayo. Walumkisa ukuba xa nawaphi na amagunya amabini edityaniswe kumntu omnye okanye kumzimba omnye, inkululeko iyasongelwa. Uhlalutyo lwakhe lomgaqo-siseko waseBritane, awabonayo njengolwahlula amagunya ngokulungeleleneyo, lufundwa ngokubanziwa kakhulu ngabaqulumbi beMelika.

Ingcaciso ze-Anglican Blackstone kwiMithetho yaseNgilani nayo yabumba ingcamango esemthethweni yaseMelika. Blackstone wachaza umgaqo-siseko wamaNgesi njengendlela yokuhlola kunye nokulungelelanisa phakathi kweBhulo, iNdlu yeNkosi, neNdlu yeziNdlu zoNxulumano. Ngoxa abaxhasi babeyigatya i- trom kunye nezikhulu, baguqula ingcamango karhulumente olungeleleneyo ibe yimeko yeriphabliki.

Amava Awafumana EbuRhomantwini Nendlela Eya Kwinkululeko

Ukusetyenziswa kakubi kolawulo lwaseBritane kwabalaselisa imfuneko yorhulumente olungeleleneyo. Izikhalo zelo lizwe zaziquka ukuhlawulwa kwerhafu ngaphandle kokumelwe, ukupheliswa kwezindlu zowiso-mthetho zamathanga, ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho-mthetho jikelele, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwekota yemikhosi emakhayeni abantu. Isindululo sokuzilawula sazidwelisa ezi zityholo njengobungqina "bokusetyenziswa kakubi nokuthathiswa kwemali ngokungekho mthethweni" ocetyelelwe ukuseka "iindlela ekwakhelwe ukumisela ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwesizwe esinguMazwana.

Amava eerhuluneli zasebukhosini ezilawula umthetho wamathanga, kunye nePalamente yaseBritani ivakalisa ubungangamsha kwiindibano zamathanga, afundisa abo balawuli ubungozi begunya elingathintelwanga. Babona ukuba igunya eliphakamileyo, enoba likwindoda enye okanye liqumrhu elinye lowiso-mthetho, linokusetyenziswa ukuphelisa inkululeko nokukhupha ubuncwane kwiingingqi zolawulo.

Emva kokuzimela geqe, amazwana amkela umgaqo-siseko wawo, uninzi lwawo olwaluquka ukwahlula amagunya kunye nezibhengezo zamalungelo. Noko ke, iManqaku oMbutho, awayelawula uhlanga ukususela ngo- 1781 ukuya ku-1789, adala urhulumente obuthathaka ophakathi ongenagunya elizimeleyo okanye isebe lezomthetho. Eli candelo langqineka lingenamali, likhokelela ekungazinzi kwezoqoqosho, kwiimfazwe eziphakathi kwemimandla, kunye nobunzima ekuqhubeni inkqubo yamazwe asemzini.

Indibano yomGaqo-siseko nokulalanisa okukhulu

INdibano yezomGaqo-siseko yowe-1787 yabizwa ukuba ithethe ngobuthathaka beManqaku oMgaqo-siseko. Abameli bavuma ngokukhawuleza ukuba urhulumente wesizwe onamandla ngakumbi uyimfuneko, kodwa abazange bavumelane ngendlela yokuwakhela. IsiCwangciso seVirginia sacebisa urhulumente wesizwe onamandla onendlu yowiso-mthetho ekwisigqeba, umphathi-mthetho okhethwe yindlu yowiso-mthetho, kunye nejaji ephethe amagunya abanzi. IPlamza eli-New Jersey lacebisa ukuba kubekho i-uncameral commental messagent enomelo olulinganayo nomphathi-omnye obuthathaka.

Ukuyekelela Okukhulu, okwaziwa ngokuba yiConnecticut Explorder, kwalungisa impikiswano ngokudala iBhunga le-badamal ngokumela iNdlu kunye nomelo olulinganayo lwesizwe kwiNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu zeMalanga. Oku kulalanisa kwalungelelanisa izilangazelelo zamazwe amakhulu namancinane ngeli xesha kugcina umgaqo wolawulo oluqhelekileyo. Ukulalanisa kwakhona kwanceda ekukhuseleni ukubekwa kwemiGaqo-siseko ngokulungiselela isiseko esinokusamkela amaphondo amakhulu namancinane.

Kuyo yonke indibano, abameli baphikisana ngokusasazwa kwamandla achanileyo phakathi kwamasebe. Baqwalasela iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokukhetha unyulo oluphezulu, kuquka unyulo olungqalileyo, unyulo, nonyulo lweendlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente. IElectoral College yavela njengolwahlulelwano olulungelelanisiweyo lolawulo oluqhelekileyo nempembelelo karhulumente. Ukumiselwa kwabagwebi nengqinisi yeNdlu yeQela yabasebenzi yabalawuli kunye namasebe owiso-mthetho kwakuyenye ukulalanisa amandla phakathi kwamasebe aphetheyo kunye nomthetho-mthetho.

Ukulungelelana Kwegunya Kwezobupolitika ZaseMerika

Namhlanje, ulungelelwano lwamandla luseluyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yedemokhrasi yaseMerika. Iziganeko zangoku zisoloko zivavanya olu lungelelwano, zityhila ukubaluleka okuqhubekayo kovavanyo nolungelelwano ekukhuseleni iinkqubo zedemokhrasi. Inkulungwane yama-21 ibangele iingxaki ezintsha, kuquka ukudilika okusuka kumacandelo ahlukeneyo, ukukhula kwamandla alawulayo, kunye neengxoxo ngendima yejaji.

Ucelomngeni Lwanamhlanje Lokusebenzisa Amandla Afanelekileyo

Ukwenziwa kwemimandla engaphandle kwenza inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela ingquzulwano. Xa amaqela ahlukeneyo elawula amasebe karhulumente, ingxabano ayinakuphepheka. Ingqungquthela ingawasebenzisa amandla ayo okulawula isebe elilawulayo ngobuchule, ngelixa uMongameli esenokusebenzisa iivetoes kunye nemiyalelo yegunya ukuqhubela phambili iinjongo zenkqubo phezu kwayo nje inkcaso yombutho. Olu khuphiswano lungakhokelela kwi-gridlock, kodwa lukwaqinisa ukwahlulwa kwamandla ngokuthintela amasebe athintele ukulawulwa.

Ulwando lwezwe elilawulayo luye lwaphakamisa imibuzo emalunga nolungelelwano lwegunya. Amasebe omanyano adibanisa imisebenzi yemithetho, yegunya, neyokugweba xa enikela imimiselo, eyinyanzelisa, kunye neempikiswano ezingeyonto. Oku kusetyenziswa kwamandla kwisebe elilawulayo kuye kwakhokelela ekufuneni ulawulo oluphezulu lwequmrhu kunye nemiqathango engakumbi kwimigaqo-nkqubo. INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yaxubusha le miba kwiimeko ezibandakanya imfundiso engeyoyayiyo imigaqo kunye nesakhiwo samaziko azimeleyo.

Imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo iye yaba sisixhobo esibalasele ngakumbi kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje. Oomongameli babo bobabini baye basebenzisa imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo ukudlula kwi-odolo ye-odolo-crountamp nenkqubo yokusebenza kwemithetho ephambili ngaphandle kwesizathu. Ngoxa imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo ivumelekile ngokomGaqo-siseko, kufuneka isekelwe kwigunya elikhoyo okanye kumagunya omgaqo-siseko. Iinkundla ziye zabetha imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo egqitha le miqathango, ziqinisekisa uhlolo lokwahlulela njengengcenga kumandla olawulo oluphezulu.

Ukulawula Kweengqungquthela Ngenkulungwane Ye - 21

Uphando lweBhunga luye lwaba libala elisemgangathweni lokuvavanya ulungelelwano lwegunya. IiKomiti kwiNdlu yeNdlu kunye neNdlu yeeNtsimbi ziphanda imisebenzi yesebe elilawulayo, zifuna amaxwebhu nobungqina, zize zifumane amatyala kawonke-wonke. Olu phengululo lungatyhila ukungalungisi, umthetho, kunye nolubonelo loluntu. Amandla e-suppoena ajongene nokuphatha okunempumelelo, kodwa akwangumthombo wengxabano xa isebe eliphetheyo lichasa iimfuno zobungqungqungquthela.

Amandla okungakhuthazi aye asetyenziswa izihlandlo eziliqela kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, ngokuphawulekayo ebudeni bolawulo lukaBill Clinton noDonald Trump. Inkqubo yokungaqeshwa ngokwayo inguvavanyo olunamandla kwihambo engafanelekanga yabalawuli, ifuna ukuba iNdlu yendlu ivote ezityholweni kunye neNdlu yeeNtsimi zokulwa ukuqhuba ityala. Ngelixa kungekho Mongameli ususiweyo kwisikhundla ngokungaqeshwa, inkqubo isebenza njengendlela yokuzithintela nokuziphendulela koluntu.

Inkqubo yoqingqo-mali isengundoqo kwisebe eliphetheyo. IKhomishini ilawula inkcitho karhulumente kwaye ingasebenzisa imigaqo-nkqubo yorhulumente ukuqokelela, ukulinganisela, okanye ukunqanda amanyathelo okulawula. Isisongelo sokuvalwa kwemali ngurhulumente, xa iBhunga lisilela ukugqithisa iindleko zoqhagamshelwano, libangela uxinzelelo kumasebe omabini ukuze liqubulisane kwaye lilalanise. Uqingqo-mali luluvavanyo oluziphindaphindayo lokulungelelanisa amandla, isebe ngalinye liqinisekisa iimfuno zalo zomgaqo-siseko.

INkundla Ephakamileyo Neembambano Zale Mihla

INkundla ePhakamileyo iyaqhubeka isenza indima ephambili ekuchazeni ulungelelwano lwamandla. Izigqibo zakutshanje ziye zathetha ngomlinganiselo wegunya elilawulayo, imida yamandla ombutho, namalungelo abantu abachasene nesenzo sikarhulumente. Ukuqanjwa kweNkundla kunye nenkqubo yokutyunjwa kuye kwancitshiswa kakhulu, kunye nokuqinisekiswa kwamadabi abonakalisa ukwahlulwa okunzulu kwengqiqo kwibutho labantu baseMerika.

Amatyala abandakanya igunya lomongameli aye avavanya imida yamandla aphezulu. INkundla iye yagqiba kwimibandela efana nokuvalelwa kwamajoni otshaba, ukusetyenziswa komkhosi kwelinye ilizwe, nokusetyenziswa kwemiyalelo yegunya eliphezulu. Trump v. United States [2024], iNkundla ithetha ngomgangatho wokhuseleko lomongameli kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, isigqibo esineenjongo ezinzulu zokuphendula kwentloko.

INkundla ikwabhekise ulungelelwano lwamandla phakathi korhulumente worhulumente worhulumente kunye namazwe. IFederali, ukwahlula-hlula igunya phakathi koorhulumente besizwe noorhulumente, yenye inkalo yokulungelelana kwamandla abekwe kumGaqo-siseko. INkundla iye yaxhasa igunya lorhulumente kwezinye iindawo ngoxa ilimisela kwezinye, ibonisa ingxubusho eqhubekayo phakathi kolawulo lorhulumente nolorhulumente.

Isizathu Sokuba Abemi Bafanele Balungelelane Kwimibandela Yokulawula

Xa ulungelelwano lugcinwa, abantu bayakhuselwa kwizenzo zolawulo loburhulumente, yaye ukuba nenxaxheba kwiinkqubo zedemokhrasi kubaluleke. Xa ulungelelwano lusongelwa, abemi basengozini yokungakwazi ukuphembelela urhulumente nokucel ’ umngeni igunya.

Abemi banokubandakanyeka kulungelelwano lwamandla ngovotelo, ngokuqhagamshelana nabameli babo, ngokuthabatha inxaxheba ekuchotshelweni kwetyala likawonke-wonke, kunye nemibutho exhasayo exhasa imigaqo-siseko. Ukuba ngabami abanolwazi nabakhutheleyo kubalulekile ekulondolozweni kwee-check kunye nokulungelelana. Abasebenzi bemi yezomthetho baqonda ukuba uMgaqo-siseko wodwa awunakukhusela inkululeko; wawufuna ukuphaphanyiswa kwabantu ngokwabo.

Ijelo leendaba likwadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulondolozeni ulungelelwano lwegunya. Ushicilelo olukhululekileyo noluzimeleyo luhlolisisa izenzo zikarhulumente, luxelela uluntu, luze lubeke ityala kumagosa. ULawulo Lokuqala Lokwenziwa Komsebenzi Lukhusela ushicilelo kulawulo lukarhulumente, luvumela intatheli ukuba zinikele ingxelo ngemisebenzi yezolawulo, yezomthetho, neyezomthetho. Uluntu olusele luzinzile luxhotyiswe bhetele ukuze luvavanye ukusebenza kwesebe ngalinye nokufuna ukuphendula.

Isiphelo

Ulungelelwano lwamandla ligumbi lesiseko somGaqo-siseko waseUnited States, iqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe elinye likarhulumente elinokulawula. Le nkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela ikhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye kwaye igcine ingqibelelo yolawulo lwedemokhrasi. Abafaki benkqubo esebenzayo efuna ingxoxo eqhubekayo, ukulalanisa, kunye nokuphatha phakathi kwamasebe amathathu. Ngoxa ulungelelwano lwamandla lusoloko luvavanywa ngumlo wezobupolitika notshintsho lwezikombutho, imigaqo yayo esisiseko ihlala isebenza namhlanje njengokuba kwakunjalo ngo1787.

Ukuqonda ulungelelwano lwamandla kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukuba nenxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kwidemokhrasi yaseMerika. Izakhamuzi eziyaziyo indlela esebenza ngayo le nkqubo zikulungele kakuhle ukuphendulisa abameli bazo nokuxhasa amalungelo abo. Umlinganiselo wegunya uxhomekeke kubo bonke abantu baseMerika, kwaye ukulondolozwa kwawo kuxhomekeke ekuzibopheleleni ngokukhutheleyo kwesizukulwana ngasinye.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, jonga kwi-webhsayithi yeNkundla yoMali ukwenzela umbhalo opheleleyo womGaqo-siseko kunye neenguquko zayo. I-webhsayithi yeNkundla [ inika unikezelo kwizigqibo kunye nezinto zembali. [[FLT:]] inika oovimba kwimbali nenkqubo yombutho. Ezi mithombo zinika uluvo olunzulu lwendlela ulungelelwaniso lwamandla olusebenza ngayo nendlela oluye lwaguquka ngayo ngexesha elidluleyo.