Umthetho olungele ukunikwa amandla alungeleleneyo

Abakhi bomGaqo-siseko waseUnited States bajamelana nocelomngeni olusisiseko: indlela yokwakha urhulumente osembindini onamandla ngokwaneleyo ukuze asebenze ngokunempumelelo ngoxa ewuthintela ukuba ungaze ube ngoozwilakhe. Isisombululo sabo sasiyinkqubo yamagunya ahlukeneyo, eyahlulwe phakathi kwamasebe amathathu alinganayo , isebe lowiso-mthetho, igcisa, kunye nekomiti elawulayo. Isebe ngalinye lisebenza ngokwalo kodwa lidityaniswe nabanye ngomxokelelwano wovavanyo kunye nolungelelwano. Le nkqubo, ephuculiweyo, ephuculiweyo ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini, ihlala iyilitye le-ofisi yolawulo lwaseMelika. Ukuqonda iindima ezicacileyo kunye nengxabano phakathi kwamasebe amathathu angundoqo ayiyo kuyimfuneko kubafundi borhulumente kodwa nakubami bonke abanqwenela ukuqhubana norhulumente wabo.

Isebe Lomthetho: Injini Yokwenza Imithetho

Imiswe liQoko loMgaqo-siseko I, isebe lowiso-mthetho elibizwa ngokungcono njengeNgqungquthela-magama .Injongo yalo ephambili kukumela ukuthanda kwabantu, ngabom kwimigaqo kawonke-wonke, nokuguqulela elo cebo kumthetho womthetho. Abaququzeleli benza ngabom iBhunga lokuqala elichazwe kumGaqo-siseko, bebonakalisa inkolelo yabo yokuba indlu yowiso-mthetho emele ibe yeyona inamandla nesondele ngakumbi kubantu.

Ukwakhiwa kweBhankaral kunye nomelo

Ingqungquthela yi-bamaral, equka amagumbi amabini ahlukeneyo: iNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu kunye neNdlu yabameli. Esi sakhiwo sibini saba yimveliso yokuThoba okuKhulu kowe-1787, okwacombulula iimpikiswano phakathi kwamazwe amakhulu namancinane aphezulu.

  • ICandelo: Enziwe ngama-centator ali-100 (ababini ngegunya ngalinye), iNdlu yeNyanga yenzelwe ngabalawuli ukuba ibe liqumrhu elizinzileyo, elizinzileyo. Abaququzeleli basebenzisa amabinzana eminyaka emithandathu, nesinye kuphela sesithathu sezihlalo zonyulo nyaka ngamnye. Esi sakhiwo sigqumathelwe ii-senteneri ukusuka kwimfuno yoluvo lukawonke wonke, ezibavumela ukuba banikele ingqalelo kwizilangazelelo zelizwe ezithe rhoqo. Indlu ye-Steneta ikwalo ibamba amandla akhethekileyo, kuquka negunya lokuqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli (ikhathelo, iijaji zesizwe, ii-omatili) kunye nokuthethana ngezivumelwano zesebe lolawulo.
  • Indlu yabameli: Namalungu ovota ahlulwe phakathi kwamazwe asekelwe kubemi, iNdlu yenzelwe ukuba ibe lisebe elikufutshane nabantu. Abameli basebenza kuphela amabinzana aneminyaka emibini, bebenza bafune ukutshintsha imvakalelo kawonke-wonke. Lonke umthetho onxulumene nemali.[1]i-bill ezinyusa irhafu okanye ezihlawulayo ezigunyazisayo , umthetho onika abantu ulawulo oluthe ngqo kwigumbi lokubeka iziqwenga zemali.

Amandla Neembopheleleko: Azipheleli Ekwenzeni Imithetho

Ngelixesha ukwenza umthetho kungumsebenzi obonakalayo wesebe lowiso-mthetho, iimbopheleleko zalo zibanzi kwaye zinamandla:

  • Ukwenza umthetho: iBhunga licebisa, iingxoxo, intexwaniso, kunye neevoti ematyala. Ityala kufuneka lidlulise omabini amaziko ngendlela efanayo kwaye lityikitywe nguMongameli (okanye inendawo ekwisithathu sendlela ephezulu kwizindlu ezimbini) ukuba ibe ngumthetho. Inkqubo yomthetho ibandakanya ukuva okubanzi, ukunyusa, iingxoxo zomgangatho, kunye neekomiti zenkombutho (a icotha ngempazamo kwaye icace inkqubo elungiselelwe ukwakha imvumelo nokunqanda umthetho okhawulezayo.
  • IBhulu kunye neNkxaso: iBhunga liphethe amandla esingxobo semali(] igunya elipheleleyo lerhafu ye-levy, imali, kunye nemali efanelekileyo ye-oventine. Eli gunya linika iCongress isixhakamfulo esikhulu somsebenzi wesebe eliphetheyo. Nyakanye ngonyaka, iBhunga kufuneka lidlulise iindleko zoqingqo-mali kunye neempetho zobonelelo-mali ukuze libonelele iinkqubo zikarhulumente; ukungaphumeleli ukwenza oko kungaphumela ekupheliseni urhulumente.
  • Ukugqithisa kunye nophando: Ngeekomiti zayo, iKhomishini iqwalasela imisebenzi yamasebe aphetheyo, ihlolisisa ukuziphatha okubi, kwaye inika ukuva ukunyanzelisa amangqina amatyala. Iikomiti zinganyanzela amangqina, zincomela izityholo zokudelelwa. Lo msebenzi wobuveleli nguvavanyo olubalulekileyo kumandla olawulo oluphezulu.
  • Ulwahlulo:[ lungu ngalinye leBhunga lisebenza njengoqhagamshelwano oluthe ngqo phakathi korhulumente worhulumente wengingqi kunye nabemi besithili okanye urhulumente wabo. Baphatha umsebenzi wetyala, baphendule kwiinkxalabo ezidibeneyo, kwaye bameli bezilangazelelo zoluntu kwinkqubo yesizwe.

Isebe Elinolawulo Oluphezulu: Ukuthobela Imithetho

IGatya II loMgaqo-siseko linegunya elilawulayo kuMongameli omnye waseUnited States. UMongameli uyintloko karhulumente kunye nentloko karhulumente, ubekwe ityala lokuphumeza ngokuthembeka imithetho edluliselwe yiBhunga. Isebe elilawulayo likwaquka uMongameli oPhathiswayo, iKhabhinethi, kunye nequmrhu elikhulu lamasebe namasebe karhulumente.

UMongameli: Indima Eninzi

UMongameli unxiba iminqwazi emininzi, nganye inamandla ahlukeneyo omgaqo-siseko kunye namandla asebenzisekayo:

  • uMyaleli-ngeNtloko: uMongameli unomyalelo ophezulu phezu kwemikhosi exhobileyo yase-U.S. Ngelixesha iKhomishini kuphela enokuvakalisa imfazwe, uMongameli angathumela amajoni, umkhosi, ulawulo lomkhosi, kunye nobuchule obungqalileyo bomkhosi. Isigqibo semfazwe sowewaka lika-19379 sizama ukumisela amandla kaMongameli ukubeka imikhosi exhobileyo ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa ngumbutho, kodwa uxinezeleko phakathi kolawulo lomkhosi kunye nolawulo lolawulo lolawulo lomthetho luhlala lungumba wesigqeqesho oluphilayo.
  • [[NTL:0] Isivumelwano se-Chief Diplomat: UMongameli ulawula inkqubo yamanye amazwe, umisela oonozakuzaku (obekulawulwa kuqinisekiso lweNdlu yeNtlanganiso), uququzelela izivumelwano (ezifuna imvume yesithathu sendlu yecawa), kunye nezenzo zonxulumano namanye amazwe. Izivumelwano zegunyaziso, ezingafuni mvume-siseko seBhunga, ezingafuni ukuba iBhunga leNtsimbi, ziba sisixhobo esiqhelekileyo kumongameli ukukhupha i-drooksi yemithetho yowiso-mthetho kwimicimbi yamazwe angaphandle.
  • Isigqeba sequmrhu: Njengentloko yesebe eliphetheyo, uMongameli ujonge abasebenzi besizwe abaphezulu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezibini. UMongameli uqinisekisa ukuba imithetho karhulumente i-"yenziwe ngokuthembeka," inika imiyalelo yesebe eliphetheyo ukukhokela, kwaye iyakwazi ukususa amagosa aphetheyo esebe ngoko kuthanda.
  • Inkokeli elawulayo: uMongameli uphembelela udweliso lwenkqubo yowiso-mthetho ngokufaka amatyala, ukuhambisa iState of the Union dilesi, kunye namalungu aqhubela phambili eBhunga. I-veto] amandla okungawufuni umthetho odluliswa yiBhunga/isisixhobo esinamandla. IBhunga linokuyilawula i-veto kuphela ngee-31 zovoto kuzo zozibini ii-cangci, ezinqabileyo.
  • Isihedi soMgaqo: UMongameli ukhonza njengobuso bomfuziselo bohlanga, wenza imisebenzi yesithethe kwaye emela amaxabiso namathanda eMelika kwihlabathi.

IKhabhinethi noBuphathi-mikhosi boMbutho

IKhabhinethi inoMongameli onguMongameli osisiGqeba kunye neentloko zamasebe alawulayo ali-15 (njenge-Rhulumente, uKhuselo, uBulungisele, nemfundo). Aba nobhala bamiselwa nguMongameli kwaye baqinisekiswe yiBhabhinethi. Ngaphantsi kweKhabhinethi balulawulo olukhulu lwamaqumrhu azimeleyo, iikhomishini zolawulo, kunye neenkampani zikarhulumente. Ngoxa la maqumrhu esebenzayo esebenza phantsi kwegunya loMongameli, abaninzi banenkululeko yokuzimela, besenza ulungelelwano oluntlukwano phakathi kolawulo lwezobupolitika nobuchule bobugcisa.

IKhabhinethi iquka:

  • UNobhala wephondo (imicimbi yasemzini)
  • Unobhala wokhuselo (ukhuseleko lwemikhosi nelohlanga)
  • USosiba weNgxelo yezeMali (umgaqo-nkqubo wezezoqoqosho nowezemali)
  • I-Attorney Jikelele (INkxaso yokuQinisekisa iNgxelo yoLawulo, ukwenziwa komthetho)
  • USosiba wezeMpilo noweeNkonzo zoLuntu (Impilo kawonke-wonke, iMedicaid,

Isebe Lejaji: Ukutolika umGaqo-siseko

IGatya III limisa isebe eligwebayo, elitolika umthetho lize liqinisekise ukuba amasebe owiso-mthetho kunye namagunya aphetheyo asebenze ngokwemiqathango yomgaqo-siseko. Ijaji yephondo yesizwe ikhokelwa yiNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseUnited States, inkundla yezothulo lokugqibela. Ngaphantsi iNkundla ePhakamileyo ziinkundla ezisezantsi zikarhulumente, kuquka iinkundla zesiphaluka neenkundla zesithili.

Isakhiwo SeeNkundla Zomanyano

Inkqubo yenkundla yelifa lemveli ingumlawuli:

  • Inkundla engaphezulu: izigwebi ezisithoba (kuquka iJaji enye) zisebenza amadinga obomi bonke, ziqinisekisa ukuzimela kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika. INkundla iva izibheno ezivela kwiinkundla zesiphalukathi kwaye, kwiimeko ezinqabileyo, iimpikiswano zolawulo lokuqala phakathi kwamazwe. Ikhetha kuphela malunga ne-1% yamawaka ezicelo ezifumana igama ngalinye, eliphakamisa imibuzo ebalulekileyo yesiseko okanye apho iinkundla ezisezantsi zihlukene khona.
  • IiNkundla zesiphatho zesithili: Kukho iziphaluka eziyi-13 zesiphaluka sengingqi (iziphaluka zephondo, iD.C. isekethi, kunye neFederal leNtshona). Ezi nkundla zihlola izigqibo ezisuka kwiinkundla zesithili kunye neziwiso-mthetho wesebe. Izigqibo zazo zibophelele phakathi kweziphaluka zazo kwaye zisoloko zibumba umthetho wesizwe de iNkundla ePhakamileyo isombulule iingxabano.
  • IiNkundla zezephondo: Izithili zejaji ezingama- 94 zisebenza njengeenkundla zamatyala angoorhulumente kunye nabezolwaphulo-mthetho. Iinkundla zesithili ziva ubungqina, iityala, kunye nezigwebo. Zilapho kuqalisa khona ulwahlulelo lwamaqumrhu.

Amandla Okuphengulula Ngokweejaji

Elona gunya libalulekileyo lesebe lezahlulelo kukuhlola okugwebayo, . "igunya lokuvakalisa imithetho kunye nezenzo zolawulo ezingekho mgaqweni." Nangona lingachazwanga ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko, eli gunya lamiselwa ngokuqinileyo ngumqondiso weNkundla ePhakamileyo (1803) wesigqibo . UMadison. IJaji eyintloko uJohn Marshall wabhala ukuba "igxininisa iphondo kunye nomsebenzi wesebe lenkundla ukuchaza oko kungumthetho" Ngengxubuliso yenkundla, iinkundla zisebenza njengovavanyo lokugqibela kwamanye amasebe, iqinisekisa ukuba akukho mthetho okanye isenzo esichasene nomGaqo-siseko.

Imisebenzi Ngasemva Kokutolika Umthetho

  • Ukukhusela Amalungelo Omntu Ngamnye:[ Iinkundla zequmrhu zinyanzelisa iBhili yamaLungelo kunye nezinye iinkuselo zomGaqo-siseko. Amatyala abandakanya inkululeko yokuthetha, inkululeko yonqulo, inkqubo efunekayo, ukhuseleko olulinganayo, namalungelo olwaphulo-mthetho asoloko efikelela kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo.
  • Impikiswano ecwangcisiweyo:[[FT:1] Iinkundla zokusombulula iingxabano phakathi koorhulumente borhulumente norhulumente, phakathi korhulumente noorhulumente, naphakathi kwamaqela azimeleyo xa umthetho wequmrhu ungenile.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Igalelo kunye nogwebo: kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho, iinkundla zimisela izigwebo; kwiimeko zasekuhlaleni, zifumana iziphumo zomonakalo okanye izindululo zokhuphiso. Ijaji ikwajongela ulawulo lwezobulungisa ngemithetho yenkqubo.

Inkqubo yokuxinga nokulingana

Inkcubeko yenkcubeko ilele kungekuphela nje kukwahlula amagunya kodwa ekwenzeni isebe ngalinye libe yi-check kwelinye. Ikhubalo lenziwa ukulwa namabhongo, njengoko uJames Madison wabhala ku . Udweliso lweFederalist No. 51[. Iinkqubo ezingundoqo ziquka:

  • Iingqikelelo ezisemthethweni kumphathi-mikhosi: Ingqungquthela ingawulawula umongameli (ii-vetoes ezibini ezithathu zezindlu zombini); iqinisekise okanye igatye ukubekwa kwegunya kunye nezivumelwano (iSenate); ingabi yenye kwaye isuse uMongameli kunye namanye amagosa karhulumente (Indlu, amabanjwa eeKhonkile); ukulawula uqingqo-mali; kunye nokuphanda izenzo zempatho.
  • Iindlela zokuhlola ezisemthethweni kwijaji: inguquko lwenkundla esezantsi yephondo, imisela inani leejaji zeNkundla ePhakamileyo, kwaye isenokucebisa ukupheliswa komgaqo-siseko ukubhukuqa izigqibo zenkundla. IBhunga liqinisekisa ukuchongwa kwemithetho.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Uvavanyo olusebenzayo kwindlu yowiso-mthetho: uMongameli angarhoxa amatyala; ameme iKhomishini kwintlanganiso ekhethekileyo; kwaye anyanzelise (okanye angavumi ukunyanzelisa) imithetho, nangona ukwala ukuphumeza umthetho kungamema ucelomngeni olusemthethweni okanye ukungagunyazi.
  • [[NTL:0] I-execritive consfications kwicandelo lejaji: uMongameli ubeka abagwebi besizwe (abathobela uqinisekiso lweNdlu yeNtlanganiso); banokuxolela nokuphinda bafumane ulwaphulo-mthetho lwamazwe; kwaye bangaphembelela ijaji ngeesikhundla zogwebo zeSebe loMasi.
  • Iingxelo zemithetho yendlu yowiso-mthetho: Iinkundla zingavakalisa imithetho engahambelaniyo nomthetho ngokucalucalulo. Ijaji ikwachaza intsingiselo yemimiselo, maxa wambi ngeendlela eziphazamisa injongo yomthetho.
  • IiNkundla zeQumrhu ezijongene nomphathi: zingabetha imiyalelo kunye nezenzo ezigqitha igunya lomgaqo-siseko okanye lomthetho; zinganyanzela amagosa aphetheyo ukuba enze (okanye angayeki) ngemiyalelo; kwaye ayakwazi ukuqwalasela ubusemthethweni bemimiselo yesebe elilawulayo.

Le nkqubo yokuvelelana idala uxanduva apho kungekho sebe linokulawula abanye ngokusisigxina. Ingxabano njengezo zingaphezulu kwelungelo eliphakamileyo, umlinganiselo wamandla emfazwe, okanye umGaqo-siseko wemimiselo yesizwe . "isombululo sezopolitiko, igqitywe ngengxoxo yezopolitiko, ingxubusho esemthethweni, kwaye, ekugqibeleni, imigaqo yeNkundla ePhakamileyo. Le nkqubo ayinaluxanduva; ukuxambulisana okuphakathi kunye nokungavumelani kweqela liquququzelelwe kuyinto eqhelekileyo. Kodwa ke oko kunyanzelekile, akuyonto enokwenziwa ukuze kucothe utshintsho olungundoqo kunye nokulalanisa.

Inkxwaleko yehlabathi lokwenene nemizekelo yale mihla

Ukuqhelisa, imida phakathi kwamasebe ayisoloko icacile. Qwalasela ezi nkcukacha zilandelayo zexesha elilandelayo:

  • Imiyalelo ephumezekayo vs. injongo yowiso-mthetho: Abameli basoloko besebenzisa imiyalelo yegunya elilawulayo ukuqhubela phambili iinjongo zomgaqo-siseko xa iBhunga lisilela ukwenza. Abachasi baphikisa le nkqubo yowiso-mthetho. Maxa wambi iNkundla zibetha imiyalelo egqitha igunya likaMongameli okanye ukungqubana nomthetho okhoyo.
  • Ukuqinisekisa amadabi okuqinisekisa: Inkqubo yokuqinisekisa iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yaba yeyokukhetha kakhulu kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, ibonakalisa indima yeBhunga njengendlela yokuhlola umphathi kunye nejaji. Ukungavumi konyaka ka2016 ukubamba ukuviwa kukaMerrick Garland kunye nokuqinisekisa okukhawulezileyo kuka-Amy Coney Barrett ngo-2020 kugxininisa indlela imigaqo yezibalo yezopolitiko emisela ngayo inkqubo yesiseko.
  • [[NTL:0] Umthetho uvala: Xa iBhunga kunye noMongameli bengakwazi ukuvumelana kwityala leziphumo zocaphulo, ukuphelelwa kwemali kunye norhulumente ngokuyinxenye nokuvalwa. Ezi ziganeko zibonisa amandla engxowa-mali kunye neziphumo zongquzulwano olugqithiseleyo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Uhlolo lwe-judicial lomthetho ophikisanayo: Iimeko zokuphawula njenge bergefell v. Hodges (2015, ikwenza umtshato wesi-xhulumaniso olusemthethweni olufanayo) kunye Dobs v. Jackson’s Health Organization [, ibuyisela imiqathango yokuqhomfa kumazwe) ibonisa indlela iNkundla ePhakamileyo enokuthi iphinde iphinde ifumane ngayo inkqubo yesizwe, maxa wambi ibangela ukungquzula nokungangana komthetho-mthetho-siseko somthetho.

Isiphelo: Ukuzukiswa Okuhlala Kukho Ngamandla Ahlukeneyo

Amasebe amathathu karhulumente wase-U.S. ayenzelwe ukusebenzisana ngokulula kodwa ukukhangela nokulungelelana. Le mikhosi yongquzulwano yeqhinga, ikhusela amalungelo amancinane, kwaye igada ngokuchasene nokuxinana kwamandla nakwesiphi na isiko. Abafundi, othisha, kunye nabanikeli, ukuqonda iindima ezicacileyo zeBhunga, uMongameli, kunye norhulumente wephondo uyakwazi ukukhusela okusebenzayo nxamnye nobuzwilane. Ukufunda ngemvelaphi yale nkqubo akusoloko kuphumelela, kwaye kusenokudidanisa umgaqo-siseko woMkhosi [FL:] kodwa njengoko abaququququzeli beqonda, ukuphumelela akunanto iphambili kunenkululeko. Ukwahlulwa kwamandla kuhlala kuyinto esebenzayo nxamnye nobuzwilalwqe, ukuqwalasela okuninzi ngemvelaphi yemeko, [FFFF] [1] okanye uqeqesho lwe-E.[5]