Ukwazisa: Isizathu Sokuba Ukuqonda Inkqubo Yomthetho Kubalulekile

Amava ambalwa angokoyikisayo njengokungena enkundlani ngaphandle kokuqonda okucacileyo okuya kwenzeka. Enoba ungumfundi ofunda amaphondo, umfundisi olungiselela isifundo, okanye umntu ofuna nje ukuba ngummi onolwazi, oqonda iziseko zeenkundla neetyala kubalulekile. Inkqubo esemthethweni ilawula yonke into ukusuka ekungaphulweni kweenqwelo-moya ukuya ekudityaneni kwenkampani, kwaye iinkqubo zayo zigqiba ukuba kulungiselelwe njani okusesikweni. Olu khokelo lulungiselela isikhokelo esicokisekileyo, esicacileyo esihamba ngesakhiwo senkundla, inkqubo yokuvavanywa kwenkundla, kunye nesitshixo esingundoqo esifunekayo sokwazi. Ekupheleni, uya kuba nesiseko esiqinileyo sokuhambisa izinto ezingokwasemthethweni, ulandela amatyala eenkundleko, okanye ulungiselela ukuvavanywa kwetyala, okanye ukuhlekwa.

Ukwakhiwa Kwenkqubo Esemthethweni

Amasebe Karhulumente Nendima Yeenkundla

Inkqubo yomthetho ayikho kwiqumrhu. Kumazwe amaninzi edemokhrasi, igunya lahlulwe ngamasebe amathathu: isebe lowiso-mthetho (elenza imithetho), isebe elilawulayo (elinyanzelisa imithetho), kunye nesebe lenkundla (elichaza imithetho kunye nezisombululo). Iinkundla zingoorhulumente abaphambili besebe eligwebayo. Zigqiba ukuba umthetho uphulwe, nokuba isivumelwano siyanyanzelwa, nokuba ubani kufuneka ahlawule ilahleko okanye agwetywe ngokujongana nolwaphulo-mthetho.

Imithombo Yomthetho

Ukuze uqonde iinkundla, kufuneka uqale uqonde apho ivela khona imithetho. Kukho imithombo emine engundoqo:

  • Umthetho oPhakathi – umthetho ophakamileyo welizwe, ukuseka isakhelo sikarhulumente nokukhusela amalungelo asisiseko.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Umthetho woqeqesho [[Umthetho:1] – imithetho edluliswa zizindlu zowiso-mthetho (umz., iBhunga, iindlu zowiso-mthetho zesizwe).
  • [[Umthetho:0] Wolawulo – Imithetho eyenziwe ngabameli bakarhulumente (umz., iEPA, iSEC) phantsi kwegunya elinikwe yimimiselo.
  • Umthetho weCummon - Ijajijijijijijiji isekelwe kwimodeli (izigqibo zenkundla). Oku kubaluleke kakhulu eUnited States nakwamanye amazwe anesithethe somthetho we-Anglokhstan America.

Ukusebenzisana kwemithetho nomthetho oqhelekileyo kusenokuba nzima, yiloo nto izifundiswa zomthetho zichitha iminyaka zifunda indlela yokutolika.

Icala Eliphambili Leenkundla

Iinkundla zilungelelaniswe kwisakhiwo esinjenge-piramid [1] Ityala liqala kumgangatho osezantsi kwaye lingabhenwa kumgangatho ophezulu. Ukuqonda le ntengela kukunceda uqikelela indlela yokumangalelwa okanye ukumangalelwa.

Iinkundla Zokuchophela Ityala

Iinkundla zetyala ziyindawo yokungena. Zidla ngokubizwa ngokuba ziinkundla zamatyala (inkqubo yetyala) okanye iinkundla eziphakamileyo (iinkqubo zombuso]). Apha, ijaji (namanye amaxesha ijaji) iva ubungqina, ihlolisisa amangqina, kwaye inikela isigqibo. Iinkundla zamatyala zisingatha imicimbi yoluntu neyolwaphulo-mthetho. Kwinkqubo karhulumente, kukho iinkundla zesithilithili. Iinkundla zokuvavanya i-mthetho zahluka ngokubanzi ngegama negunya kodwa ziphumeza injongo efanayo esisiseko.

IiNkundla eziBandakanyekileyo

Asingomntu wonke ophulukana netyala. Endaweni yoko, anokubhenela kwisigqibo senkundla yetyala kwinkundla ephakathi. Ezi nkundla azibuva ubungqina obutsha; zihlola ingxelo yokuchophela ityala ukuze zifumanise ukuba iimpazamo zenziwe na. Zingaxhasa isigqibo sangaphambili, zisigqwethe, okanye zithumele eli tyala emva kwityala elitsha. Kwinkqubo yequmrhu, iinkundla ze-appelte zibizwa ngokuba [[FLT: 0]] iinkundla zesibheno zombheno. Kukho iziphakamlo ezili-13.

IiNkundla Eziphezulu

Inkundla ephakamileyo kulawulo idla ngokubizwa ngokuba yiNkundla ePhakamileyo. EUnited States, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaseUnited States ihleli phezu kwenkqubo karhulumente. Amazwe amaninzi akwanenkundla ephakamileyo yelizwe (ngamanye amaxesha ebizwa ngokuba yinkundla yezona zihlawulo zokugqibela). Ezi nkundla ziva inxalenye encinane kuphela yamatyala anikezelwa kuzo, ngokuqhelekileyo lawo abandakanya imibuzo ebalulekileyo yezomgaqo-siseko okanye apho iinkundla zenkundla ze-appellate ziphumeze izigqibo eziphikisanayo.

Iinkundla ezizodwa

Ngaphandle kwemigangatho jikelele, amagunya amaninzi aneenkundla ezikhethekileyo ezilungiselelwe ukusingatha iindidi ezithile zamatyala ngokunempumelelo. Imizekelo iquka:

  • Iinkundla zosapho[[FLT:] – uqhawulo-mtshato, ilungelo lokugcina abantwana, kunye nokufumana abantwana abatsha.
  • iinkundla zeBhankiptic – iinkundla zoManyano ezisingatha ukulungiswa kwamatyala kunye nokuwachitha.
  • [[UMTL:0] iinkundla zeTraffic [ – amatyala amancinci ezithuthi.
  • iinkundla zeTax – Impikiswano nabaphathi berhafu.
  • [[UMTL:0] iinkundla zeziyobisi – esinye isigwebo sabenzi beziyobisi abangenabundlobongela, esijoliswe kunyango kunokuba bohlwaye.

Ezi nkundla zikhethekileyo zisoloko zineenkqubo ezingacwangciswanga, kodwa imigaqo esisiseko yenkqubo efanelekileyo isasebenza.

Abadlali Abaphambili Kwigumbi Lenkundla

Abantu abaninzi baneendima ezahlukeneyo, ngamnye kubo eneembopheleleko ezithile.

  • Ugwebi - Oongamelayo kwimicimbi, imithetho ephikisayo, imiyalelo yabachopheli-mgwebi, kunye (kwityala lebhedri) ugqiba isigqibo. Umgwebi ngumphathi womthetho kwaye kufuneka ahlale engakhethi.
  • [[NTL: 0] Jury – Iqela labemi (ngokomzekelo 6 ukuya kwe-12 kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho) abava ubungqina baze badlulisele isigqibo. Kwimeko zasekuhlaleni, amatyala angagqiba ngetyala kunye nomonakalo.
  • Umnqumli (kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho) – igqwetha elimela urhulumente, elijongene nokungqina ityala lommangalelwa ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni.
  • Igqwetha elingumqondiso - imela ummangalelwa, ukhusela amalungelo abo kwaye ucel ’ umngeni ityala likarhulumente. Wonke ummangalelwa unelungelo lokumela ngokusemthethweni; ukuba akanako ukufikelela, inkundla mayimisele umkhuseli kawonke-wonke.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] igqwetha elinguPlaintiff (kwimeko zasekuhlaleni) - imela iqela elizisa ityala, lifuna imbuyekezo okanye umyalelo.
  • Icebo le `````Icebo lobunyani''''' - limela iqela elimangalelwayo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] intatheli yeNkcubeko - Idala intetho evakalayo yento yonke ethethwa enkundleni.
  • [[UMTL:0] I-Bailiff – Ukugcina umyalelo, upheleka abamangalelwa, kwaye ulawula ijaji.

Ityala lezaphuli-mthetho: Iindlela ezimbini ezahlukeneyo

Enye yezona nkcukacha zibalulekileyo kwinkqubo engokwasemthethweni ngumahluko phakathi kwamatyala angoonobangela abangoonontlalo-ntle nabezolwaphulo-mthetho.

Amatyala Ezaphuli - mthetho

Kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, urhulumente utyhola umntu (ummangalelwa) wokwaphula umthetho. Umtshutshisi kufuneka angqine ukuba unetyala ngaphandle kobuthandabuza obusengqiqweni [, owona mgangatho uphakamileyo wobungqina kwinkqubo engokwasemthethweni. Ukuba ummangalelwa ufunyaniswe enetyala, isohlwayo siquka intengo, ukuvalelwa, ukuvalelwa entolongweni, okanye kwanesohlwayo sokufa kwezinye iindawo. Imizekelo: ubusela, ukubulala, ukurhweba, ukurhweba ngeziyobisi.

Ityala Lelizwe

Amatyala asekuhlaleni abandakanya iimbambano phakathi kwamaqela azimeleyo (abantu abazimeleyo, amashishini, okanye imibutho). Iqela elizisa ityala (ummangalelwa) lifuna ilahleko yemali okanye umyalelo ofuna elinye iqela ukuba lenze okanye liyeke ukwenza into ethile. Umthwalo wobungqina usezantsi: [ ukugxininisa ubungqina , okuthetha ukuba kunokwenzeka kakhulu kunokuba ummangalelwa angenatyala. Imizekelo: ukwaphulwa kwesivumelwano, ukulimala kobuqu, uqhawulo-mtshato, iimpikiswano zempahla.

Ezinye izenzo, njengengozi yokuqhuba unxilileyo, zinokukhokelela kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho (ngelizwana) nakumangalelwa (ngalowo wenzakeleyo). Iziphumo zizimele; ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho lisenokuphelela ekuxolelweni ngoxa ityala likarhulumente lisamfumana ummangalelwa egwetyelwe.

Inyathelo Lobomi: Ityala

Ukuqonda amacandelo etyala kuyayisusa imfihlelo nexhala. Naku okwenzeka kwityala eliqhelekileyo labachopheli - tyala eUnited States.

1. Uphuhliso

Kude phambi kokuba kuvulwe iingxelo, amagqwetha abandakanyeka ekufumaneni, ekufakeni, nasekuthatheni inyathelo. Ukufumana kutshintshiselwano olusemthethweni lobungqina phakathi kwamaqela. AbaLawuli bangakwayi ntshukumo zefayile, njenge isigqibo sokulahla [ (ukugweba ityala alinaso siseko esisemthethweni) okanye i- isiphumo somgwebo ofutshane [[[ (ukungaphikiswa kungekho zingqiniso, ngoko ke umgwebi uyakwazi ukulawula ngaphandle kwetyala).

2. Ukhetho lwe Jury (Umxube Womculo)

Ukuba ityala liqhubekeka kwityala labachopheli-tyala, inyathelo lokuqala kukukhetha iavaleji. Le nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba yi- i-odad (ukusuka kwisiFrentshi “ukuthetha inyaniso”). I-Attorney kumacala omabini abuza ukuba abachopheli bejaji bangabhenca iimbono ezinokubachaphazela ukungacalucalucalulo kwabo. Icala ngalinye lingasebenzisa inani elisikelweyo le imingeni yocelomngeni ukugxotha ngaphandle kokunika isizathu, kunye nenani elingenasiphelo [[FLT:]] ukubhejala ityala [FLT]. [ig., ukuba umbani.

3. Izindululo zokuvula

Emva kokuba inkundla yabachopheli-tyala ifungiswe, kwicala ngalinye lifumana ixesha elifutshane lokuchaza oko liza kukungqina. Inkundla yetyala okanye ityala lihamba kuqala, lilandelwe yinkundla. La mazwi awabo ubungqina; ziimaphu zomgaqo ukunceda abachopheli-tyala baqonde ubungqina obuzayo.

4. Ubungqina

Le yintliziyo yovavanyo. Icala elinomthwalo wobungqina (ukutshutshiswa okanye ukuxilonga) linikela umzekelo walo kuqala. AmaNgqina abizwa aze ahlolwe phantsi kwesifungo. Ingqina ngalinye liphantsi kovavanyo olungqalileyo[ (ngeqela elizibizayo), ngoko ke] umnqamlezo wecala lecala [[FLT:] i-'FLT'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' [umnqamlezo ,''''''' [[FLT]''''','', ngoko ke [[FLT]'''', iifayile, iifoto, izixhobo kunye nezixhobo ziveliswa njengemiqatha. I-gcodentiliti yemithetho yemithetho yegqwethameli (ig.'ig.) ephakanyiswe yimibuzo, imibuzo ekhokelayo.

Impikiswano Zokuvala

Emva kokuba amacala omabini ephumle, igqwetha ngalinye linikela impikiswano yokuqukumbela ubungqina lize liphikisane nesizathu sokuba abachopheli - tyala bafanele balawule bexhasa ezo zizathu.

6. Imiyalelo kunye noLawulo

Ijaji ifunda imiyalelo engokwasemthethweni, ichaza umthetho osebenzayo kunye nomgangatho wokuqinisekisa abachopheli-mthetho kufuneka usebenze. Abachopheli-mthetho bandule ukuthatha umhlala-phantsi kwigumbi lokuqwalasela ukuxubusha ngetyala ngasese. Kufuneka bafikelele isigqibo esidibeneyo kwiimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho (kwimimandla emininzi) kwaye ngokufuthi kwiimeko zamakhaya (kunye abanye bavumela izigqibo ezininzi). Ukuba abachobi abachobi abakwaziyo ukuvumelana, ukumiswa kwetyala kuyavakaliswa, kwaye loo meko ingaphinda ichazwe.

7. Isigwebo neNkqutyana yePfti

Ijaji ibuyela enkundlani ize ivakalise isigqibo sayo. Kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, isigqibo “sokungabikho kwetyala” sithetha ukuvalwa ityala;“ ukumangalelwa” kukhokelela ekugwetyweni kwityala lamva. Kwimeko yoluntu, abachopheli-tyala bangafumana ityala okanye bangafumani tyala. Emva kwesigqibo, iqela eliphulukana netyala lingafaka ifayile yeposi yetyala, enjenge imotion yomgwebo ngaphandle kwesigqibo [ okanye ityala elitsha.

Izibheno: Ilungelo Lokuvavanya

Iqela eliphulukana phantse ngamaxesha onke linelungelo lokubhenela, kodwa isibheno asisosesibini sesibham kwityala. Isibheno sibhekisa kwiimpazamo ezisemthethweni ezithi zenzeke ngexesha lokuvavanywa kwetyala. U-appelant (umncimbi) ufakela iifayile ezifutshane ezichaza into engalunganga. I-appelle (ophumelele ekucinyweni) iifayile impendulo. Inkundla yenkundla ye-appellate ingathi:

  • [[UMTL:0] Isiqinisekiso (umnyango) wesigqibo senkundla evavanyiweyo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] jikelela (ujiko) isigqibo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Remand (ekupheleni imeko emva) kuvavanyo olutsha okanye kwiziganeko ezithe vetshe.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Lungisa umgwebo (umz., nciphisa umonakalo).

Iinkundla zezicelo azifane zive iimpikiswano zomlomo kwityala ngalinye; ezininzi zigqibeke kuphela kwiingxelo ezibhaliweyo. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S., umzekelo, inika i-certiari (amaqondo okuva) kuphela malunga nesi-1% sezibongozo ezifunyenweyo.

Inkcazo Ebalulekileyo Esemthethweni

Ukwazi amagama angundoqo kwenza amaxwebhu asemthethweni neenkundla zenkundla zifikeleleke. Nantsi ingcaciso yesigama esibalulekileyo:

  • [[UMTL:0] Umthetho ocacileyo – Iqela eliqalisa ukumangalelana kwemibutho yasekuhlaleni.
  • [[UMTL:0] I-Defantint – Iqela elimangalelwayo okanye elityholwa ngolwaphulo-mthetho.
  • Complast – Yingxelo ebhaliweyo eqala ukumangalelwa kwetyala likarhulumente, echaza iimfuno ze-Plactiff.
  • Ityala – Isityholo esisemthethweni esikhutshwe liqumrhu elikhulu labachopheli-tyala, elisetyenziswa kakhulu kulwaphulo-mthetho olunzulu.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Subpoena – Umyalelo wenkundla ofuna umntu avele aze angqine okanye avelise amaxwebhu.
  • Isigwebo – Isigqibo esifikelelwa lijaji okanye umgwebi emva kokuchotshelwa kwetyala.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Isivumelwano – Inkundla yokugqibela elawula kwimeko, isoloko iquka isiqabu esinikiweyo (imali, umyalelo, njl.njl.).
  • [[UMTL: 0] Appal – Isicelo kwinkundla ephezulu ukuphinda uhlole iziphumo zetyala.
  • [[UMTL:0] Iphinda uthandazo olusengqiqweni – Umgangatho wobungqina kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho (okuphezulu kakhulu).
  • [[UMTL:0] Inkcubeko yobungqina – Umgangatho kwiimeko zamakhaya (ngaphezulu kwama-50% anokwenzeka).
  • Into [ – ukuqhayisa okusesikweni kwegqwetha ngokuchasene nombuzo, inxalenye yobungqina, okanye inkqubo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ifakelwe – ijaji iyavumelana nochaso.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukulawula – Ijaji ayivumelani kwaye ivumela umbuzo okanye ubungqina.

Indlela Yokufunda Okungakumbi: Oovimba Babafundi Nabafundisi

Ukwakha ulwazi olusemthethweni yinto eqhubekayo. Ezi zinto zilandelayo zinika inkcazelo ethembekileyo nenenkcukacha:

  • [[UMTL:0][UMQONDISO] Iqumrhu loLwazi lomthetho (LII) – Ingcaciso ezigunyazisiweyo zeenkcubeko ezisemthethweni kunye nokufikelela kwimimiselo kunye neembono zenkundla.
  • [[NTL:0][Nkundla yeFOLEDA] Iwebhsayithi (ii-oucouts.gov)-inkcukacha ezisemthethweni kwijaji yequmrhu lesizwe, kuquka nezixhobo zemfundo kwindlela iinkundla zokusebenza ngayo.
  • [[UMTL:0][[FLT][1] Imanyano yeMelika Bar – Imfundo kawonke-wonke – izicwangciso zeSifundo, iividiyo, kunye namanqaku amalunga neenkundla, umGaqo-siseko, kunye nemisebenzi esemthethweni.
  • [FLT]Oyez – uvimba we Multimedia wempikiswano zeNkundla ePhakamileyo ye U.S.
  • Iiwebhsayithi zenkundla yasekuhlaleni namathala eencwadi omthetho – ngokufuthi kupapashwa izikhokelo ezizimeleyo nezichaza iinkqubo zasekuhlaleni.

Isiphelo: Ukunikwa Amandla Ngolwazi

Inkqubo yomthetho ingumjikelo wemithetho, iindima, kodwa akunantsingiselo. Ngokufunda isakhiwo senkundla, amanyathelo etyala, kunye nesigama esingundoqo, nabani na angasondela kwimicimbi engokwasemthethweni ngentembelo enkulu. Ukuba ufunda uvavanyo lwezequmrhu, ulungiselela isifundo seklasi, okanye ufuna nje ukuqonda ibali leendaba eliphezulu, ulwazi olukweli candelo lunika inqaku eliqinileyo lokuqalisa. Khumbula ukuba imithetho iyahluka ngokwemithetho, kwaye xa ujongana nento engokwasemthethweni, ukubuza igqwetha igqweqwesi elisoloko iyindlela elumkileyo. Kodwa ukuqonda okusisiseko kwetyala [[FLT:] [FLD:1] kusebenza iinkundla zenkundla [FLD:] kunye [FLD] kunye ne-FLT] kuyenzeka ngexesha lokuvavanywa kwesixhobo sokugweba]