Inkqubo yomthetho idla ngokuthathwa njengesixhobo esisebenza ngokusemthethweni, kodwa, enyanisweni, iquka iinkalo ezahlukeneyo ezilawula iinkalo ezahlukeneyo zebutho labantu. Phakathi kwezi ziko, umthetho wamakhaya kunye nomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho ubonakala njengamasebe amabini ahlukeneyo kodwa anxulumeneyo. Ukuqonda unxulumano phakathi komthetho wesizwe nowezolwaphulo-mthetho kubaluleke kakhulu kungekuphela kugqirha nabafundi kodwa nakubemi abanokuzifumana behamba ngezi ndawo zidibeneyo. Ukudibanisa ezi nkqubo zobume zombini, ukukhuthaza imigaqo esemthethweni, kwaye ekugqibeleni kumisela indlela okusesikweni okusebenza ngayo kwibutho labantu liphela kunye namaxhoba. Eli nqaku lilungiselela uhlolo olubanzi lweenkcazelo, ukwahlukana, kunye nomthetho ombane, kunye nolukhulu olwenziwa phakathi kwemizekelo yehlabathi kunye nooochwepheshe bomthetho-mthetho-oomantyisholo.

Ukuchaza Umthetho Wamakhaya Nowabelele

Umthetho wamakhaya uqhubana neempikiswano phakathi kwabantu okanye imibutho, ebandakanya imbuyekezo okanye imbuyekezo. Iquka ii-actrites ezininzi, ii-octal, ii-projects, ipropati zempahla, i-tort (ezifana nokungakhathali nokunyeliswa), kunye nemicimbi yentsapho efana noqhawulo-mtshato kunye nelungelo lokugcina inzala. Injongo eyintloko yomthetho wasekuhlaleni kukucombulula iingxabano zabucala nokunika amayeza amayeza aluncedo, ngokuqhelekileyo imali ewonakaliswa yi-agrived yeqela. Imicimbi yamakhaya iqalwa ngummangaleli, othwala umthwalo wokuqinisekisa imeko yabo [[FLT:]]

Ngokwahlukileyo koko, umthetho wezaphuli-mthetho unxulumene nezenzo ezichasene nelizwe okanye uxolo lukawonke-wonke. Ulwaphulo-mthetho olufana nobusela, ukuhlasela, ukubulala, kunye nobuqhetseba lumangalelwa ngurhulumente (ngegqwetha lesithili okanye umtshutshisi) ngenxa yengingqi. Iinjongo zomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho ziquka isohlwayo, ukunqanda, ukubuyisela iliso, nokungakhuthuzi. Umthwalo wobungqina kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho uphakame kakhulu: ukumangalelwa kufuneka kungqine ukubekwa kwetyala lommangalelwa [[[FLT:]] uthandabuza ngengqiqo . Lo mtya wokusebenza kwemiqathango ubonisa iziphumo ezimandundu, ukuchaphaza, ukuhla kweza, okanye ukufa okunokulandela ukukholelwa kwisaphuli-mthetho.

Zombini ezi nkqubo zinemvelaphi enzulu yembali. Umthetho wamakhaya usuka kumthetho wamaRoma nakwisithethe somthetho wamaNgesi oqhelekileyo, ugxininisa amalungelo obuqu kunye nonyango. Umthetho wezaphuli-mthetho wavela kumthetho oqhelekileyo kodwa ngokuthe ngcembe waquka imithetho elawulayo yokuchaza amatyala nesohlwayo. EUnited States, umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho udityaniswe kakhulu kurhulumente nakumgangatho karhulumente, ngoxa umthetho wasekuhlaleni uhlala usekelwe kakhulu kwiimeko, nangona imimiselo efana neMimiselo kaFederal kaCuvile Procedature ilawula inkqubo.

Ukwahluka Okuyintloko Phakathi Komthetho Wamakhaya Nowakwaphula Umthetho

Ngoxa omabini amasebe enosukelo lokugcina ucwangco, umahluko wawo osisiseko uchaphazela indlela eziziswa ngayo iimeko, eziphikiswayo nezicombululiweyo.

  • [[UMTL:0] IPurpose: umthetho wamakhaya ujolise ukuhlawulela amaxhoba nokusombulula iimpikiswano; umthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho ujolise ekohlwayeni abaphuli-mthetho nokukhusela ibutho labantu.
  • Iiparts zangaphakathi zibandakanya abantu okanye amaqumrhu (amaphepha-ndaba alandelayo. ummangalelwa); amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho abandakanya urhulumente (ukutshutshiswa) nommangalelwa.
  • Ibherin yeMbukiso: ye-Evini: uhlonipho lobungqina (ubukhulu ngaphezu ko-50%); ulwaphulo-mthetho: ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni (ngokusondeleyo).
  • Imali efunyenweyo: [ Kawonke-wonke: umonakalo wemali, imiqathango, imiyalelo, ukwenza okuthile; isaphuli-mthetho: ukuvalelwa, iintengo, uvavanyo, inkonzo yoluntu, okanye isohlwayo sokufa.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ulungele icebiso: Kwimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, abamangalelwa banelungelo lomgaqo-siseko kwigqwetha (Uguqulo-guquko lwe-Cunity); kwiimeko zasekuhlaleni, akukho siqinisekiso sinjalo, nangona uncedo olusemthethweni lunokubakho.
  • [[NTL: 0] Ityala le-JURY: Zombini zinikezela ngeetyala zabachopheli-tyala, kodwa iijaji zamakhaya ziqhele ukuba zincinane (6/12) kwaye zisoloko zifuna kuphela isigqibo esininzi, kanti iijaji zolwaphulo-mthetho kufuneka zidibane.
  • Ikhuselwa: Abamangalelwa ngezaphuli-mthetho bafumana ukhuseleko kwimiba yokuzikhusela ngokwabo (ukuhlaziywa kweNkcubeko yeNkcubeko), iingozi eziphindwe kabini, nokuphanda okungekho ngqiqweni kunye nokuxhuzula okungekhoyo.

Le migaqo ayiyomfundo nje, ibangela amathuba namangozi kubantu abangekho mthethweni. Umzekelo, ummangalelwa okhululweyo kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho usenokujamelana netyala elifanayo ngenxa yokuba uxanduva olusezantsi lobungqina lwenza kube lula ukuba ummangalelwa aphumelele.

Ukungenelela Komthetho Wamakhaya Nowakwaphula umthetho

Ulwalamano phakathi komthetho wamakhaya nowamatyala lunzima, njengoko isenzo esinye sinokubangela ukuba kubekho imicimbi yoluntu neyolwaphulo-mthetho. Oku kudibana kobabini akuthethi ukuba akukho nto iphosakeleyo; kungumqondiso osebenza ngabom kwinkqubo yomthetho osebenza iinjongo ezininzi. Amaxhoba angafuna imbuyekezo kwanaxa urhulumente engasileli ukubanjwa, kwaye ibutho labantu linokohlwaya izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho naxa unyango lwasekuhlaleni lunganele. Ukuqonda indlela ezi ndlela zombini zokunxibelelana ziyimfuneko ngayo nabani na obandakanyekileyo kwinkqubo yokusesikweni, ukusuka kumagqwetha nabagwebi nakubaphathi-mthetho nakubafundisi.

Ukutyholwa kwangoku kunye nokuqhubekeka okufanayo

Ulawulo lwamaxesha onke lwenzeka xa amatyala oluntu nawamatyala enziwe ngendlela enye. Inkqubo yomthetho ivumela la matyala ukuba aqhubeke ngexesha elinye okanye ngokwemo-mfaneleyo, ukuba nje awaphuli amatyala okhuseleko oluphindwe kabini (oko kukuthi kuphela kubekwe amatyala amaninzi olwaphulo-mthetho ngenxa yetyala elifanayo). Umzekelo, umntu otyholwa ngokuqhatha angajamelana netyala lolwaphulo-mthetho ngelinye ixesha egwetywa ngabatyali betyala kwizenzo zobuqhetseba zobuqhetseba zodidi. Le micimbi mibini ingahambelana, nganye idityaniswa nokufunyanwa kwayo, ukumiswa, kunye nocwangciso lwayo lokuvavanywa.

Ngokuchaseneyo nokuchanabeka kuqwalaselwa okubalulekileyo. Abamangalelwa bezaphuli-mthetho basenokucela ilungelo labo lokungathethi nto kwiSihlalo sesihlanu, nto leyo enokubacaphukisa kwityala lasekuhlaleni ukuba abachopheli-tyala bangenatyala lokungathethi. Ngokuchasene noko, inkcazelo efunyenweyo ekufumaneni koluntu ingasetyenziswa ngabatshutshisi kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, ngaphandle kokuba ikhuselwe. Iinkundla zidla ngokukhupha imiyalelo yokukhusela okanye zigcine amatyala oluntu ukuze ziphephe ukuphazamisana netyala lezaphuli-mthetho, kodwa akukho mthetho uthintela ukuchasana.

Res Judicata kunye noColteral Estopel

Nangona amatyala oluntu nawolwaphulo-mthetho ahlukene, okufunyenweyo kwelinye icala ngamanye amaxesha kungachaphazela elinye ngemfundiso ephambili. i-Redicata (i-pasteclusion) i-bars yokuququzelela ityala elifanayo phakathi kwamaqela anye emva komgwebo okokugqibela. Oku akusebenzisi imida yemida yamakhaya neyolwaphulo-mthetho ngenxa yokuba amaqela nezizathu zesenzo zahlukile. Noko ke, i-epalpalpal egle [[ [iiiiiiintshi]] (iiindawo efanayo ephambili) isenokuvumela ukufunyanwa kwetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho ukuba lusetyenziswe kwimeko yoluntu ukuba ixandule ixandukile kwaye ifanelekile kwisigwebo.

Umzekelo ophawulekayo lityala lika-O.J.Simpson: ukugwetywa kwakhe kwinkundla yezaphuli-mthetho akuzange kuthintele abachopheli-tyala basekuhlaleni ukuba bamfumane enetyala lokufa okuphosakeleyo. Abachopheli betyala basebenzisa imilinganiselo ephambili, kwaye isigqibo sangaphambili solwaphulo-mthetho asizange sinikezelwe kuba imibandela nemithwalo yahlukile.

Ingxaki Ephindwe Kabini Nemida Yayo

ISigqibo seNkqutyana seMbetho seNkqutyana se-Yeopardy Claus sikwalela ukugwetywa kwetyala kwesibini ngenxa yetyala elifanayo emva kokugwetywa okanye ukugwetywa. Kodwa ke, asikuko okokuba ityala letyala lisekelwe kwihambo efanayo. Iinkundla zokwahlula phakathi kwemiqathango yolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nemigaqo-mthetho yabemi, kwanokuba isenzo soluntu siquka ityala letyala. Lo nto yonke le nto ingunobangela wokuchaphazelelwa kwesohlwayo asiyiyo isohlwayo njengesohlwayo sesibini setyala (imeko enqabileyo), lo mgaqo ophindwe kabini. Lo mgaqo waqinisekiswa kwiimeko ezifana [[FLT.[FLT:] v.[FLT][1] [FLT] [1997]], apho iNkulawula-Oyena Mvukelo-mali i-yongasesethisolukileyo yayikholelwa kwimo yokwanethi yesambutho (1997)

Imizekelo Yemeko Ebonisa Ubuchule

Amatyala amaninzi emifanekiso ephezulu abonisa ngokucacileyo indlela umthetho wengingqi nowezaphuli-mthetho odibana ngayo. Le mizekelo ayifundisi nje kuphela kodwa ibalaselisa iziphumo ezisebenzayo zesakhiwo esibini.

Ukuthethelelwa Okulandelwa Kukungathetheki Kwabantu

Mhlawumbi owona mzekeliso waziwayo, uSimpson wakhululwa kwizityholo zokubulala ngowe-1995 emva kokuchotshelwa kwetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho. Ityala lasilela ukungqina ukuba linetyala ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni. Noko ke, iintsapho zamaxhoba zafaka isuti yokufa ephosakeleyo. Ngo-1997, ijaji yetyala lengingqi yafumana uSimpson inelungelo lokufumana ityala yaye yahlawula ii-$3,5 zezigidi. Uxanduva olusezantsi lobungqina lwavumela abamangalelwa-mthetho ukuba baphumelele apho urhulumente engenako, ibonisa indlela umthetho wasekuhlaleni onika ngayo enye indlela yokuphendula.

UKumkani uRodney: Isaphuli - mthetho Siyagwetywa, Sihlala Kumakhaya

Ngo-192, amagosa amane amapolisa aseLos Angeles abekwa ityala lokubetha uRodney King ngelikhulu emva kokuba ebanjiwe kwividiyo. Amagosa akhululwa kwinkundla yezaphuli-mthetho karhulumente, igalelo lolwaphulo-mthetho. Noko ke, isixeko saseLos Angeles salungisa ityala lamalungelo abantu likarhulumente eliziswe nguKumkani ngee-R3,8-zigidi. Ngaphezu koko, la magosa kamva agwetywa kwinkundla karhulumente ngetyala lamalungelo ahlukeneyo (isigebenga sigwebo esikwiqondo lorhulumente). Eli tyala libonisa indlela amagosa (umgangawongawahlukeneyo norhulumente) anokuzisukela ngayo izityholo zolwaphulo-mthetho, nendlela ukusetyenziswa kwemipul

UBill Cosby: Ukwabelana Ngezaphuli - mthetho Kwatshintsha Kakhulu, Izindlu Zamakhaya

UBill Cosby wagwetywa ngo-2018 ngokuhlaselwa ngokungafanelekanga okugqithisileyo, kodwa iNkundla ePhakamileyo yasePennsylvania yalurhoxa ulwaphulo-mthetho ngo-2021 kwizizathu ezingokwesiko (isivumelwano esingangeni ekubulaweni). Phezu kwako nje ukurhoxiswa kwezaphuli-mthetho, amabhinqa amaninzi aye amangalela uCosby ngokutyholwa, ukuhlatyelwa, nokuxinzelelwa ngokweemvakalelo. Amaninzi ahlala eqinile, kodwa amanye ayaqhubeka. Amatyala amakhaya agcina izityholo zihleli kwingxelo kawonke wonke, ebonisa ukuba iziphumo zolwaphulo-mthetho aziwapheli ityala lamakhaya.

UMichael Jackson: Ukugwetywa, Amatyala Abemi Aqhubeka

UMichael Jackson wakhululwa kwityala lokuxhaphaza abantwana ngowama - 2005, kodwa ukumangalelwa kwamapolisa kwaqhubeka kangangeminyaka, yaye emva kokufa kukaJackson, umhlaba wakhe wajamelana netyala. Ngo - 2013, ijaji yetyala lasekuhlaleni yafumanisa ukuba umhlaba wawungamele usetyenziswe (awuzange umxhaphaze lowo utyholwayo), kodwa eli tyala lakhuthaza ukuba iinkundla zasekuhlaleni zikwazi ukuhlolisisa izityholo kwanaxa izityholo zolwaphulo - mthetho zingaphumelelanga.

Le mizekelo igxininisa incopho: ubulungisa bomhlala-phantsi abutshintshi; zisebenza imisebenzi eyahlukileyo kwaye zingafikelela iziphumo ezahlukeneyo ukusuka kwizibakala ezifanayo.

Ubalo lwabathathi-nxaxheba

Kumagqwetha, ukuqonda unxulumano phakathi komthetho wamakhaya nowakwaphula umthetho akuseyonto ibalulekileyo ngokuzikhethela, kwaye kuyimfuneko ukwenza ubuchule bokulawula. IiAttorney kufuneka zisebenzise imithetho eyahlukeneyo, iinzima zobungqina, kunye neengozi ezisemngciphekweni. Eli candelo lichaza izinto eziqwalaselweyo kuogqirha.

Uhlalutyo lomzekelo olucinezelayo

Xa umxhasi ejongene netyala elinokwenzeka kuzo zombini ezi mimandla, icebiso kufuneka livavanye zonke iindlela ezisemthethweni. Oku akuthethi kuphela ukukhusela ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho kodwa kukwathetha ukukhangela ukuchanabeka koluntu. Umzekelo, umphathi onegunya kwinkampani ephandayo ngokuqhatha kufuneka alungiselele iisuti zempahla zomxhasi okanye ukugcinwa kwemithetho ye-SEC. Uhlalutyo olucokisekileyo luquka ukuvavanywa kwemisebenzi enxulumeneyo, amandla obungqina, kunye nokusetyenziswa kolwazi olufunyenweyo.

Iingcebiso zomxhasi kunye neengxaki zokuzichasa

Enye yezona ndawo zicekeceke kakhulu lilungelo lokuzikhusela. Abachopheli-mthetho kufuneka bacebise abaxhasi abakwindawo yokuzikhulula. Ngokuchaseneyo, ukucela okwesihlanu kwityala loluntu kungakhokelela kwimifanekiso engathandekiyo.

Ulwahlulo nolwandiso

Zimbalwa izigqwetha eziziingcali kwingxelo yoluntu neyolwaphulo-mthetho. Ngoko ke, intsebenziswano phakathi kwamagqwetha okhuselo lwelanga kunye namagqwetha amhlophe aqhelekileyo. Ngokudibeneyo kuphuhliswa icebo elimanyeneyo (icebo elikhusela amalungelo omxhasi kuzo zombini imidlalo) linokuba ngumahluko phakathi kwempumelelo yeziphumo kunye nengozi. Oogqirha abasemthethweni kufuneka basebenze neengcali ezikwazi ukulinganisela umonakalo, ukuvavanya ubungqina, kwaye balungiselele imilinganiselo ecacileyo ecacileyo.

Ukuqwalasela Okufanelekileyo

Ukumela abaxhasi kwiingxoxo ezifanayo kuphakamisa imibandela engokokuziphatha, ingakumbi malunga nokufihla imfihlo kunye nongquzulwano lwenzala. Umzekelo, isivumelwano sokuzikhusela sisenokufuna ukugquma omabini amagosa oluntu kunye namagxalaba. Abaxhasi kufuneka baqinisekise ukuba imisebenzi yabo kumxhasi ngamnye ayivavanywanga kwaye ulwazi olubalulekileyo luhlala lukhuselwe ngaphaya kwemida. I-Aba Model Mages of Professional Epial kufuneka bahlale bephaphile, kodwa oogqirha kufuneka balumkile.

Ukunikela Ulwazelelelo Kwizikolo Zomthetho Nakuqeqesho Olusemthethweni

Xa kuqwalaselwa ukubaluleka kwe-nexs esemthethweni, imfundo esemthethweni kufuneka iguqulelwe ukuxhobisa amagqwetha exesha elizayo ngobuchule bokusingatha amatyala adibeneyo. Inkqubo yesithethe yeklasi yesikolo, iintsimbi, izivumelwano, kunye nomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho, ishiya abafundi befumana izidibano ngokwabo. Indlela engakumbi yokufumana ingxubevange. Indlela engcono yokufumana amaphulo inokubanceda abaphumeleleyo balungele iinyaniso zoqheliselo.

Itransmistry

Izikolo zomthetho kufuneka zidityaniswe ukuze zithethe ngokucacileyo ngonxulumano phakathi komthetho wamakhaya nowamatyala. Umzekelo, “Ingqungquthela ye-x Litig” ingaquka iziganeko ezifanayo, i-dicata, kunye noqheliselo lwezityholo ezininzi. Olunye ukhetho luyinkqubo ye-“White-Collar Crime kunye neCorporate Liability". Izifundo ezihlola ubugqeba kunye nezenzo zoburhulumente.

Imfaniso Esebenzisekayo Nemfundo Ebalulekileyo

Iinkundla zelo lizwe kunye neekliniki zemoot ziyakwazi ukufanisa iimeko zeli hlabathi apho iimbambano zamakhaya nezaphuli-mthetho zidibana khona. Umzekelo, umxhasi ofanisiweyo angajamelana netyala lolwaphulo-mthetho lokuqhatha kunye nesenzo sodidi lwabemi esivela kwabaxhasi. Abafundi basebenza ngamaqela, baphuhlisa iindlela zokuzikhusela ngexesha elinye, balawula ukufumanisa iingxabano, kunye nezenzo zokuphikisa. Ezi zenzo zokwenza ingxubusho ziveza ubuchule bokwenza izigqibo kunye nentsebenziswano.

Ukukhuthaza Iingcali zoqeqesho

Iintetho ezibekwa ngabatshutshisi, amagqwetha akhuselayo, iiligitator, kunye nabagwebi banokunikela ingqiqo exabisekileyo. Abalawuli banokuthetha ngemfazwe ngendlela abaqhuba ngayo iziganeko ezibini, kuquka iingxaki ezingokokuziphatha kunye nezikhonkwane ezisemgangathweni. Ukucela ingqwalaselo yemali, abaphengululi bangabodwa, okanye abacebisi bejaji abangomntu, kukwanyusa imbono.

Ukuqhubeka Nemfundo Yasemthethweni Kwabanamava

Kwanamagqwetha anamava angenelwa kwiinkqubo zeCLE kujongano lwabemi. Izihloko ezifana nomthetho omtsha wetyala kwi-emal estol, uphuhliso olunxulumene nemithetho efunyenweyo, kunye noqheliselo olulunge ngakumbi lokusebenzisana noluleko oludityanisiweyo lusoloko luhlaziywa. Iifemu zomthetho kunye nezixhobo zebhari kufuneka zilubeke ngokucwangcisiweyo olu qeqesho.

Isiphelo

Unxulumano phakathi komthetho wamakhaya nowamatyala luyinxalenye esisiseko yenkqubo yomthetho engenakutyeshelwa. Ukuqonda olu lungiselelo lubini kubalulekile koogqirha, kubafundi, nakubafundisi ngokufanayo. Ngokuqonda ubuntsogothe kunye nokudibana kwala masebe omabini omthetho, singasebenzela kwinkqubo esesikweni nefanelekileyo, qha, enika abaxhasi abanolwazi olungakumbi kunye nonyango lomntu ngamnye. Njengoko le meko ibonisa, iindlela zoluntu kunye nolwaphuli-mthetho ziyasebenzisana, ziqinisekisa ukuba akukho mpazamo ingaphaya kokubuyiselwa. Kumsebenzi osemthethweni, ukuhlanganisa olu manyano lubini luthetha ukufaneleka okungcono, abaxhasi abanolwazi olungakumbi, kunye nenkqubo yemfundo echuliweyo.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, qwalasela uphando lwezibonelelo ezisuka kwi Iqumrhu lolwazi lomthetho woluntu , i, i[FLT] i-American Bar Association's Criminal Justice Gacation [, kunye nohlalutyo lolwazi olunjengo lomthetho wokwenza inqaku elikwindawo ekhoyo. [[FLTLT]]