Impilo yayo nayiphi na idemokhrasi isekelwe kwiintsika ezimbini ezidityanisiweyo: iintsika ezidityanisiweyo: ukuvota nokuvelisa kwayo imfundo yoluntu. Ngoxa iinkqubo zokuvota zimisela indlela izinto ezikhethwayo eziguqulelwe ngayo kwiziphumo ezidibeneyo, imfundo yezentlalo ixhobisa abemi ngolwazi nangeenkcubeko ezifunekayo ukuze balawule ezo nkqubo. Xa zombini iintsika zolawulo zolawulo lovota zinamandla, ukuphakama, inxaxheba, kunye nokukhetha amagosa aphezulu anokubeka ityala ngakumbi. Kodwa kwiidemocracrafiki ezininzi, kukho umsantsa phakathi kwendlela yokuyila imithetho ekhethekileyo kunye nokuqonda kwabantu abanolwazi ngezo zonke iinjongo zabo. Eli nqaku lihlola indlela yokuhamba kwemibutho nemfundo eyahlukeneyo, ukuqwalasela imigaqo-nkqubo yophandolo-lwazi, ukuqinisekisa ukuhambelana kwabemi, ukukhuthaza abasebenzi bezonwa, abaqeqeqeshi, kunye nabaqeshi bezothotho.

Umhlaba Wenkqubo Yokusasaza Izixhobo

Iinkqubo zokuphakamisa aziyozinikezelo zobundilele. Ziphembelela ngokukhutheleyo ukuba kunyulwe bani, la mazwi akhuliswe, nendlela abavoti abawaqonda ngayo amandla abo. Ukuqonda umahluko wendlela nganye kubalulekile kulwazi-lwazi loluntu ngokuba imithetho yomdlalo ichaphazela umelo nokuthembana.

Udidi lweposi

FPTP, esetyenziswa kumazwe anjenge United States, iUnited Kingdom, neKhanada, inika uloyiso kumntu oza kubhaptizwa ngenkoliso yamavoti kwisithili esinye. Kulula ukuqonda nokuvelisa iziphumo ezicacileyo, kodwa isoloko ikhokelela kwimpumelelo yomvuzo apho iqela linokukhusela uninzi lwezihlalo ngaphandle koninzi lwevoti ethandwayo. Oku kungashiya abaxhasi beqela elincinane beziva bedityanisiwe kwaye benganciphisa ukujika kwevoti kwimimandla ekhuselekileyo apho iziphumo zibonakala zimiselwe kwangaphambili. FPTP ikhangeleka ikude ekunqandeni uvoti olucacileyo kwaye i-Ptaccelbate ngokusetyenziswa kwezobupolitika ngokubanzi okunika umvuzo, kunokuba kubonakale iimbono ezahlukeneyo.

Ukujija kokhetho olunqatyisiweyo (RCV)

RCV, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-runoffvota, ivumela abavoti ukuba bafake abathathi-nxaxheba kwizithuba ze-New York, i-San Francisco, ukuba akukho mvoti ufumana uninzi lwevoti yokuqala, obezakuba ngumbambeli wokugqibela uphelisiwe, kwaye amavoti abo athe adluliselwa kwabo balandelayo, de abavoti---alandelayo bafumane uvota. RCV ifumana igalelo kwizixeko ezifana ne New York, iSan Francisco, kunye neMinneapolis, ngokunjalo ngokwendlela ebanzi eMaine ne-Alaska. Abavoti baphikisa ukuba iRC inciphisa iphulo elingalunganga, ikhuthaza abaphumeleleyo ukuba babhenele ngaphaya kwesiseko sabo, kwaye baqinisekise ukuba umvuzo olulandelayo lubonise uninzi lwezonketho lwemfundo kwi-RCC ejikeleze iziphumo zonyuso zonyuso zonyuso. [5]

Umelo loPhicotho-zincwadi

Isixokelelwano se-PR, esixhaphakileyo kwimimandla emininzi yaseYurophu naseLatin America, sabela izihlalo kwimimandla ekwiziqithi ezininzi ezisekelwe kwipesenti yamavoti iqela ngalinye elamkelayo. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba amaqela amancinane neembono ezahlukeneyo afumana umelo ngokulingana nenkxaso yawo. Abaququzeli baquka udweliso-luhlu lwePR kunye neqela elidibeneyo (MMP) lenkqubo ezisetyenziswa eJamani naseNew Zealand. PR ithambeka ukuvelisa ivota ephezulu kuba zonke izinto zokuvota ngenxa yokuba imicimbi yevoti kwaye ngenxa yokuba abavoti babonile iinjongo zabo ziboniswa kwindlu yowiso-mthetho. Noko ke, i-PR ingakhokelela kwimithetho ehlukeneyo kunye noontatho-manyeneyo esenokuzama ukumelana nozinzo. Ngaphandle koko, nale yindlela yokurhwebiso-ota esoloko i-PR isenziwa ngolwaneliseko lwedemokhrasi phakathi kwabemi.

Isivakalisi esinye esidluliswayo (STV)

STV yinkqubo esekelwe kukhetho esetyenziswa kwimimandla emininzi. Abavoteli bakwisigaba esiphezulu, nasemva kokuba umqobo umiselwe, iivoti eziseleyo ezivela kubaphumeleleyo zirhoxisiwe, njengoko zisetyenziswa kumavoti asusiweyo. STV isetyenziselwa unyulo lwepalamente eIreland naseMalta kunye nezinye izinyuko zobulali e-Australia nase Scotland. Idibanisa iinzuzo zolwahlulo lwe-PR kunye nokhetho lwe-R oluqwalaselweyo lwe-R. Ngenxa yokuba i-STV iyakwazi ukukhetha abazahluleli ngaphaya kwemigca yeqela, i-STV ikhuthaza intsebenziswano yemithetho yesebe ehamba phambili kwaye inika abazamkela abathembekileyo ithuba lokwenene. Imfundo ezindaweni ezithile ze-STV idla ngokuchaza inani lezibalo kunye nenkqubo yokudluliswa, kodwa xa kuqondwa, uvotiso oluqondwayo, lungandlalwayo lwamvotel

Uxanduva lwenkcazo yolwazi lwe Voter

Inkqubo nganye inika ucelomngeni olukhethekileyo lokufundisa. Abavoti kufuneka baqonde ukuvota okucwangcisiweyo kunye nengcamango yamavoti alahlwayo. i-RV kufuneka ifunde indlela yokulungisa ngokunempumelelo noko kwenzekayo ngexesha lokukhupha imijikelo. I-PR kunye ne-STV covote ifuna ukwamkela imiqobo, ubuchule bokudlulisa, kunye nolwalamano phakathi komyalelo woluhlu kunye nokhetho lwabavoti. Iinkqubo zemfundo ezisetyenziswayo kwinkqubo ethile esetyenziswayo kulawulo lungaphucula ukuqiniseka kwevota kwaye inciphise imilinganiselo yempazamo kwiibhola. Xa u-Phoveta iqonda "IPNT" emva kwemithetho, bafanele bayithembe kakhulu inkqubo kwaye baguquke ngokuqhubekayo.

Imfundo YomGaqo-nkqubo: Isiseko sobuchule

Imfundo ye-Civic iquka okuninzi kolwazi, ubuchule, kunye neemeko ezenza abemi bakwazi ukuthabatha inxaxheba ngokwakhayo kubomi bedemokhrasi. Kwimeko yenkqubo yokuvota, imfundo yoluntu kufuneka ithethe ngobuchule bonyulo kunye nokubaluleka okubanzi kokumela, ukulingana, nokuphendula.

Amalungu emfundo ye-combic esebenzayo

  • Ulwazi lwebugcip: ukuqonda indlela esebenza ngayo unyulo, iindima zamaziko, namalungelo kunye neembopheleleko zabemi.
  • Ubuchule bokunika inkcaso : ukucingela, ukufunda, ubugcisa bokufunda, kunye nobuchule bokujonga ulwazi kwimithombo emininzi.
  • ubuchule bokwabela : indlela yokubhalisa ukuvota, abaphandi, kwaye babandakanyeka kucwangciso loluntu.
  • Imo yebugcisa ye-: imikhwa yoxanduva lwasekuhlaleni, ukunyamezela iimbono ezahlukeneyo, kunye nokuzibophelela kwintlalo entle.

Kwimigangatho emininzi yolawulo-mpucuko, imfundo yezentlalo iye yakhutshwa kwizifundo zesikolo, ishiya abavoti abaselula bengazimiselanga kakuhle ukuhamba kwindawo ezingqongileyo ezintsonkothileyo ezintsonkothileyo. ICenter ye Information & Lamp; Uphando kwiCBIc Learning and Benimentment (CIRC) eTufts University ibhale phantsi ulwazi lwasebutsheni oluthe shwankathelayo kunye nokuhla komkelwe kuqala kwevota. Noko ke, uphando lukwabonisa ukuba kwanoncedo olufutshane, olunemifanekiso efana nemfaniso yenkqubo yovotatozo ezahlukeneyo.

Ukuguquka Kwembali Nocelomngeni Lwanamhlanje

Ukusuka kwiiklasi zoluntu zasekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 ukuya ku "inkqubo zokulungisa i-Bivic" yeenkqubo zovolo, imfundo yoluntu iphucukile ukuphendula ekutshintsheni imeko-bume yezobupolitika. Namhlanje, iingxaki ezintsha ziquka ukwanda kwenkcazelo ephosakeleyo, ukwahlulwa kwezixhobo zolawulo, nokuncipha kokuthembana kwemibutho. IBhunga yesizwe lidityaniswa ngeziphakamiso eziphikisanayo ngokuthembeka konyulo, iinkqubo zokuvota, kunye nobulungisa beenkqubo ezahlukeneyo. Ngoko ke imfundo ye-CPICP kufuneka igxininise ukuqwalaselwa komthombo, ukuqiqaza okusekelwe kubungqina, nokuqonda indlela iinkqubo zokuvota ezinokwenziwa ngayo ukuze zimelane nokurhoxisana. IBhunga leNS (FCS) eliyiyonke) linikela izicwangciso zokuququlukwano ezidiyo ze KPlance, kuquka nezifundo ezikuquluntsko.

Impembelelo yolwazi lwezibonelelo zezixhobo zombane

Ulwalamano phakathi kolwazi lwenkqubo yokuvota kunye nehambo yokuvota lubhalwe phantsi. Xa abemi bekholelwa ukuba bayayiqonda indlela ivoti yabo emela ngayo, basengozini enkulu yokuvota. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ukudideka ngenkqubo kubangela ukungakhathaleli nokungakhathaleli.

Uphando Lufumana Ulwazi Nokuthabatha Inxaxheba

Uphando olwaqukunjelwa kwimithetho eyamkelwa yi-RCV lubonisa ukuba abavoti abafumana izinto zemfundo malunga nenkqubo entsha exeliweyo yokuthembana okuphezulu kwaye basenokuba banokuvela kunyulo olulandelayo . kwanolawulo lwezibakala zabemi. Okufunyenwe ngokufanayo kumazwe asuka kwi-FPTPPPP ukuya kwi-PR: eNew Zealand, utshintsho olusuka kwi-FPTP ukuya kwi-MMP ngo-19969, lwakhatshwa liphunyezwe liphulo elikhulu lemfundo kawonke, kwaye ukurhoxiswa kwe-ade kuhlala kuqinileyo phezu komshicitho. Abaqondisi bendlela yokufumana i-MMP's'''''''''''''''' iprotoopts bafumana ngokuchaneyo ukuba imibuzo ephambili efuna iivotiestiki ezinokufumaneka ngokuchaphaneyo, abanokuvolanywa kanye njengaleyo banokuvola i-ontabo.

Ukuphikisa Inkcazelo Ephosakeleyo Nentembelo Ekhoyo

Enye yezona ziphumo zinamandla zokufikelela kwemfundo-yobutyebi kwiinkqubo zokuvota yimpembelelo yokungavumelani novoti. Xa abavoti beqonda izivikelo ezakhiwe ngokwemithetho yonyulo `ezifana neenkqubo zokuphicotha, iinkqubo zokuchwetheza, kunye nokuqiqa okuqingqiweyo okuqingqiweyo , ziyancipha ekuchaphazeleni kwemiba ephosakeleyo yokuqhatha okanye yokuxhasa imasti. Kunyaka wama 2020 e-U.S. unyulo, izithuba ezibekwe kwimfundo kawonke-wonke ngokukhankanyiweyo kwi-posi kunye nokubala kobalo kwabona amanani asezantsi kakhulu entele yolawulo olunxulumene nokungathemba. Ngokufanayo, kwipost complictic revoration, iinkqubo zemfundo yemfundo yesizwe ezichaza ukulungele ukuhla kwentlalo-ntle yonyulo-ntle.

Ukuhlangabezana Neengxaki

Phezu kwazo nje iinzuzo ezicacileyo, imiqobo ephawulekayo ithintela imfundo ephumelelayo yebutho labantu ephathelele iinkqubo zokuvota ekufikeleleni bonke abantu.

IiNqanawa neziHlalu-mali

Izikolo ezininzi nemibutho yasekuhlaleni ayinayo imali yokuvelisa nokuvelisa imigangatho ephezulu yemfundo. Inkqubela yobugcisa yootitshala idla ngokuba mincinane, kwaye izinto ezicacisa iinkqubo zokuvota zisenokuba zincinane kakhulu okanye zingobugcisa obugqithisileyo. Inkxaso kawonke-wonke yolawulo lonyulo kunye nemfundo yamavoti iyahluka-hluka kakhulu, isebenzisa igunya eliphantsi kwexabiso eliphantsi. IGrant evela kwimibutho neziseko ezingafumani ngeniso inganceda, kodwa ukuveliswa komsebenzi kufuna ukuthanda kwezobupolitika nokuqashelwa kwemfundo yezentlalo-wonke.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwezobupolitika Nolwaneliseko

Utshintsho lwe-Electoral lusoloko luyimbambano equkuqela. Abameli beenkqubo zokuvota ezahlukeneyo bangangqubana ngokuthi kuphi apho umntu elungileyo khona, kwaye ezo mfazwe zingachitheka kwimfundo equlethwe yi-Neutral, izinto ezisekelwe kwintengiselwano ezinikela ukurhoxa kwentengiso yenkqubo nganye ngaphandle kokukhuthaza iziphumo ezithile zibalulekile ukuze kugcinwe ukholoso. Noko ke, kwimekobume ezidibeneyo, kwanokunikelwa kwezibakala ezicacileyo nkcukacha ``````iPTP''''' ingavelisa njani iziphumo ezidizandleko-kunga. [2] Abafundisi bafuna ukuxhaswa yimibutho yobugcisa namaqela angengoogxanduku.

Izithintelo zokufumaneka kuluntu oluchanekileyo

Imiqobo yolwimi, ukufikelela, ukukhubazeka, kunye nokwahlulwa kwamanani kuthetha ukuba abavoti abaninzi − ingakumbi abo basuka kwingeniso ephantsi, abaphambukeli, okanye imvelaphi yasemaphandleni − bashiywe ngaphandle kwemijelo yemfundo yesithethe. Ukufikelela okunempumelelo kufuneka kusetyenziswe iifomati ezininzi: kwimisebenzi yokusebenza, iilwimi ezininzi, izikhokelo zesandi, kunye nezixhobo ezifikelelekayo zamanani. Imibutho esekelwe kuluntu esele ikholosekile kolu luntu isoloko izizizizixhobo ezisebenzayo zokuhambisa. Iinqanawa zomanyano phakathi konyulo nabaphathi bobulali abangezo zinokuvala umsantsalo, kodwa zifuna umanyano kunye nenkxaso-mali.

Icala lexesha elizayo: Ukufudusa umsebenzi wokukhuphela ulwazi kwinkqubo kwiCBUGCCCURILA

Ukuqinisekisa ukuba ummi ngamnye uyakwazi ukuvota ngendlela ecacileyo, abanikeli bemigaqo-nkqubo nabafundisi-nkqubo kufuneka bafake ulwazi lwenkqubo yokuvota kwimfundo yentlalo-ntle, hayi njengeyongezelelo kodwa njengesixhobo sokukhuphisana.

Iindlela ezisekelwe esikolweni

  • unyulo oluqulethweyo: Sebenza unyulo lweklasi olusebenzisa iFPTP, RCV, PR, kunye ne-STV ukuze abafundi bafumane iziphumo ngokwabo.
  • Izifundo zeCase: Hlolisisa imizekelo yehlabathi yokwenene yeenguqu zonyulo, ezifana nokumkela kukaMaine iRCV okanye ukutshintshela kwe-MMP yaseNew Zealand.
  • [[Uhlaziyo:0] Uhlaziyo lwe-media ye-adical: Ukuba abafundi bavavanye indlela eyahlukileyo imithombo yeendaba ebonisa ngayo iinkqubo zokuvota kunye neziphumo zonyulo.
  • Iprojekti yobhaliso lweVoti: Indibano ifunda malunga neenkqubo ezinemathetho asebenzayo ukubhalisa kunye nokuvota.

Indlela ezisekelwe kuluntu kunye nobugcisa

Ngapha kwezikolo, amathala eencwadi, amaziko oluntu, kunye ne-intanethi iqonga liyakwazi ukukhupha iimodyuli ezichaza umahluko weenkqubo zokuvota zasekuhlaleni. Ukufunda umdlalo osekelwe kwisixhobo sengingqi "IVote Shy" okanye ibhodi yomdlalo "Ukhetho Olukhulu" okanye "Ukwenza iingcinga ezingabonakaliyo. Ngoku imimandla emininzi yenza iividiyo zemfundo yovoti kwiilwimi ezininzi; ezi kufuneka ziquke iingcaciso ezicacileyo zobume bendlela yokuvota kunye nokubala. Isitshixo kukuhamba ngaphaya kwesixhobo esingumlinganiselo ophezulu-zonke zeencwadana zekhompyutha zenziwe kwaye wenze isiqulatho esidityaniswa nenkqubo ethile ethetha ngomvoti othile oza kudibana nokhetho ngosuku.

Imigaqo-nkqubo

Oorhulumente kufuneka bayalele ukuba amasebe onyulo anike ipesenti yoqingqo-mali yawo icace kwimfundo yoluntu. I-ependent, ikhomishini engeyoyamahlelo enokuvelisa imodeli yezifundo neengingqi ezinokuthathwa. Ukongeza, iimfuno zokufunda nokubhala kwimigangatho yesikolo kufuneka ziquke iiyunithi kwiinkqubo zokukhetha ukuncedisa abafundi baqonde ukudibana kwemithetho yokuvota neziphumo zobupolitika. Xa zidityaniswe nolawulo lonyulo olucacileyo, ezi zisenokwakha kwakhona ukuthembana nokuthabatha inxaxheba kwii-intanethi zezobupolitika.

Isiphelo

Ukudibana kwemigaqo yokuvota kunye nemfundo yoluntu asiyonto nje ephambili ephambili, kwaye kusisixhaso esisebenzayo ekuphuculeni impilo yedemokhrasi. Xa abavoti beqonda abalungisi bevoti, bavota ngokuqiniseka ngakumbi, bathabathe inxaxheba ngokungaguqukiyo, bagcine abameli babo kwimigangatho ephezulu. Uhambo oluya kunyuswa konyulo oluthe tye lufuna ukuba bashukumise ngaphaya kwamazwi afana "yonke ivoti" kwingcaciso yokwenene yendlela ivoti nganye ebaluleke ngayo kwinkqubo enikiweyo. Ngokufaka imali eqinileyo, ngokuyiquka, nangokungathethiyo ngemithetho yeso sizwe ekhuthaza ukuba abantu bahambe kakuhle, ukuchasa i-gcompust, ukuchasa i-gnuxce, ukuchasa i-gnuxcelcel. Ukungenelela kwe-democracracki ye-ographic.