Ukwazisa: Ukulungelelana Kwegunya Nenkululeko

Ukunyanzeliswa kwemithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho kusisixhobo solawulo lwalo naliphi na ibutho elilungelelanisiweyo. Yinkqubo egcinwa ngayo ulungelelwano, amalungelo akhuselwayo, kwaye kulandelwa ubulungisa. Kulo Mthetho uPhakathi ngamagosa amapolisa, anikwe igunya elikhulu lokuphanda ulwaphulo-mthetho, ukwenza amabanjwa, nokuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke. Noko ke, eli gunya alinyanzelekanga okanye alithintelwanga. Ukuqonda umgangatho ochanileyo wamandla amapolisa kunye nokungaqiniseki kwawo kubalulekile ukuze akhusele amagosa omthetho kunye nabemi bawo abakhonzayo. Eli nqaku linikela uvavanyo oluneenkcukacha lwezisekelo zomthetho, izicelo eziluncedo, kunye nokungagwetywa okuchaza ulawulo lwangoku eUnited States, linikela imbono elungele indlela elungele ngayo imfuneko yokugcinwa komthetho osebenzayo kunye nokukhuselwa komntu ngamnye.

Imbali Yamandla Amapolisa

Amapolisa akhoyo akhutshwa kwiinkulungwane zendaleko engokwasemthethweni, yentlalo kunye neyezobupolitika. Iintlobo zokuqala zobupolisa, njengenkqubo yeRoma *vigiles* okanye inkqubo ye-pariki yamaNgesi e-Rrentshi, zazilawulwa ngokwendawo kwaye ngokufuthi zisetyenziswa nguluntu, zinegunya elincinane. Ukutshintshela kwimikhosi yamapolisa ephakathi, engoochwepheshe yenzeka ngenkulungwane ye-19, ngokungakumbi ngokusekwa kukaMnumzana Robert Peel we-Doreplitan Police ngo-1829. Imigaqo kaPeel yayigxininisa ukuthintelwa kolwaphulo-mthetho, intsebenziswano kawonke, nokusetyenziswa okuncinane kwempembelelo ekhoyo namhlanje.

EUnited States, iziganeko eziphambili ziquka ukuququzelelwa kweBhili lamaLungelo ngokuchasene namazwe kodwa ngokugqwetha kukarhulumente. Izixeko zangaphambili zaseMerika zadala amasebe amapolisa afuziselwe kwinkqubo ye-London, kodwa ulwandiso lwamalungelo abantu kwinkulungwane yama-20 ngokuphawulekayo luye lwamiswa kwakhona. Iziganeko eziphambili eziphambili ziquka ukuqukwa kweBhili yamaLungelo ngokuchasene namaphondo ngokuchasene noMthetho we-14, imimiselo yeNkundla yakwaKarren kwimigrand, kunye nombutho olandelayo wokuhlaziywa kwamapolisa ngenxa yokuxhatshazwa kwamalungelo abantu. Ukuqonda esi sixhobo sembali kunceda ukuba kungenelwe impikiswano eqhubekayo nxamnye namandla amapolisa, ukusuka ekuyekeni kwe-fris kwimigaqo yokusebenzisa iikhamera zomzimba.

Amandla Alawulayo Asemthethweni

Amagosa amapolisa eUnited States akafunyanwa kumthombo omnye kodwa kumaziko omgaqo-siseko, imithetho engomthetho, kunye nemizekelo egwebayo. Le nkqubo idibene iqinisekisa ukuba ukugcinwa komthetho kuxhomekeke ekuhlolweni kwangaphandle nokuba amalungelo omntu akangowokungaqwalaselwa.

Izibonelelo zomGaqo-siseko

UMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S., ingakumbi iBhili yamaLungelo, imisela imida engaphandle yamandla amapolisa. IsiHlanzi sesine soMyezo sikwalela ukuphengulula nokuxhuzula okungekho ngqiqweni, sifuna ukuba izigunyaziso “zixhaswe yi-Oath okanye isiqinisekiso, kwaye ingakumbi zichaze indawo ekufuneka ikhangelwe, kwaye abantu okanye izinto ezimele zibanjwe.” IsiHlamlo sesihlanu soMphengululo sikhusela ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho yenkundla yokwahlukana kwaye siqinisekisa inkqubo efanelekileyo, ngelixa iSithandathu seSimende siqinisekisa ilungelo lokuvavanywa ngokukhawuleza noncedo lukawonke. Ezi zinyanzelo zinyanzelwe ngomthetho wokuqeshwa, ezo zinto ezinokufunyanwa ngokuchasene nokukhuselwa kwezi nteko — imfundiso esungulweyo * (1914) kunye nokusetyenziswa kwengxelo ye-Ouni * * (194).

Imithetho yemithetho

Ngaphaya komGaqo-siseko, imimiselo karhulumente neyorhulumente ichaza amagosa amapolisa ngokwemeko ezithile. Umzekelo, umgangatho wamapolisa okanye uMgaqo wobuPhawuli uMisgcife ummiselo (34 U.S.C. 76601) uvumela iSebe loBugwebi ukuba lihlole kwaye libeke amagosa omthetho asebenza ngokungekho mthethweni abandakanyeke kwizenzo ezingalunganga. Kumgangatho worhulumente, imithetho elawula ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho yokunyanzelisa, iinkqubo zokubanjwa, kunye nokuphathwa kobungqina kwamkelekile. Amazwe amaninzi aye amkela “ukungenelela imimiselo efuna amagosa asebenza ngokugqithisileyo. Umthetho owisomthetho usoloko unika ukhokelo oluneenkcukacha kunemiqathangomthetho, ugcwalisa kwimiqathango efuna “okanye nengcumo enzima”

Umthetho wetyala kunye neMiqathango yezeNkcukacha

Izigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo yelizwe ziphucule ngokuphindaphindiweyo imida yamapolisa. Terry v.Oui (ngonyaka wama-68) zimisele ukuba abaphathi bangayiyeka kwaye bayifake ipesenti umntu ukuba banoburhalarhulwa obusengqiqweni bezenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho, umgangatho osezantsi ongaphaya kwamandla. imanda v. [19989]) yadala “ubusengqiqweni bokulungisa ukuchasana nokugqithiswa kwamandla. Ezi mizekelo azifuni ukukrokrazwa ngamalungelo azo phambi kokuncinwa kwe-mvume. [[FLT:] gram v. [[FLT]. [19989]

Amagosa Amapolisa Aqhelisela

Ukuqonda isiseko somthetho sisiqingatha somfanekiso. Ukusetyenziswa kwemini yonke kwamandla amapolisa — ukubanjwa, ukuphengulula, nokusetyenziswa kwamandla — kubandakanya izigqibo zesibini ezisoloko zivavanya imida yomthetho.

Ukubanjwa Kwamandla

Ukubanjwa kukuphela kwesizathu esithe ngqo segunya lamapolisa, okubandakanya ukuncitshiswa kwenkululeko. Ukuze abaphathi-mikhosi babhaliswe ngokusemthethweni, kufuneka babe nesizathu esifanelekileyo — inkolelo esengqiqweni, esekelwe kwizibakala, ukuba umntu uye wayenza into yolwaphulo-mthetho okanye uza kuyenza. Umgangatho wesizathu esinokuba singunolwazelelelo olusengqiqweni ungaphezulu kokukrokraza kodwa siphantsi kobungqina obungaphaya kobusengqiqweni. Amagosa angenza ukubanjwa okungenasiqinisekiso ngenxa yamatyala awenziweyo ebukhoneni babo okanye ngenxa yokuphoxeka okuphosakeleyo. Noko ke, ukubanjwa ekhaya, uMphetho wesine wo Amenzi udla ngokuqhelekileyo ufuna isiqinisekiso sokungahambi, njengoko kubekwe kusemngciphekweni ofanelekileyo. . . .[[FLT]

Ngokwesiko, ukubanjwa kusoloko kusisiphelo sophando, kodwa kunokwenzeka nakweli xesha. Ukuvalelwa ngokusemthethweni komntu kungacelw'ityala ekucinezelweni, apho ijaji igqiba ukuba igosa linobulungisa obaneleyo. Ukuba ukubanjwa kufunyaniswe kungekho mthethweni, ubungqina obufunyenwe emva kokubanjwa bungasuswa.

Ukukhangela Nokushenxisa

Umthetho weSine soHlaziyo ochasene nophengululo lobugqwetha yenye yezona ndawo zichanekileyo zomgaqo-nkqubo wamapolisa. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukuphengulula kufuna isiqinisekiso esixhaswe yisizathu esilindelekileyo nesichaza indawo nezinto ezimele ziphengululwe. Noko ke, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yakrola iindidi eziliqela ezivumela ukuphengululwa okungenasiqinisekiso kwiimeko ezithile:

  • Isiganeko sokukhangela ukubanjwa: Amagosa angakhangela indawo ngaphakathi kulawulo olukhawulezileyo lomntu obanjwayo ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko nokukhusela ukutshatyalaliswa kobungqina ( IsiChimel v. California, 1969)).
  • Iimeko eziqikeleleyo: Iimeko ezibandakanya ingozi ekufuphi, ukusukela ngokushushu umkrokrela obalekayo, okanye umngcipheko wobubungqina botshaba zingakuthethelela ukuphendla ngaphandle kogunyaziso.
  • Umahluko ozenzekelayo wenqwelo-moya: Amapolisa angakhangela isithuthi ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso ukuba anokuba nesizathu esilindelekileyo sokukholelwa ukuba siqulethe ulwaphulo-mthetho olungekho mthethweni okanye ubungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho (] Caroll v. United States, 1925]).
  • [[FLT: 0] Imvume:[ Ukuba umntu uvuma ngokuzithandela ukukhangela, amagosa akafuni mvume. Noko ke, kufuneka uvume ngenkululeko nangokuzithandela; ukuvuma nje kwigunya akwanele.
  • Imfundiso yoluvo olucacileyo: amagosa angathatha ubungqina obukwimboniselo ecacileyo ukuba akhona ngokusemthethweni kwaye uhlobo lwento echongiweyo lubonakala ngokukhawuleza.

Ezi zinxaxhi zenzelwe ukuvumela amapolisa ukuba enze ngokunempumelelo kwindawo ezisingisele phambili, kodwa akwadala iindawo ezingwevu. Umzekelo, ububanzi besiganeko sokukhangela ukubanjwa busikelwe umda yi- Riley v. IKhalifoniya (2014, ebambe ukuba abaphathi-mikhosi badla ngokungaphenduli ugcino-lwazi kwiseli ngaphandle kwemvume, nokuba babamba umniniyo. Imithetho enjalo ibonisa umgudu oqhubekayo wokulungisa ukhuseleko lweSine seSinyuko solawulo-Grameterssion kwizinto zezobugcisa.

Ukusetyenziswa koMkhosi

Ukusetyenziswa kwamapolisa kusenokuba yeyona nkalo iqwalaselweyo nenempikiswano yamandla amapolisa. Umgangatho womthetho uvela kwi-Graham v. Connor, evavanya iziphumo zamandla phantsi koMphetho-Mgaqo-siseko wesine. Olu phengululo luqwalasela:

  • Ubuqatha bolwaphulo - mthetho olurhanelwayo.
  • Enoba abarhanelwa babesisisongelo esikhawulezileyo kukhuseleko lwamagosa okanye abanye.
  • Enoba umkroti wayekuxhathisa ngamandla ukubanjwa okanye ezama ukuphepha ngokubhabha.

Okubalulekileyo, ukuba nengqiqo kugwetywa ukusuka kumbono womphathi osengqiqweni kule ndawo, noDaniel Prade engekho 20/20 engqibeleneka njengexesha elifutshane. Nangona lomlinganiselo obekiweyo, ukusetyenziswa komkhosi kufunyaniswe ukuba akunangqiqo xa ukrokrelo lungaxhobiswanga, lungalawuleki, okanye luthintelwa. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ukufa okuphezulu kwe-profile njengoko lukaGeorge Floyd, Breonna Taylory, kunye noDaniel Prade baye bakhokela kutshintsho lomthetho, kuquka ukuvalwa kwemiqathango, umsebenzi-to-iimiyalelo ye-enze, kwaye kwandiswa ukusebenzisa iikhamera zomzimba. [[FLT:] Iziko lophando lophando lophando lweze-PLD [20202020] [FLT]] ufumanise okokuba lukhulu kumaqela ezahlukahlukeneyo amaqela eentlanga namaqela afana noompompompomposotho-ota-ontampla i-magraclaast.

Imida Kumandla Amapolisa

Ngoxa kuyimfuneko ukuba amapolisa abe negunya, alawulwa yimithetho, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, nemithetho elawulayo efuna ukuthintela ukuxhatshazwa nokuhlala abantu bekholose.

Imida Esemthethweni

Ummiselo womGaqo-siseko kunye nomthetho uqinisekisa ukuba iintetho ezifunyenwe ngexesha lokuncinwa kwegunya zikhuselekile kwaye zikhuselwe ngokwasemthethweni. Ngaphezu koko, imfundiso yokuzikhusela esemthethweni ikhusela amagosa karhulumente, kuquka amapolisa, kwityala lamakhaya ngaphandle kokuba ahlulele “umthetho owenziwe ngokungenakuphikiswa”. Le mfundiso iye yabangela impikiswano — abagxeki bayithintela ukuphendula okungagunyaziswanga kwesimilo, ngoxa abaxhasi bethi ivumela abaphathi ukuba benze izigqibo zokwesibini ngaphandle kokoyika ukumangalelwa. Inkundla ephakamileyo ibonise ukuvuma ukujongeka kwemeko yokungawufuni umgaqo-mthetho.

Ukuqwalasela Okufanelekileyo

Amagosa angaphezulu koko kumiselwe ngokungqongqo. Amagosa ajongana neengxaki ezizinzileyo zemilinganiselo yokuziphatha: xa kusetyenziswa ubuchule, indlela yokulungelelanisa ukunyanzeliswa komthetho nemfesane, nendlela yokuphepha ikhethe lobuhlanga okanye lentlalo-ntle. International commental Association of Kingns of Police (IACP)[FLP] anikela imigaqo-nkqubo yemodeli nemigaqo-siseko yemithetho esesikweni egxininisa ingqibelelo, okusesikweni, ukuhlonipheka, ukuhlonela isidima somntu. Noko ke, ukuphelelwa kwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha — njenge-perjury, ukujikitha, okanye ukungeniswa koqheliselo lolwaphulo-mthetho — kunokuphelisa ukuthembeka koluntu nokunganyaniswa kwemithetho yemithetho yokuziphatha. Uqeqesho kwimigaqo-siseko sokuziphatha nokungalawule-mthetho, kodwa ukuphumelela kwayo kuxhomekeke kwimisebenzi emininzi yamapolisa, kodwa ukuxhasa okuthenjiswa komsebenzi.

Izixhobo Zokukhusela Okuqhelekileyo

Iinkqubo zolawulo ezingokwenkqubo ezifana neebhodi zolawulo lwasekuhlaleni, uphando lwangaphakathi, kunye nokuhlola okuzimeleyo komtshutshisi kusebenza ekuhloleni igunya lamapolisa. Izixeko ezininzi ziye zamisela iibhodi zokuhlola abantu abangekho mthethweni ezinamaqondo ahlukeneyo ogunya — ezinye zingancomela kuphela isenzo sokuqeqesha amangqina, ngoxa ezinye zinokukhuthaza amangqina angaphantsi kwepona zinyanzelise ubungqina. Iikhamera zomzimba ziye zaba sisixhobo esandileyo sokuphendula ityala, ukulungiselela ingxelo yokudibana kwamapolisa kunye noluntu. [[FLLT:0] zibonelwe yi-American Police Beat ibone ukuba iikhamera zesiqu zinciphisa izikhalazo ezinxamnye nabaphathi-majoni, nangona ubungqina buxube buxubene. Ekugqibeleni, imfuneko yokusetyenziswa kweefayile nganye emva kokusetyenziswa okanye ukwenziwa koludwe kwephepha lokungaphatheki.

Unxulumano loLuntu nokuXhotyiswa ngamapolisa

Ukugcinwa komthetho okusebenzayo akusiso sitrato sinye. Ukubekwa kwamapolisa umthetho kuxhomekeke ekuthembeni kwasekuhlaleni, nto leyo ekhuthaza intsebenziswano nokuxelelwa kolwaphulo-mthetho. Xa elo tyala liphela, lonke inkqubo yokusesikweni iyaphela.

Ukubaluleka Kwamagosa Oluntu

Amapolisa oluntu agxininisa ekunyanzelweni komthetho okhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zokusebenza, amagosa akhuthazwa ukuba akhe ulwalamano nabemi, angene iintlanganiso zobume, kunye namaqabane neentlangano zasekuhlaleni. Le ndlela ibonise isithembiso ekunciphiseni uloyiko lolwaphulo-mthetho nokuphucula indlela abantu abacinga ngayo amapolisa. Umzekelo, “Ugonyamelo” inkqubo iphatha ugonyamelo njengengxaki yempilo kawonke-wonke, isebenzisa abasebenzi abaphazamisa abasebenzi kunye nogonyamelo ukuphazamisa iingxoxo ngaphambi kokuba zikhule.

Ukuziphendulela Ngoomatshini Nemigudu Yotshintsho

Isalathisi somsebenzi weCandelo loLuntu, iSebe elilawula iNkqubo yoLawulo loLuntu, iSebe eliBalulekileyo, libonise ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba babonise ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba babonise ukuba

  • Iikhamera zeBody-morn: Ngoku kumgangatho kumasebe amaninzi, ezi khamera zinika ingxelo yobundilele yentsebenziswano kwaye zisoloko zifuneka ukuba zivulelwe ngexesha lokunyanzelisa umthetho.
  • Iinkqubo ezilumkisayo zokuqala: iinkqubo zogcino-lwazi-okanye ezibonisa abaphathi abanezikhalazo ezininzi okanye abasebenzisa iziganeko zomkhosi, ezikhokelela ekuqeqesheni kwakhona okanye ekungeneleni.
  • Ungaphathi ozimeleyo: Amanye amagunya adala amapolisa okanye imimiselo evumelanayo neSebe loLuntu emva kokufumana imilinganiselo yokuziphatha okubi.
  • [[FLT: 0] Bhani ngaphandle kwemvume yokungena ekhonkondweni: Ukuphendula ekufeni kukaBrenna Taylor, amazwe amaninzi nezixeko ziye zathintela okanye zavala imvume yokungangeni ntambo yomthi, eyayisoloko isetyenziswa kuphando lweziyobisi.

Olu tshintsho alwamkelwa ehlabathini lonke — amanye amaqumrhu amapolisa aphikisa ukuba abaphathi bemicu yeham bayaziphikisa yaye bafaka ingozi — kodwa ukuvotelwa kucebisa ukuba abantu abaninzi baxhase ukubonakala nokuziphendulela. Ucelomngeni kukuvelisa utshintsho olusebenzayo ngaphandle kokuthob ’ isidima sokhuseleko lwabaphathi-mikhosi.

Isiphelo: Ukusondela Kwikamva Elilungeleleneyo

Ukugcinwa kwemithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho kufuna ulungelelwano olululo. Amapolisa kufuneka abe namandla aneleyo okukhusela uluntu nokuzisa izaphuli-mthetho, ukanti loo magunya kufuneka amiselwe ukukhusela ingcinezelo. Isiseko somthetho — imigaqo-siseko, imimiselo, kunye nomthetho ongokwamatyala — sinikela isiseko, kodwa asikokuzinqumla ngokwawo. Kufuna ukuhlala uphaphile, ukuhlaziywa kwemithetho, nokuzibopha ummiselo, kunye nozibopha ummiselo kubo bobabini abasebenza kunye nabantu abahlala kunye nabo. Njengoko ubugcisa beguqula imigaqo kunye nokulindela kwebutho labantu kuya kuqhubeka kuvavanywa, imidanga yamapolisa iya kuqhubeka ivavanywa. Ukuqonda la mandla kubalulekile kuye nabani na okhathalela umthetho, amalungelo oluntu, nokulandela uluntu.