Ukuphendula kurhulumente kusisiseko solawulo-demokhrasi, kuqinisekisa ukuba amagosa karhulumente kunye namaziko oluntu ahlala enokuphendula ngezenzo zawo, izigqibo, nokusetyenziswa koovimba babantu. Ngaphandle kokuthenjwa ngamandla kwemigaqo yokuphendula, ukutshatyalaliswa korhulumente, ukuchuma, neenkonzo zikawonke-wonke. Eli nqaku landisiweyo lihlolisisa iingcamango ezisisiseko zokuphendula kukarhulumente, ukuhlolisisa izicwangciso eziphambili ezingokwasemthethweni nezingokweziko, lichaza imisebenzi engcono eyomelezayo, kwaye lixubusha ngemikhwa eqhambukayo kunye neengxaki eziqhubekayo. Ngokuqonda ezi migaqo, abamisi-nkqubo, abasebenzi bemi, kunye nabemi banokusebenza kunye ukwakha ubuchule obucacileyo, ulwamdlalo, noorhulumente abaphumelelayo.

Ukuqonda Ityala

Ukuphendula korhulumente kubhekisela kwimbopheleleko yamagosa karhulumente kunye namaziko oluntu yokwazisa, ukuchaza, nokuthethelela izenzo nezigqibo zawo, kunye nokwamkela iziphumo xa ezo zinto zichasene nemithetho okanye imigaqo. Yingcamango enxulumene nomphathi wembopheleleko (urhulumente) kunye nomphathi wamalungelo ojongene nawo (uluntu, ipalamente, iinkundla, okanye amaziko azimeleyo).

  • I-transparency- – ukufumaneka kolwazi ngemisebenzi nezigqibo zikarhulumente, ezinceda uphando lwequmrhu loluntu kunye nolawulo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Impendulo [ – imfuneko yokuba amagosa anikezele ngenkcazelo nobulungisa bezenzo zawo.
  • Unyanzeliso – ubukho benkqubo ukumisela inggunya okanye amayeza xa amagosa engaphumeleli ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zabo.

I-academics kunye nooogqirha basoloko behlula phakathi ukuphendulela okupheleleyo (iingingqi kunye nebutho labantu elinoxanduva loburhulumente ngokhetho, ngoondaba-ndaba, kunye noxinzelelo lwentlalo) kunye nokungaguquguquki kobutyala [ (amaziko esizwe, anjengeenkundla, amaqumrhu, namasebe achasene nezonkanganiso, amele omnye ngamnye). Uxanduva lwentlalo, uhlobo lwesithathu, lubandakanya ukubophelelela inkxaso yabemi ekujongeni iinkonzo zikawonke wonke kunye noqingqo-mali. Idemo-demokhrasi ephilileyo ifuna zonke iintlobo ezintathu zokusebenza okuphumelelayo.

Iintlobo zokuphendula

Ukuphendula kusenokubekwa kwindawo enye ngobungakanani nojoliso:

  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] ukuphendula ngokubhekiselele kuxanduva – unyulo nonyulo lwamagosa amiselweyo anokuphendula kuwonke-wonke nakwiqumrhu lowiso-mthetho.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Uxanduva lolawulo – izicaka zasekuhlaleni zinamathela kwimithetho, kwiinkqubo, kunye nemigangatho yomsebenzi.
  • [[UMTL:0] ukuphendula ngokwemali – imali kawonke-wonke ilawulwa ngokusemthethweni, ngokufanelekileyo, nangempumelelo.
  • [[QULA] Uxanduva lwetyala – izenzo zikarhulumente ziyavumelana nomgaqo-siseko, umthetho, kunye nomthetho wezizwe ngezizwe.
  • [[UMTL:0] Uxanduva lwetyala [ – amagosa axhasa ingqibelelo, ukunyaniseka, kunye nehambo elungileyo engaphaya kweemfuno ezingokwasemthethweni.

Uhlobo ngalunye lufuna iindlela ezilungeleleneyo kunye namaziko. Umzekelo, ukuphendula ngetyala kwemali kuxhomekeke kwiikomiti zee-ofisi zophicotho-zincwadi nee-akhawunti zikawonke-wonke, ngoxa ukuphendula ngokokuziphatha kusoloko kuxhomekeke kwimigaqo yehambo nemigaqo yemigaqo yokuziphatha ezimeleyo.

Imisebenzi yesakhelo yokunika ingxelo

Ukuziphendulela akuziveli ngokuzenzekelayo; kufuna ukwenziwa ngabom ngomthetho, ulungiselelo, kunye nenkqubo. Ezi zicwangciso zidala imithetho, iindima, kunye nezakhiwo ezenza ukuba kusebenze oko kumele kuxelelwe.

Imisebenzi Yesakhelo esisemthethweni

Isiseko sokwakha sixhomekeke kulawulo lukarhulumente.

  • Amalungiselelo e- agunyazisa ukubonakala, ukwahlukana kwamandla, namalungelo asisiseko. Umgaqo-siseko omninzi uquka amalungiselelo enkululeko yolwazi, imibutho ezimeleyo yokuvelela, nelungelo lokucela urhulumente.
  • [[NKQUBO:0] Isivumelwano sokumisela imilinganiselo yokuziphatha - imithetho enjengemithetho yehambo yabasebenzi bakawonke-wonke, imimiselo yokulwa efuna ungenelelo, kunye neemfuno zobhengezo lwemali. INdibano yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo echasene norhwaphilizo ikhuthaza amazwe atyikityelwayo ukuba amkele imithetho enjalo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Inkululeko yolwazi (FOI) isebenza[ enika abemi ilungelo lokufikelela kwiirekhodi zikarhulumente, ngaphandle kwe-overse. Amazwe angaphezu kwe-125 ngoku anemithetho yeFOI, nangona uzalisekiso luye lwahluka ngokubanzi.
  • [ Imithetho yokukhusela ekhuselayo ekhusela abantu abachaza ukuziphatha okubi ekuziphindezeleni, ikhuthaza ukuphendula ngaphakathi.
  • Inkqubo yolawulo iyasebenza efuna ukubonakala nokuxilonga ekuqulunqeni imithetho, kwaye inika uhlolo lolawulo lwezigqibo zolawulo.

Umthetho wokwakha womelele njengonyanzelo lwawo. Ngaphandle kweenkundla ezizimeleyo kunye namayeza asebenzayo, imithetho ihlala ikholisile. I-ECD inika ukhokelo lokuyila iinkqubo ezidityanisiweyo zomthetho kunye nezinxulumene nokugcinwa kwamagosa.

Imisebenzi yeFrame yeZiko

Iinkqubo zequmrhu zibhekisela kwimibutho nemibutho efuna ukuphendula ityala layo. Ezi zinokuba ngaphakathi (kwisebe elilawulayo) okanye ngaphandle (ongaxhomekekanga kurhulumente). Amaziko angundoqo aquka:

  • Jikelele okanye izintlu zophicotho-zincwadi eziPhakamileyo – uxanduva lophicotho-mali kunye nomsebenzi wemibutho karhulumente. I-SAS, njenge-Ofisi yetyala likaRhulumente (GAO) okanye i-U.K. uPhicotho-zincwadi lweSizwe (NAO), ivelisa iingxelo ezizimeleyo ezisetyenziswa ziindlu zowiso-mthetho ekugcineni ii-ofisi ze-ofisi ze-ofisi.
  • Amaziko akwindawo entle - uphando lwezikhalazo zabemi malunga nesebe elingekho mgangathweni, ukubonelela ngomgaqo ophantsi wezolungiso. I-International Ombudsman Institute inika imilinganiselo yokuzimela nokusebenza.
  • Amaqumrhu orhwaphilizo olungowonakaliyo – izidumbu ezifana neKhomishoni yeHong Kong Independent A Against Urmon (ICAC) okanye i-Ethics kunye neKhomishoni yeKenya elwa noNxaso-Mbindiso-Mbindisela-zinzo. Impumelelo yawo ixhomekeke kwinkululeko yezopolitiko, ubuncwane obufanelekileyo, kunye nenkxaso eqinileyo esemthethweni.
  • Ikhomishini yezemali - - ukongamela izibhengezo zempahla, ukuqwalasela inkxwaleko yomdla, nokunika amacebiso kwiingxaki zemilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Isoloko isebenza kwikomiti yepalamente.
  • [[IKOMITI: 0] Iikomiti zokwalathisa – ingakumbi iikomiti zee-akhawunti zikawonke-wonke neekomiti zolawulo, ezihlolisisa izenzo zolawulo oluphezulu nezibiza amagosa ukuba aphendule. IKhompathila yoMbutho woMbutho iveze imigaqo yokusebenza kweekomiti.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Amaqumrhu akwinkonzo – iinkundla kunye neenkundla ezihlola izenzo zikarhulumente zomthetho kunye nomgaqo-siseko, kuquka iinkundla zolawulo.

Izicwangciso zequmrhu kufuneka zikhuselwe ekungeneleni kwezobupolitika ukuze zisebenze ngokunempumelelo. Amazwe amaninzi ajamelana nocelomngeni “lokusebenza,” apho imibutho yoomphathi iba zizixhobo zeqela elilawulayo kunokuba ibe ziinja ezizimeleyo zokugada. Ukuqinisa ukhuseleko, iinkqubo zokumisa ezicace gca, kunye nenkxaso-mali eyaneleyo ivavanywa.

Izenzo ezingcono zokunika ingqwalaselo ephambili

Nangona izakhiwo zinika isakhiwo, ezona zinto zilungileyo zimela amaqhinga omsebenzi abangela ukuba abantu baphendule ngokulawulwa yimihla ngemihla.

Izinyathelo Zokuqala Zokucace Nqo

Ukubonisa ngaphaya kolwazi kukungaqiniseki. Xa abemi kunye neequmrhu zoomphathi bebona oko kwenziwa ngurhulumente, banokuhlola ukusebenza nokufuna iingcaciso. Izenzo ezingcono ekuboneni ziquka:

Ukukhanya akwanele; kufuneka kudityaniswe nobuchule babemi ukusebenzisa ulwazi. Imithombo yezopolitiko, ibutho labantu nepalamente zinendima ebalulekileyo ekuguquleleni ulwazi oluqinileyo kwiingqiqo ezinokusetyenziswa.

Uhlolo loMsebenzi

Ukuphendula kubandakanya ukujongana nenkqubela yemiqathango nokubona iingxaki.

  • [[NTL:0] Ukubeka izibonisi ezingundoqo zokusebenza (KP yi) – amaxhoba adityaniswe neenjongo ezicwangcisiweyo, njengokunciphisa amanani okufa kwabantwana nge 10% okanye ukwakhiwa kwemvume ngeentsuku ezingama-30.
  • Inkqubo yovavanyo olucacileyo[ – uhlolo oluzimeleyo, olungqongqo lweenkqubo zikarhulumente ukufumanisa ukusebenza kwazo, ukusebenza kwazo, nokulingana kwazo. I-ofisi kaRhulumente wase-U.S. kunye nezinye i-SAS iqhuba amakhulu eengxelo zolo vavanyo minyaka le.
  • Ingxelo yamakhadi kunye namakhadi okufumana amaqela oluntu – izixhobo zokwahlula-hlula eziqokelela ingxelo yomsebenzisi kwiinkonzo zikawonke-wonke, ezisetyenziswa ngokubanzi eIndiya, eUganda, nasePhilippines.
  • Iibhodi zePublic – umboniso wexesha lokwenene wemiboniso engundoqo, uvumela amagosa nabemi ukuba bajonge umsebenzi. Imizekelo iquka iColorado Practice Previce Domagement System.
  • Ikhonkco ekucwangciseni imali – ugcino-lwazi lokwenza umsebenzi lufanele longeze kwizigqibo zoqingqo-mali, iinkqubo ezinempumelelo kunye nokulungisa okanye ukuphelisa abasebenzi abangaphantsi. Uqingqo-mali olusekelwe kumsebenzi luye lwamkelwa ngamazwe amaninzi e-OECD.

Ucelomngeni luquka umgangatho wogcino-lwazi, izihlomelo zezobupolitika zokulawula imiba elinganayo, kunye nexabiso lokuhlola. Ukwakha isithethe sokwenziwa kobungqina obusunguliweyo kudinga ushishino oluqhubekayo kunye nokhokelo.

Ukuba Ngummi Olawulayo Nonenxaxheba

Ukuncedisana nabemi ngokuthe ngqo ekwenzeni izigqibo kunye nokuvelela komeleza ukuphendula ngokuzinzisa izinto ezikhethwa nguwonke-wonke nokuzihlolisisa kwiinkqubo zolawulo. Ukungena ngokunempumelelo kubandakanya:

  • uqingqo-mali lwecandelo lobunyani---bemi bavota indlela yokwabelana ngenxalenye yoqingqo-mali lukamasipala. Ukuvela kwesi sithethe kusasazeke kwizixeko ezingaphezulu kwe7 000 ehlabathini lonke. Uphando lubonisa ukuba inyusa ulwaneliseko kwaye inciphisa ukunganyaniseki.
  • [[NKQUBO:0] Ukhangelo olusemthethweni lwemigaqo kunye nemimiselo - ukusebenzisa imigangatho ye-intanethi, iiholo zedolophu, kunye namaqela aqwalaselweyo ukuqokelela igalelo phambi kokuba kwenziwe izigqibo. Amazwe amaninzi afuna amaxesha okuphendula anyanzelekileyo emimiselo ecetyisiweyo.
  • Icandelo lokwalatha iibhodi kunye namaqumrhu akhoyo – amaqumrhu asisigxina acebisa kwimibandela ethile, njengemfundo okanye ulawulo lwamapolisa, anika i-check kwigunya eliphezulu.
  • Uphicotho-zincwadi lwe- – uphicotho-zincwadi oluxhotyisiweyo lwasekuhlaleni lwemisebenzi karhulumente, olwaziwayo yimodeli yeMeghalaya eIndiya apho abemi bedolophana baqinisekisa imisebenzi kunye nee-accom.
  • Ilungisa iindlela ezisetyenziswayo – iinkqubo zabemi ukudibanisa izikhalazo zefayile, ezifana ne-Indiya ye-Grievance Redress ne-Monitoring System (CPGRAMS), eqinisekisa iimpendulo kwisakhelo sexesha elibekiweyo.

Ukuganana kwabemi kufuna ukwenziwa ngabom ukuquka amaqela aphantsi kwaye uphephe ukubanjwa ngabaphezulu. Izixhobo zamanani zingandisa inxaxheba kodwa zikwangaphazamisi ezo zingenayo i-intanethi. Ukwakha ukuthembana kubalulekile: xa oorhulumente betyeshela iziphumo zokuthabatha inxaxheba, imigudu yokuganana ibuya nemiphumo.

Indima Yoluntu Namajelo Onxibelelwano

Imibutho yamakhaya (CSOs) kunye ne-arhente ezimeleyo isebenza njengemibutho ephakathi kwabemi nesizwe, inyusa iimfuno zokuphendula nokuphanda ngesenzo esiphosakeleyo. Kwimeko ezininzi, ngabaqhubi abanempumelelo abanokuphendula.

ICSOs yenza imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo: zihlola izenzo zikarhulumente, ziqhuba uphando, zixhasa utshintsho, zinika uncedo olusemthethweni kumaxhoba enkqubo yezolawulo engekho mthethweni, zize ziquke uxinzelelo lukawonke-wonke. Imizekelo iquka i-Transparency International (anti-okisation), iNgqina Lehlabathi Lonke (ulawulo loovimba bendalo), kunye namaqela asekuhlaleni ajongileyo. ICSOs isoloko isebenza ngamaqumrhu azweni lonke njengeWorld Bank’s Provionance Global Create.

Imithombo yamajelo eendaba, ingakumbi uphando, ibhenca ukuziphatha okubi okunokuthi amaziko olawulo aphoswe. Uphando lwePanama kunye neeParadisi, oluququzelelwe yi-International Consourium of Investigative Mintaints (ICIJ), lutyhila ukubhadula nokunganyaniseki okugqugqisileyo kwerhafu, nto leyo ekhokelela kwiinguqu zenkqubo kumazwe amaninzi. Noko ke, inkululeko yamajelo-ndaba ijongene nezisongelo ezikhulayo emhlabeni wonke, kuquka ukuhlaselwa, ukugxoxwa ngumthetho, kunye neengcinezelo zezoqoqosho. Ukukhusela ukhuseleko nenkululeko yentatheli yemali kubaluleke kakhulu.

ICSOs nejenali zifuna ukuba imekobume yenzeke: inkululeko yonxulumano, ukufikelela inkcazelo, nokukhuselwa kwimpindezelo. Oorhulumente bangayixhasa le meko ngemithetho ekhusela imimandla yoluntu kunye nabasasazi-manyusi bakawonke-wonke abazimeleyo.

Ubuxhakaxhaka kunye nokuphendula

Ubugcisa bamanani bunika izixhobo ezintsha zokubonisa ukukhanya, ukuthatha inxaxheba, kunye nolawulo, kodwa kwakhona buzisa iingozi. Inkqubela-phambili iquka:

  • I-E-e-gornance kunye nee-ofisi zenkonzo ye-intanethi – ukulinganisela iinkonzo zikarhulumente kunciphisa amathuba okunyoba nokuxhaphaza ngeenkqubo zokuzisebenzela nangokususa abagcini-sango. Inkqubo ye-Estonia ye-e-burhulumente inguphawu lwebhedring yomhlaba wonke.
  • Isigodo sokunciphisa umngcipheko wokonakala [[FLT: 1] – i-immutable sychnic iyakwazi ukulandelela imali kawonke-wonke, irejista, kunye nokunikezela ngemixokelelwano, eyenza ukuba kube nzima ukufihla. Iinqwelo-moya eGeorgia nase Sweden zibonisa isithembiso sesiqu somhlaba sokuzikopela.
  • AI-drive-uphicolo kunye nongamelo - umatshini wokufunda algoriths ungahlalutya ii-data ezinkulu zezivumelwano zokufumana okanye iirekhoda zerhafu zokuqesha iflegi. I-ofisi yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo yeziyobisi ne-Crime (UNDC) ihlola i-AIF ukufumanisa iipateni zorhwebezelo.
  • [[NTLA: 0] Isehlo se-media ye-adical' [ - oorhulumente kunye ne-CSOs basebenzisa uhlalutyo lwendlela yokuvakalelwa kunye nezixhobo zokuxela iintsilelo zabemi nokuhanjiswa kwenkonzo yomzila. Noko ke, oku kunyusa inkxalabo yangasese kwaye kusenokusetyenziswa ukuqwalasela.
  • Iinkqubo zokwaziwa kobuzwe – amanani akhethekileyo okuchaza angakhupha iinkonzo ezimxinwa kodwa kwakhona adala umngcipheko wokukhutshwa nokulandelelwa ngoobhombu. Inkqubo ye-Aadhaar eIndiya ihlala iphikisana.

Ubuxhakaxhaka abuyondawo yokulungisa. Izixhobo ezikhoyo ezinamandla ukuba zenziwe ngaphandle kwegalelo elivela kumaqela asezantsi. Ukungalingani kogcino-lwazi, ubuqu bogcino-lwazi, kunye nokwahlulwa kwamanani kufuneka kuchazwe. Umgaqo “wempahla kawonke-wonke" – umthombo ovulekileyo, okhanyayo, kunye nenkqubo eziqulunqayo – ungakhokela ukwamkelwa ngokwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha.

Ucelomngeni Lokuziphendulela

Nangokuba kukho ulwakhiwo oluqinileyo kunye nezenzo ezingcono, imiqobo ephawulekayo iyaqhubekeka. Ukuqonda olu celomngeni kubalulekile ekulungiseni izisombululo.

  • Ithala lee-asethi – izijungqu zisoloko zichasa ukubonakala nokuvelela kuba ukuphendula kusongela izilangazelelo zabo. Utshintsho lungamiswa kodwa lungaphunyezwa, okanye amaqumrhu okuvelela asenokulamba ubuncwane. Ukwakha imibutho phakathi kwabaguquli abangaphakathi nangaphandle kukarhulumente kungundoqo.
  • Ukusetyenziswa kweprojekthi nokubanjwa – xa ukonakala kusekwe nkqubo, amaziko olawulo ngokwawo asenokuba onakalisa okanye alawulwe ngamaqela aphezulu alawulayo. Oku kufuna uxinzelelo olusezantsi oluvela kuluntu kunye nomgangatho wezizwe ngezizwe.
  • ulawulo lwe-Weak lomthetho kunye nenkululeko yokugweba – ngaphandle kweenkundla ezikulungeleyo ukunyanzelisa imithetho echasene namagosa anamandla, imigaqo yomthetho ayinamazinyo. Utshintsho kunye nokhuseleko lwabagwebi zizinto ezifunekayo.
  • [[UMSEBE] Akwanelanga oovimba kunye nomthamo – iinjengele, ii-ombudsme, kunye namasebe alwa norhwaphilizo asoloko engenabasebenzi, ubugcisa, kunye noqingqo-mali ukuze benze umsebenzi wabo ngokunempumelelo. Amaqabane akwinkqubela-phambili yezizwe ngezizwe anganceda ngenkxaso-mali nangoncedo lobugcisa.
  • Izithethe eziqhelekileyo kunye nezithethe zasekuhlaleni – kwezinye iindawo, iingingqi zokhuselo kunye nokuthotyelwa kwegunya kudiza iimfuno zokuphendula. Imfundo kunye namaphulo okunika amandla angaguqula imigangatho ekuhambeni kwexesha.
  • Ulwazi oludityanisiweyo nolwentsonkothileyo – izenzo zikarhulumente zisoloko zingobugcisa obuphezulu, okwenza kube nzima ngabemi ukuvavanya ukusebenza. Ulwazi olulula nokunika uhlalutyo oluzimeleyo lunceda lo msantsa.
  • Ukungavumelani nemithetho-siseko --okanye abasebenzi basekuhlaleni bangaboyika ukuphenduliswa njengesohlwayo, nto leyo ekhokelela kwihambo echasene nomngcipheko okanye ukuxhathisa okungalawulekiyo. Ukwakha indlela yokuziphendulela egxininisa ekufundeni nokuphucula kunokusohlwaya kubalulekile.

Ukusingatha ezi ngxaki kufuna indlela eqinileyo, edibanisa utshintsho olusemthethweni, ukomelezwa koomasipala, amandla oluntu, kunye nozinzo lwezopolitiko.

Isiphelo

Ukubekwa kwetyala korhulumente asiyonkqubo yolwakhiwo emileyo kodwa yinkqubo eqhubekayo yokwakha iziko, imigaqo, kunye noqheliselo oluqinisekisa amandla kawonke-wonke lunceda umdla kawonke-wonke. Isiseko kunye nezenzo ezingcono ezichazwe kweli nqaku – ukhuseleko olusemthethweni, ulawulo oluzimeleyo, ukubonakala, ukuqwalasela, ukubophela, kunye nokuphuhliswa kobugcisa - nokunika ulawulo lwezakhono zobuzwe; ukubonelela ngezakhono zokomeleza ityala. Noko ke, impumelelo ixhomekeke kwinkalipho nesibopho seenkokeli zezobupolitika, abasebenzi belizwe, kunye nabemi ukunyanzelisa nokuziphendulela ityala yonke imihla. Njengoko umsebenzi woLawulo lweBhangezolawulo lwabemi [ ugxininisok] ugxininisa, ugxininisa urhulumente obalulekileyo; kodwa umqhubi ongundoqo wokuphuhlisa inkqubela, i-ectivey, ective, ey, kunye noxolo loxolo lolawulo lolawulo lwabantu.