Uncedo lwezizwe ngezizwe lusoloko lungumjelo obalulekileyo wokuxhasa amanzi, ucoceko, kunye nococeko (WASH) kumazwe aphantsi naphakathi. Le misebenzi . Ukusuka kumaziko akhutshelwayo ebhotile kunye namanzi afakwe imibhobho ukuya kulwakhiwo lwangasese kunye nococeko olusemgangathweni lulugciphelweni wesibini wemiqathango yempilo yomntu nesidima. Ngelixesha iinjongo eziphambili zicacile, umlinganiselo onyanisekileyo wokusebenza kakuhle ulele ekubeni ezi ntshukumo zidlulisa inkqubela eqhubekayo kwimpilo kawonke, amathuba oqoqosho, kunye nenkqubo yentlalo. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa ubungqina, izitshixo ezingundoqo zempumelelo, iingxaki eziqhubekayo, kunye nezicwangciso ezibonisa ukuba ngaba umgangatho othengwayo namanzi nomgangatho ohlala uhleliyo

Isizathu Sokuba Kube Nemisebenzi Yamanzi Neyokucoca: Imithetho Yoluntu Neyoqoqosho

Kulo lonke ihlabathi, abantu abaqikelelwa kwizigidi ezisisi-2.2 zamawaka ezigidi abakwazi ukufikelela ekulawuleni ngokukhuselekileyo amanzi okusela, kunye namawaka amahlanu ezigidi zabantu abangakwaziyo ukufikelela ekulawuleni inkqubo yokugutyulwa kwemigubo ekhuselekileyo, ngokwe- i-data yehlabathi yempilo. Iziphumo zithe shwaka. Amanzi angenazicoceneyo kunye nokungabikho kogutyulo olufanelekileyo zizinto ezibangela isifo sorhudo olubulalayo, ezibulala malunga ne-1.4 yezigidi zabantu abafayo, ezidla ngokubulala abantwana abangaphantsi kwesihlanu ngonyaka. Ngokuphinda-phinda-phinda-phinda izihlandlo ezininzi abantwana babo bangaphantsi kwesihlanu, zinegalelo ekukhuleni, ukukhubazeka komzimba, kwaye zibuthathaka iinkqubo zokukhusela ukuqokelelwa komzimba. Ngaphezu koko, ukubulawa kwemibutho yamanzi kudla ngokugqithisa kakhulu kumabhinqa namantombazana, abachitha iiyure ezininzi behamba kwimithombo yesikolo, namathuba ezoqoqosho. I-Promptions

Uncedo lwamanzi kunye nokhuseleko logutyulo lwehlabathi lonke olufumaneka kumaziko afumana amanzi kunye nocoselelo, iibhanki zophuhliso, iziseko, nemibutho engekho kwisebe elikulo.

Imisebenzi yesakhelo engundoqo yokuvavanya impumelelo

Ukusebenza akuyondlela enye. Ukukhutshwa kwamanzi kunye neeprojekthi zogutyulo kufuna imbonakalo edityanisiweyo engaziqwalaseli iziphumo ezikhawulezileyo kuphela (umz., inani lamaqula ambelweyo) kodwa kwakhona iziphumo kunye nokulondolozwa kwexesha elide. Imilinganiselo exhaphakileyo yokuhlola iquka:

Ukufikelela nokugquma

Umlinganiselo osisiseko wofikelelo lweprojekthi − baninzi kangakanani abantu abanawo ngoku umlinganiselo wamanzi aphucukileyo okanye ubutshayela. Iprojekthi yokufumana i-heastling Programme (JMP) ukwenzela unikezelo lwamanzi, i-Sanitation kunye ne-Hygiene, eqhutywa yiWHON ne-UNICEF, i-enza inkqubela-phambili emhlabeni wonke ngokusebenzisa "ileli" yesakhiwo somhlaba (ukusuka kumanzi ukuya kwiinkonzo ezikhuselekileyo). Iprojekthi zisoloko ziqwalaselwa ngokuba bayayisusa na ileli. Noko ke, ukufikelela kuphela kunokulahlekisa. Umngxuma osetyenziswa kwiinyanga ezintandathu ngaphambi kokuba uqhawuke unikezelo lwe-Comptic syst sylthing beyerreatromes, kunye ne-eall ewehrall engenanto.

Iziphumo zempilo

Eyona njongo iphambili kukuphuculwa kwempilo-----ok) okuye kwabangela ukuba isifo sorhudo sinciphe, ukufa kwabantwana, ukuncipha kokwanda kwezifo ezibekiweyo ezifana ne-trachoma kunye ne-schistosomiasis. Ukuxilonga okunamandla, kuquka iimvavanyo ezingacwangciswanga, kuye kwabonisa ukuba ukuphuculwa komgangatho wamanzi ngenqanaba lokusetyenziswa (umz., unyango lwamanzi) lunganciphisa i-diarhooa nge-30-50%. Ukungenelela kwe-Santition, ingakumbi ukusetyenziswa kobugracrafit (CLTS), iinkqubo zokulondoloza ucoko olupheleleyo, zibonise ukuncitshiswa okuphawulekayo ekuvuthweni komsebenzi wokusetyenziswa kwesifo kunye nezifo ezinxulumene naso. Kodwa imisebenzi emininzi ayiphumeleli ukuqokelelwa kwe-data eqinileyo ngaphandle konyango olune-okyubhusayiyo, ukwenza ukuphazamiseka kwezifo ezinzima.

Ukulondolozwa

Ugcino-lwazi lusenokuba yeyona nto inzima kakhulu, kwaye i-* inzima. Iprojekthi iyalondolozwa ukuba izibonelelo kunye nokuziphatha kococeko kuyaqhubeka kunika iingenelo ubuncinane kwiminyaka emihlanu ukuya kwelishumi emva kokuzalisekiswa. Uphando oluvela kwiWorld Bank’s Water and Santiation Program kunye neMolral Water Panet yonikezelo lwamanzi lubonisa ukuba ama-30-40% empompompo zezandla kwi-Saharan Afrika ayisebenzi kwisithuba seminyaka emibini ukuya kwemihla emihlanu. Ukhuseleko luxhomekeke kubuni babantu, kubuchule basekuhlaleni, ukufumaneka kwamalungu akhuselekileyo, kunye nemodeli esebenzayo yemali (umz., imirhumo yemali). Iprojekthi ezidla ngokungazi zibona impumelelo yangaphambili.

Ubandakanyeko loLuntu nokuLawulwa

Imisebenzi ebandakanya amabhinqa ekwenzeni izigqibo kunye nokuyila idla ngokusebenza ngcono. Amabhinqa ngabona basebenzisi abaphambili nabaphathi bamanzi endlu yaye ngokufuthi abachaphazelekayo kukungabikho kogutyulo olufanelekileyo. Xa bethabatha inxaxheba ekucwangcisweni, izibonelelo zinokuba luncedo, zigcinwe rhoqo, kwaye zisetyenziswe rhoqo. Ngokufanayo, iinkqubo zogutyulo oluthetha ukungakhuthazi kwenkcubeko .

Yintoni esebenzayo: Izenzo ezisekelwe kubungqina ukwenzela iprojekthi ye-WH esebenzayo

Uncwadi oluthetha ngewash olunempumelelo lubonisa indlela eyakhiwe ngayo nemigaqo ehambisana nemiphumo emihle.

Ukusondela kwe-actroific-drive kungaphaya kwemodeli ezinikezelweyo

Ngokwembali, iiprojekthi ezininzi zoncedo zalandela imodeli "yakha neyakheyo": abameli bangaphandle abakha iindawo zamanzi okanye izindlu zangasese ezinegalelo elincinane loluntu. Ezi misebenzi zazisoloko zingaphumelelanga. Ngokwahlukileyo, imfuno-endibaniso ifikelela ngezantsi/apho uluntu luchaza izinto eziza kuqala, lubonelela ngezixhobo (ikhash, umsebenzi, okanye izinto), kwaye luthathe imbopheleleko kubaphathi . Ubungqina be-WHOV bugxininisa rhoqo ukuba ukuthatha inxaxheba kwiprojekthi kungunda eqinileyo.

Ukuhluzwa Kwamanzi, Ukungcola, NeHygiene

Ezinye zeenkqubo ezisebenzayo ezidibanisa unyuselo lwamanzi kunye nokukhuthazwa kogutyulo kunye nokuziphatha kococeko. Ukubonelela ngamanzi acocekileyo kuphela kusenokuba nempembelelo elinganiselweyo empilweni ukuba abantu basakhupha intsholongwane ekuvulekeni kwaye abazihlambi izandla zabo ngesepha. Umzekelo, inkqubo ye-WASH ebizwa ngokuba "F-diagram" (iiindawo, ulwelo, iminwe, iimpukane, iimpukane) zichaza indlela izifo ezanda ngayo, kunye nongenelelo oluthintela usasazo oluninzi ngexesha elinye lufumana unciphiso oluphezulu kwidiarhooea. Umzekelo, inkqubo ye-WASH enciphisa ukwanda kwe-Mali i-diarhooa nge-31%, xa kuthelekiswa kuphela ne-14% yamanzi.

Ukwakha ubuchule bokulondolozwa okuqhubekayo

Kwanezona zibonelelo zingcono ziya kusilela ngaphandle kogcino. Imisebenzi ephumelelayo inikela uqeqesho lweengcali zasekuhlaleni, iseka amatyathanga okunikezela ngeenxenye ezigciniweyo, kunye nokwenza izakhiwo zolawulo olusekelwe kuluntu (umz., iikomiti zolawulo lwabasebenzisi bamanzi). Ezinye iimodeli ezitsha, ezifana nokufikelela kwintswela-moya (apho inkunkuma yomntu iguqulwa ingumphetho okanye i-biogas), idala imijelo yengeniso exhasa imisebenzi eqhubekayo kunye nokugcinwa, ekhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwexesha elide.

Inkqubela Eqhelekileyo Kunokuba Ingabikho Kanye

Ukuphinda uqinisekise ukuba ubuhlwempu kunye nenkcitho yezibonelelo zintsonkothile, imisebenzi emininzi esebenzayo yamkela indlela "yokwehla". Umzekelo, kumatyotyombe asezidolophini apho amanzi afakwe imibhobho angenakufumaneka ngoko nangoko, izisombululo ze-interim (umz., i-kiosks okanye amanzi e-ATM) anikezelwe ngexesha lokukhuthaza unxulumano olusesikweni. Oku kusetyenziswa ngokusemthethweni kuphepha umgibe wokulinda ngokungenasiphelo isisombululo esigqibeleleyo esingenakuze sifike.

Iingxaki Nezithintelo Ezingapheliyo Zokuphumelela

Nangona ubungqina busanda, ukwakhiwa kwe-WASH okuxhaswa yimali yehlabathi lonke kuyasilela.

Iintlawulo ezisemngciphekweni

Ngeli xesha i-ODA iyonke yamanzi nenkqubo yogutyulo inyuka, imela inxalenye encinci yoncedo lophuhliso lwendalo lonke, ngaphaya kwe 5-6% ye-bilateral ODA. Ngaphezu koko, inkxaso-mali isoloko ibekwa phambili ingenamsebenzi mninzi womsebenzi wexesha elide, ugcino-lwazi, okanye ukujonga iliso. Oku "kungalungisi" kuthetha ukuba xa kudala, oorhulumente kunye nabantu boluntu abanazo izibonelelo zokuyigcina isebenza. Utshintsho lwemozulu lufuna uxinzelelo olungakumbi lwemali: iziganeko zomonakalo zemozulu kunye nemithombo yamanzi efuna ukulungiswa okubiza imali eninzi.

Ulawulo Olubuthathaka Norhwaphilizo

Kwamanye amazwe, amaziko abuthathaka, ukungenelela kwezobupolitika, kunye norhwaphilizo lwezopolitiko zinciphisa ukusebenza kweprojekthi. Iingxowa-mali zingaphambukiswa, zinikwe intsebenziswano kwizakhiwo ezingafanelekanga, kunye nezakhiwo ezigqityiweyo ezingahlolwanga ngokufanelekileyo. Ingxelo ye-2019 enikelwa yi-Transparency International yangqina ukuba ukungahoywa kwecandelo lamanzi kubiza amawaka ezigidi zeerandi ngokwee-erandi eziphuhlisayo. Ngaphandle kobuchule obunamandla bokuphendula, kwaneeprojects ezizi zoncedo ezinenjongo entle zingaphumeza iziphumo ezingezizo ezilungileyo.

Inkxalabo Yesimilo Nenkcubeko

Ukunika indlu yangasese akuyi kuqinisekisa ukuba iya kusetyenziswa. Izithethe zenkcubeko ezikufutshane nokukhutshwa kwemali, ukuphatha ukutya, kunye nokugcinwa kwamanzi kuyahluka-hluka. Ukukhutshwa komngxuma kusenokuba kusekelwe ngokunzulu kuluntu lwasemaphandleni, kwaye ukuhlanjwa ngesandla kusenokuba yinto enqabileyo phezu kwawo nje amaphulo okuqonda. Utshintsho olusebenzayo lwendlela yococeko lufuna ukuqonda iinkolelo zasekuhlaleni, usebenzisa iindlela zorhwebo, nokusebenza ngamalungu athembekileyo oluntu. Imijikelo yephulo yexesha elifutshane idla ngokungabi naxesha kunye nokuguquka okufunekayo kulo mbutho.

Ukutshintsha Kwemozulu Kuyingozi Kakhulu

Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kuya kuqhubeka kunciphisa ukunqongophala kwamanzi kwiindawo ezininzi, ukwanda kwembalela kunye nezikhukula ezitshabalalisa amanzi kunye nezibonelelo zogutyulo. Kwimimandla yonxweme, ukuphazamisa kwamanzi anetyuwa kungcolisa imithombo yamanzi asemhlabeni. Imisebenzi eyenzelwe imozulu eqinileyo isenokuphelelwa ngokukhawuleza. Ukuzinziswa kwemisebenzi yokwakha ibe yiwash ``ngoku ngokufumana amanzi emvula, ukufunxwa kwamanzi asemhlabeni, kunye nokuyilwa kwendlu yangangeni manzi, ngoku kuyimfuneko, hayi okongeyomfuneko ezenzekelayo.

Iimbono zommandla: Iimeko ezahlukeneyo, Iinkangeleko ezahlukileyo zokuphumelela

Ukusebenza kwamanzi nogutyulo kuyahlukahluka ngokuphawulekayo ngenxa yemimandla, impembelelo yendlela omi ngayo umhlaba, indlela osebenza ngayo, nendlela ophucuke ngayo kwezoqoqosho.

ISub-Saharan Afrika

Unikezelo lwamanzi asemaphandleni kwimimandla esezantsi ye-Afrika luhlala lulucelomngeni olukhulu. Amaqondo okuzinzisa asezantsi kunakweminye imimandla, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokungahambi kwamacandelo anika amatyathanga, kwaye ulawulo lwasekuhlaleni olubuthathaka. Abaphathi boluntu, ngexa bexhaswe kakhulu, badla ngokungaphumeleli ngenxa yokuba babeka umthwalo ongekho ngqiqweni kumavolontiya. Izimo ezitsha ezithi zifane zinikezelwe abasebenzi babucala .

I-South Asia

UMzantsi Asia wenze inkqubela ephawulekayo ekunciphiseni ukukhutshwa komphambili, ingakumbi eIndiya ukuya kwiSwachh Bharat Mission (Inkonzo Ecocekileyo yaseIndiya). Noko ke, ukujolisa kwindlu yangasese maxa wambi kuye kwadlula ukulondolozwa, kunye nezinye iingxelo zophando zokuba umlinganiselo obalulekileyo wezindlu zangasese ezakhiwe phantsi kodweliso azisebenzi okanye azinangxaki kwisakhiwo. Ukungcoliswa kwamanzi asemhlabeni ngenxa yokungasetyenziswanga gazi kuhlala kusemgangathweni kusengumba onzima, ingakumbi eBangladesh kunye namalungu eIndiya, apho ngokwemvelo ezenzeke i-arsenic kwingxaki yamanzi asemhlabeni.

ILatin America NeCaribbean

Ukuhambelana kwemibutho yabemi eMzantsi Merika kuye kwadala ucelomngeni olukhulu lweenkonzo zokucoca ucoselelo kwiindawo ezingacwangciswanga. Iiprojekthi ezininzi zijolise ekunyuseni iinethwekhi kwiindawo ezifumana imali ephantsi, kodwa ukufumaneka kunye nomgangatho wamanzi zisezingxaki eziqhubekayo. Ezinye iimodeli ezitsha, njengokusetyenziswa kwenkqubo zenkqubo ze- basemichiza (indawo ekhanyayo, imibutho esetyenziswa ngabantu) eBrazil, iye yafikelela kwinkcaso ephezulu kunye nokusebenza ngexabiso eliphantsi, ibonisa ixabiso lobugcisa bobugcisa bokusebenza ngokunelisa.

Ukuqalisa Utyekelo Neendlela Zexesha Elizayo

Amanzi necandelo lenkqubo yokugutyula izilwanyana lijikeleza, liqhutywa bubugcisa obutsha, inkqubo yemali, nokuqondwa okukhulayo kwemfuneko yokutshintsha kwenkqubo yesiqhelo kunokuba lilodwa.

Inkxaso-mali esekelwe kwiziphumo kunye nobhatalo oluNcedisiweyo

Abanikazi bazama ngokukhulayo ukuzama iziphumo zenkxaso-mali esekelwe kwi-RBF (RGRBA), apho intlawulo ibotshelelwe kwiziphumo ezingqinelanayo, njengenani labantu abanokufumaneka ngokuzinzileyo emanzini okanye ukuncitshiswa kwe-diarrhoea. IBhann yehlabathi jikelele ye-Global Preave Approates (GPRBA) ixhase imisebenzi kumazwe amaninzi eye yabonisa impumelelo ephezulu nengcono ukujoliswe kwizinto ezingokwesithethe. RBF i-f i-cesss ezikhuthaza ngokusondelene neziphumo zexesha elide.

Ukusetyenziswa kwamanani kunye noHlomelo oluKude

Amanani aphantsi, uhlolo lweselula, kunye neeqonga zedata ezisekelwe kwiweb, ngoku zivumela abanikezeli kunye nabaphathi beprojekthi ukuba balandele incopho yamanzi kufutshane nexesha lokwenene. ETanzania, iprojekthi ye-water isebenzisa uhlolo olusekelwe kwi-cell phone ukuchonga iimpompo ezophukileyo kunye nesantya sokulungisa. Ngokufanayo, i-SMS esekelwe kwi-cocelcity kunye nokulandelela imigaqo yokuziphatha kusetyenzisiwe eKenya naseGhana. Ezi zixhobo ziphucula umva nokulungisa ngokukhawuleza.

Ukungqubana Nemozulu Neengcali Zempilo

Ukudibana kwemida phakathi kwe-wash kunye notshintsho lwemozulu kuya kuqwalaselwa ngokukhula. Iiprojekthi ezikhusela ukuvuselelwa kwamanzi angaphantsi komhlaba, zikhuthaza ukuvunwa kwamanzi emvula, kwaye zisebenzisa amandla avuselelwayo okumpompa amanzi kunye neenjongo zemozulu. Ngokufanayo, icandelo lezempilo liyavuma ukuba ukukhutshwa kwempilo yehlabathi lonke kufuna iinkonzo ezisisiseko ze-WASH kuzo zonke iziko lonyango. Ukususela ngowama-2019, i-JMP iye yahlola i-WASH kwizixhobo zonyango, kunye neenkqubo ezininzi zoncedo ngoku ezixhotyiswe ngamanzi ewash kunye neenqobo zempilo yabantwana.

Isiphelo: Ukuncitshiswa Kokubuya Koncedo

Uncedo lwamanzi nenkqubo yokucoca indlelu lusindise izigidi zabantu nenkqubela yabantu. Ubungqina bubonisa ukuba xa imisebenzi ihlelwa kakuhle, ngokumanyana koluntu, ngokucwangcisa okuthe ngqo, nangokukhuthaza ukukhula kococeko oluphakathi kwezizwe ngezizwe, ziyakwazi ukunikezela impilo ehlala ihleli kunye nenkxaso yezoqoqosho. Noko ke, icandelo lisazama ukumelana nokungaphumeleli kwesiseko sesiseko, ingeniso engoneleyo yokulondolozwa kwemozulu, kunye neziphumo eziphazamisayo zokuguquka kwemozulu. Ngezi ndlela engaphambili ixhomekeke ekususweni kolwakhiwo lwexesha elide ukuya ekuthwaleni okufanelekileyo okukwixesha elide, ukuphakamisa ukuphendula kogcino-data-enjongo engundoqo, nokuqinisekisa ukuba amazwi ezona zinto ziyingozi, kunye namantombazana angenamandla akhoyo. Ngezi ndlela zobugcisa, izizwe ngezizwe ngezizwe zinokuqhubeka zikhokeleleka ngamandla ukuze zifumane umgangatho okhuseleko kumanzi afanelekileyo omhlaba wonke kunye neminye inkqubela elungele ukufikelela kwiminxeba yomgangatho oqhelekileyo.