Ukuqonda indlela urhulumente asebenza ngayo kwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo kubalulekile ekubandakanyeni ubumi. Inkqubo yokulawula yaseMelika asiyondlela enye, esetyenziswa ngulo mgama kodwa yinkqubo entsonkothileyo karhulumente, karhulumente, kunye namagunya asekuhlaleni. Le ndlela ixhotyisiweyo, emiselwe nguMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S., yenzelwe ukulungelelanisa umanyano lwesizwe kunye nozimele-ommandla kunye noluntu. Kubafundi, abafundisi-mfundo, kunye nabemi ngokufanayo, ukuqonda indlela le migangatho esebenza ngayo ngokwayo kwaye ingundoqo ekuqondeni inkqubo kawonke-wonke, amalungelo oluntu, kunye nenkqubo yedemokhrasi esebenza ngayo.

Isiseko Somanyano LwamaMerika

Phambi kokuhlolisisa umgangatho ngamnye, kubalulekile ukuqonda isiseko somgaqo-siseko esisenza size sichaze. UmGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. waseka inkqubo yecala lesizwe [[FLT: 0], ukunduluka okungaqhelekanga kurhulumente womanyano apho onke amandla ehlala kwigunya elisembindini. Umkhosi wolawulo lwahlula urhulumente wesizwe norhulumente worhulumente wengingqi, unika igunya ngalinye elibalulekileyo kwimimandla yawo.

Imvelaphi yomGaqo-siseko kunye noHlaziyo lwe-10

Ukusasazwa kwamandla kusekelwe kumGaqo-siseko ngokwawo. Icandelo I, Icandelo 8 lichaza amandla adweliswe (okanye adweliswe) eKhompiswano, equka ukuqokelela imali, ukusungula imfazwe, ukulawula urhwebo lwamazwe, nokuseka iiofisi zeposi. La mandla anikwe urhulumente wezwelonke ngokucacileyo.

Noko ke, iziHlamrhu zazixhalabele kakhulu ukunikel' ingqalelo ngamandla kwi-ok abekwe kurhulumente ophakathi. IsiHlaziyo se-10 se- kumGaqo-siseko sisebenza njengesixhobo esingundoqo somGaqo-siseko sokulawula igunya lombuso. Ithi: "Amagunya anganikwanga iUnited States nguMgaqo-siseko, okanye awalelweyo kuwo, agcinelwe eUnited States ngokulandelelana, okanye kubantu. Le nto ithetha ukuba nayiphi na indawo enganikwanga gunya likarhulumente-onyulo-/* ngokungqalileyo, njengokuqhuba izikolo, nokumisela izikolo, kunye nokulawula ushishino-shishino lwente oluphantsi komgatho. Ungafunda umbhalo ngqo kunye nomo lwembali lwe 10 lokuLayishwa kwe-RGenegamente [F: 2]

Amandla Akhoyo

Imisebenzi emininzi karhulumente ayiphelelanga kumgangatho omnye. La magunya aziwa njenga akhoyo, asetyenziswa koorhulumente borhulumente borhulumente noorhulumente. Imizekelo iquka amandla erhafu, ukwakha iindlela, ukuyila iinkundla, nokuboleka imali. Eli gunya lingenayo lidla ngokufuna unxibelelwano olucokisekileyo kunye nolungelelwano ukuze kuphetshwe ulawulo olusebenzayo.

Amacandelo Amathathu Orhulumente

Ngoxa le nkqubo intsonkothile, oorhulumente eUnited States ngokuqhelekileyo balungelelaniswe ngokwamanqanaba amathathu ahlukeneyo: urhulumente, urhulumente, kunye nommandla wasekuhlaleni.

Urhulumente Omanyeneyo: Igunya lesiZwe

Urhulumente wengingqi yeyona iphezulu kwaye ijongene neengxaki ezichaphazela lonke uhlanga. Amandla ayo ahlulwe phakathi kwamasebe alinganayo amathathu, edala inkqubo yokuhlola kwangaphakathi kunye nolinganiselo oluthintela naliphi na isebe ukuba libe namandla kakhulu.

Isebe loMthetho (Ikomkhulu)

Inqaku I loMgaqo-siseko limisa iKhonkxa-siseko, indlu yowiso-mthetho ye-bidaral eyakhiwe yiNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNtsimi neNdlu yabameli. Ingqungquthela liqukwane nokwenza umthetho karhulumente wengingqi. Iimbopheleleko zayo eziphambili ziquka:

  • Ukwenza umthetho: ukudrafti, ukuphikisana, kunye nokudlula kwephepha eliba ngumthetho wequmrhu.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukugutyula kunye nezicelo: ukulawula inkcitho karhulumente ngokuyila uqingqo-mali lwaminyaka le kunye nokunikezela imali kumasebe karhulumente.
  • Ukugqithisa: ukutyala nokuvelela amasebe aphetheyo kunye namaqumrhu karhulumente ukuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho iphunyezwe ngokwenjongo.
  • [[NTL:0] I-Advice kunye neSivumelwano (Inkonzo): Ukuqinisekisa ukubekwa komongameli (umz., onobhala beKhabhinethi, abagwebi borhulumente) kunye nezivumelwano zokuqinisekisa.

Isebe elinoLawulo oluPhezulu (uMphathi kunye neZingxamiseko)

Inqaku II leyunifomu yegunya elilawulayo kuMongameli waseUnited States, osebenza njengentloko yorhulumente nentloko karhulumente. UMongameli ujongene nokunyanzelisa imithetho edluliswa yiBhunga. Imisebenzi engundoqo iquka:

  • Unyanzeliso lomthetho: ukukhangela ngaphezulu iquko elikhulu lesebe lengingqi, kuquka amasebe afana nokhuselo, uJaji, kunye neSebe lezeMpilo kunye neeNkonzo zoluntu.
  • Umgaqo-nkqubo wolunye ulwimi: Ukukhonza njengeNkulumbuso kwimikhosi exhobileyo kunye nolawulo lonxulumano nezinye izizwe.
  • Imiyalelo ephumezekayo: Ukukhupha imiyalelo yokulawula imisebenzi karhulumente worhulumente worhulumente. Ngelixesha kungeyomithetho, le miyalelo inamandla omthetho woorhulumente bolawulo.
  • [[NTLA:0] Igunya le-Vel: UMongameli angawachasa amatyala adluliswa yiKhonkxale, nangona iBhunga linokuyigqitha iveto ngesibini sesithathu soninzi kuzo zombini izindlu.

Isebe lezeMicimbi (INkundla ePhakamileyo kunye neeNkundla zoManyano)

Inqaku III limisa iNkundla ePhakamileyo kwaye ligunyazisa ukusekwa kweenkundla ezisezantsi zikarhulumente. Eli sebe litolika umthetho lize liqinisekise ukuba uhambelana nomgaqo-siseko. Esona sixhobo samandla singu uphengululo olukwicandelo [, amandla okuvakalisa isenzo seBhunga okanye isebe elilawulayo elingaquququzeliyo. Eli sebe lamiselwa kwityala lophawu [[FLT]] Barbury v.[FLT] [[FLT] [0] [03]] [183]. Urhulumente u-UMBE]. [FF.F.]

Urhulumente: ULawulo lweNtlalo-ntle

Urhulumente ngamnye kumazwe angama-50 unomgaqo-siseko wakhe, omele ube yirepublic kodwa ngandlel ’ ithile unokwahluka ngokuphawulekayo. Urhulumente ufuziselwa ngurhulumente worhulumente, namasebe olawulo, owiso-mthetho, nogwebo, kodwa amagunya awo agcinelwe imicimbi yengingqi enganikwanga urhulumente worhulumente worhulumente.

Imithetho yeRhulumente

Iphondo ngalinye ngaphandle kweNebraska linendlu yowiso-mthetho (iNdlu yeNdlu yeeNtlanganiso neNdlu yabameli okanye iNdibano). Iindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente zijongene netyala:

  • Ukwenza imithetho yeSizwe: idlulisa imithetho yemfundo, yezithuthi, yempilo kawonke-wonke, yezaphuli-mthetho, kunye nomthetho wentsapho.
  • Ukugutyungelwa: IApps yokuhamba ngoqingqo-mali lonyaka karhulumente, ezimali zivela kwiiyunivesithi zikarhulumente ukuya kuhambo ngenqanawa.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukuphakamisa koorhulumente bengingqi: Ukuchaza amandla kunye noxanduva loomasipala kunye noomasipala kwilizwe.

IRhuluneli noMmandla

Irhuluneli yintloko yesizwe, inomthwalo wokuzalisekisa imithetho karhulumente kunye nokukhokela abameli bolawulo belizwe. Irhuluneli zinamandla afanayo noMongameli, kuquka amandla okulawula (ngokufuthi nomgca weveto ovumela ukuba bawalahle amalungu athile oqingqo-mali) kwaye bawaxolele. Bakwadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekumiseleni ucwangciso lwenkqubo karhulumente kwiindawo ezifana nomthetho wempilo (umz., Médid) kunye nemfundo.

Iinkqubo zenkundla yeRhulumente

Iinkundla zeli lizwe zisingatha uninzi lwamatyala asemthethweni eUnited States. Zitolika imithetho karhulumente kunye nomgaqo-siseko worhulumente wazo. Inkqubo yenkundla yeli lizwe iquka:

  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] IiNkundla eziBanzi: apho amatyala aqala ukuviwa khona kwaye amaqumrhu agwetywayo enziwa kwindawo yolawulo.
  • Iinkundla zophatho ezihlola izigqibo ezisuka kwiinkundla zamatyala.
  • Inkundla ePhakamileyo yeSizwe: Inkundla yesigqibo sokugqibela kwimibandela yomthetho karhulumente. Izigqibo zayo kwimicimbi yomthetho karhulumente ziyokugqibela kwaye azinakubhexelelwa kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. ngaphandle kokuba kubandakanyeke umbuzo womGaqo-siseko wesizwe.

Urhulumente Wasekuhlaleni: Amagosa oluntu

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bangumgangatho karhulumente okufuphi nabantu, abanoxanduva lokuhambisa iinkonzo zosuku nosuku ezichaza ubunjani bobomi boluntu. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba oorhulumente basekuhlaleni abakhankanywanga kumGaqo-siseko we-U.S.. Bangu "ukusungulwa kukarhulumente," ithetha ukuba amandla abo kunye nezakhiwo zabo zinikwe kwaye zichazwe ngumthetho wesizwe. Kukho iintlobo eziliqela zikarhulumente wasekuhlaleni.

Oorhulumente Bamaphondo

I-odoli zizixhobo zolawulo zikarhulumente. Zilawula iinkonzo ezimiselwe ngurhulumente kwimida yazo yendawo. Iimbopheleleko zidla ngokuquka ukuqokelelwa kwerhafu yempahla, ukugcina iirekhodi zikawonke-wonke (ukuzalwa, ukufa, imitshato), ukuqhuba unyulo, ukulungiselela iinkonzo zempilo kawonke-wonke, nokusebenzisa isebe lomphathi-mikhosi kwimimandla engadityaniswanga.

Izikhululo zoorhulumente (Izixeko, Izixeko, Needolophana)

Oomasipala bakwimimandla edityanisiweyo enika abahlali babo iinkonzo ezithe ngqo. Banomgaqo-siseko osuka kwiphondo obanika igunya lokulawula.

  • IMayor-Council: Usodolophu onyuliweyo ukhonza njengomphathi-mikhosi oyintloko, kwaye ibhunga elinyuliweyo lisebenza njengequmrhu lowiso-mthetho. Le yeyona modeli yesithethe.
  • ICouncil- mphathi- mphathi: Ibhunga elinyuliweyo limisela inkqubo lize liqeshe umphathi ochwepheshayo ukuba ajonge imisebenzi yemini ukuya kweyosuku lwesixeko. Le modeli iqhelekile kwizixeko eziphakathi ukuya kwinkulu.
  • Intlanganiso ye-: isetyenziswa kakhulu eNew England, olu luhlobo lwedemokhrasi engqalileyo apho abemi bahlanganisana khona ukuze bavote kwimithetho yasekuhlaleni kunye noqingqo-mali.

Izidibi ezizodwa

Imimandla ekhethekileyo izimele, ingurhulumente onenjongo enye odalelwe ukwenza umsebenzi othile, onjengemfundo (isithili sesikolo), ukhuseleko lomlilo, ulawulo lwamanzi, okanye ezothutho zikawonke-wonke. Iibhodi zesikolo zingumzekelo obalaseleyo wolawulo lwesithili esikhethekileyo. Zinegunya elibalulekileyo kwizifundo zesikolo, iimali, kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yasekuhlaleni, ezizenza zibe luhlobo olunamandla nolubonakalayo kakhulu lukarhulumente wasekuhlaleni.

Ulawulo Olunamandla Lwezinxulumani Zeengingqi

Amaqondo amathathu karhulumente awasebenzi kwindawo yodwa. Le nkqubo ichazwa ngokusetyenziswa kwentsebenziswano, ukuxabana, kunye nokuxoxisana okuqhubekayo. Ukuqonda ezi nxulumano/ukusebenza kunye kunye kwaye ngokwahlula-hlula, kungundo wokuqonda ulawulo lwamaMelika.

Umanyano Oluthe Nkqo: Ulwalamano lwesizwe lweFederal

Oku kubhekisela kulwalamano phakathi korhulumente wesizwe noorhulumente. Olu lwalamano luye lwavela ngendlela ephawulekayo ekuhambeni kwexesha.

Intsebenziswano Ngomanyano Lwemali

Urhulumente worhulumente usoloko ephembelela inkqubo karhulumente nge ii-aid. Le yimali enikezelweyo kumazwe (neendawo) ukuxhasa iinkqubo ezithile. Zimbini iintlobo ezingundoqo:

  • Imali enikezelwe ngenjongo ekhethekileyo, ngokufuthi eneemeko ezingqongqo. Owona mzekelo mkhulu ngu Medicaid, inkqubo ye-inshorensi yempilo edityanisiweyo yengingqi yengingqi yesizwe yabantu abafunyenweyo abaphantsi.
  • Imali enikezelwe kummandla obanzi wenkqubo (umz., uphuhliso loluntu okanye iinkonzo zentlalo), enika utshintsho oluninzi kwindlela abayichitha ngayo.

Oku kumpompoza kwemali kudala ukhuthazo olunamandla ukwenzela ukuba iimeko zihambelane nezikhokelo zorhulumente. Kugcino-lwazi oluphezulu ukuya kumhla olandelayo ngendlela urhulumente anika ngayo isiphumo sombuso kunye noqingqo-mali lwasekuhlaleni, i-ofisi yoHlahlo loHlahlo (CBO) inika uhlalutyo olucokisekileyo.

Ungquzulwano: Ukucinywa Nokungaphazanyiswanga

Ulwalamano alusoloko lunentsebenziswano. Phantsi komthetho ka Claus (Artle VI, Claus 2) womGaqo-siseko, umthetho wesizwe ngumthetho ophakamileyo welizwe. Xa imithetho karhulumente kunye norhulumente ingquzulwano ngqo, umthetho wequmrhu ukhulula umthetho. Oku kusoloko kukhokelela kumadabi asemthethweni, njengalawo akwimimiselo yemekobume, ukunyanzelisa ukufuduka, kunye nokwenza ulawulo olusemthethweni lwemali.

Omnye umthombo wokhuhleko ngumyalelo ongabhaliswanga [[FLT: 1]. Ezi zimfuno ezibekwe ngurhulumente worhulumente kumaphondo nakwimimandla ngaphandle kokunikezela ngemali ukusonga iindleko. Imizekelo iquka iinxalenye zoMthetho weManzi acocekileyo kunye namaMerika anomThetho wokukhubazeka. Ama- States asoloko ephikisa ukuba imiyalelo engagunyaziswanga isusa umthwalo wemali wezolawulo eziphambili zesizwe kuqingqo lwawo.

Umanyano Oluthe Tyaba: Ulwalamano lwesizwe-zwe

Oku kuchaza unxulumano phakathi kwamatyala angama-50. UmGaqo-siseko unika imithetho emininzi ngendlela oorhulumente abamele basebenzisane ngayo.

  • Ukholo olupheleleyo noCertive Claus (Igalelo, Icandelo 1): Kufunwa ukuba kuhlonelwe izenzo zikawonke-wonke, iirekhodi, kunye nemithetho yokugweba kwamanye amazwe. Yiyo loo nto ilayisensi yomtshato ekhutshwe kwelinye ilizwe isebenza jikelele kwamanye.
  • IMALI: Ifuna amatyala okubuyisela abafuduki kwimeko apho benza ulwaphulo-mthetho.
  • Izihlanganisi zeInterstate: Ama-United States angangena kwizivumelwano zomnye nomunye, kodwa ezi ngqokelela zifuna imvume yeBhunga. Umzekelo owaziwayo yiPort Authority of New York ne New Jersey, umbutho wengingqi olawula izibonelelo zezothutho.

Izandi zengingqi yengingqi: Ulawulo lwe Dillon v. Ulawulo lwasekhaya

Ulwalamano phakathi kwamazwe noorhulumente bawo basekuhlaleni lwahlukile kulwalamano lwamazwe asekuhlaleni. Ngenxa yokuba oorhulumente basekuhlaleni "basunguli belizwe," urhulumente unegunya elipheleleyo elingokwasemthethweni kubo.

Eli gunya lidla ngokuchazwa ngumthetho [ we-Dillon, umgaqo osemthethweni othi oorhulumente basekuhlaleni babenezo gunya zommandla kuphela abanikwe imvume yendlu yowiso-mthetho. Ngokwahlukileyo, amagunya amaninzi amkele [ Umthetho wekhaya, onika oorhulumente ababanzi ulawulo lwabo ngaphandle kokuba bafune imvume yombuso ecacileyo kuzo zonke izenzo. Ulungelelwaniso phakathi kwezi zinto zimbini luchaphazela amandla oluntu okugqithisa imithetho yoluntu kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni. [[FLT] [FLT:] umanyano lwamazwe [[FLT]] olunolawulo oluphezulu [[FLT] ] lunika izibonelelo ezingcono zolawulo oluchaza ulawulo lwe-Dillows org

Ucelomngeni Lwangoku Kwinkqubo Enamaqondo Ahlukahlukeneyo

Inkqubo karhulumente waseMerika, ngoxa yomelele, ijamelana nocelomngeni oluphawulekayo kule nkulungwane yama - 21.

Ukulungelelaniswa koMgaqo-nkqubo

Iziganeko ezifana neentlekele zemvelo okanye ezongxamiseko zempilo kawonke-wonke zityhila amandla kunye nobuthathaka benkqubo karhulumente. Ubhubhani we-COVID-19, umzekelo, wabalaselisa ungquzulwano phakathi kokhokelo lukarhulumente kunye nokufunyanwa kolawulo lukarhulumente, kwakunye neengxwabangxwaba kwiimfuno zempilo yoluntu njengesigqubuthelo sobuso kunye nezogodlo. Ukuqinisekisa ukusabela okumanyeneyo kumazwe angama-50 kunye namawaka emimandla lucelomngeni olukhulu lwemithetho kunye nezobupolitika.

Umlinganiselo

Urhulumente omninzi noorhulumente basekuhlaleni baxhomekeke kakhulu kwimali karhulumente, enokuthi itshintshe ngokwezoqoqosho zesizwe kunye nokutshintsha kwezinto eziphambili kwezobupolitika. Oku kuxhomekeka kunokubangela iingxaki zoqingqo-mali kwiphondo nakumgangatho wasekuhlaleni xa urhulumente wesizwe enciphisa imali okanye xa ukudodobala kwerhafu. Umlinganiselo wamandla emali ngumba ongundoqo kulwalamano lwezorhulumente.

Ukugqalwa Kwamazwe Ngamazwe Ngokwezobupolitika

Kwixesha lokwanda kwezopolitiko, ungquzulwano phakathi komgangatho owahlukeneyo karhulumente luye lwanda. Kuqhelekile ukuba urhulumente olawulwa liqela elinye ukuba alwe kumadabi asemthethweni kunye nolawulo lwamazwe olunye. Ngokufanayo, izixeko ezinkulu ("Iziqithi zeBluee kumazwe abomvu") zisoloko zingqubana norhulumente wazo kwiimbambano ezifana nemali encinane, inkqubo yokusingqongileyo, kunye nobulungisa bentlalo, ukwenza i-webster ye-interdibion ligigation.

Isizathu Sokuba Ukuqonda Oku Kubaluleke: Isabelo Sesityalo

Kubemi, ukuqonda imilinganiselo eyahlukeneyo karhulumente asiyonto nje efundiswayo, kodwa kuluncedo ekuthembisenina ngokunempumelelo.

Ukujinga kumphakamo osekunene

Abemi abaninzi bagxininisa kakhulu kunyulo lomongameli lo gama bengahoyi urhulumente kunye neentlanga zasekuhlaleni. Noko ke, izigqibo eziphathelele izikolo zakho zasekuhlaleni, ukulungiswa kwendlela, ukuxhaswa kwemali yamapolisa, imithetho yokuhlala, kunye nerhafu yempahla zisenziwa kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni. Ukujikela kunyulo lwengingqi kudla ngokuba phantsi kakhulu, okuthetha ukuba abavoti ababonisa ukuba banempembelelo enkulu ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto. Ngokufanayo, iindlu zowiso-mthetho ziyalawula ukuvunywa kwe-redifini, imigangatho yemfundo, kunye nemigaqo yezonyango. Ukurhweba ngerhuluneli yakho, ummeli wephondo, kunye nelungu lebhunga lesixeko kubaluleke njengokuvota umongameli.

Isalathisi somsebenzi wePhondo

Ukwazi ukuba yeyiphi inqanaba likarhulumente elinika ukhuseleko olukhethekileyo olunokulondoloza ixesha nonxunguphalo.

  • yafaka umngxuma osisigxina? Qhaganisa nesixeko sakho okanye isebe likawonke-wonke elisebenzayo.
    • [[FLT:]] [[FLT]]] imibuzo malunga novavanyo loKhuselo lweNtlalo? Seseko-Social Securence Adminity. [[FLT:]][FLT]] [[FLT]]
  • ] ixhala malunga nenkqubela entsha ekhoyo kummandla okufuphi nawe? Faka ibhodi eququzekileyo okanye ucwangciso lwentlanganiso.

    • Ukubamba Abameli Baphendule

    Kulula kakhulu ukuba negosa lasekuhlaleni liphendule kunesizwe. Ungaya kwintlanganiso yebhodi yesikolo, ubize ilungu lebhunga lesixeko sakho ngqo, okanye uthethe kwiholo yedolophu emelwa ngummeli wakho wedolophu. Ukuqonda iimbopheleleko ezithile zeofisi nganye kukuvumela ukuba ulathise ubuchule bakho ngokunempumelelo kwaye ufune iziphumo kubantu abalungileyo. Le nkqubo ingulwano inika abahlali amathuba amaninzi okufikelela, inika amandla okufikelela, inike abemi ukuba babandakanye norhulumente wabo ngendlela ecacileyo.

    Isiphelo

    Ulwahlulo lwamandla phakathi korhulumente, kwesizwe, nakurhulumente wasekuhlaleni luphawu oluchazayo lwenkqubo yezobupolitika yaseMelika. Esi sakhiwo, esakhiwe kwimigaqo yesiseko yorhulumente, silungiselelwe ukuba somelele kwaye sithambe, silungelelanise umanyano lwesizwe nenkululeko yoluntu. Unxulumano oluzinzileyo . /ukunyanzela nokutsala intsebenziswano kunye nengxabano, luyintsebenziswano enamandla enokuqhelanisa nokutshintsha amaxesha ngexa kuhlala kusekwe migaqo-siseko. Ukuba uthethelelwa kwemithetho yokutshintsha, ukuvota, okanye ukufuna nje inkonzo kawonke wonke, ukuqonda indlela le miphakatho esebenza kunye neyona nto ibalulekileyo ekubeni ngummi ofundileyo nophumelelayo.