Oko Kukuko Amaphephandaba AngokweeNtlalo Nesizathu Sokuba Nangoku Abalulekile

Ibhalwe ngo1787 nango1788 nguAlexander Hamilton, uJames Madison, noJohn Jay phantsi kwegama-mgeni elithi “Publius,” iFederalist Papers ingqokelela yezincoko ezingama-85 eziphikisa ukusetyenziswa komGaqo-siseko waseUnited States. Ezi ngxelo zapapashwa ekuqaleni kumaphephandaba aseNew York ukucelela uluntu ukuba urhulumente wesizwe onamandla ufanele ukusinda kwiRiphabliki entsha. Kude kungabi yiprojekthi yembali, iFederalista Papers ihlala ingomnye wemithombo ebalulekileyo yokuqonda injongo yokuqala yomGaqo-siseko. Iimbono zabo malunga namandla, inkululeko, kunye nolawulo luyaqhubeka ukubumba iinkundla zezopolitiko, iingxoxo zobomi bakho. Ukuba ngaba uhlawula iirhafu, uthumela umntwana wakho kwisikolo, okanye uxhomekeke kwimigaqo-mklawulo lwe-yomgalelo lwe-yonke.

Eli nqaku lizicaphula iingcamango ezingundoqo zeMaphethisi yoLuntu, ukwahlukana kwamagunya, uvavanyo nolwahlulo, indima yomGaqo-siseko, kunye nokhuseleko lwamalungelo omntu ngamnye, kwaye lichaza indlela echaphazeleka ngayo ngqo kubomi bakho bemihla ngemihla. Ngesiphelo, uza kusibona isizathu sokuba ukuqonda ezi zincoko ezisele zikho iinkulungwane kukunceda ube ngumthathi-nxaxheba onolwazi olungakumbi kwidemokhrasi yethu.

Imigaqo Yomanyano

Kulwahlulo lwawo olulula, urhulumente lukulwahlulo lwamandla phakathi korhulumente wesizwe osembindini kunye norhulumente wengingqi. IFederalist Papers yaphikisa ngelithi eli lungiselelo, kunokuba liwenze buthathaka uhlanga, lingalomeleza ngokwenene ngokuthintela naliphi na iqondo likarhulumente ekufumaneni igunya elininzi. UJames Madison, [[FL:0] ku-[FLT] u-Fedalist. [45, libhale ukuba amagunya anikwe urhulumente worhulumente worhulumente ebe “ngumntu osisibangephi na echaziwe,” ngoxa lawo ashiywe kumaphondo ayenobungangaphele. Le candelo lingumzekelo wobomi bakho bemihla ngemihla, ngokufuthi ungakhangeli.

Indlela Osebenza Ngayo Umanyano Kubomi Bakho Bemihla Ngemihla

Imfundo: Xa ushiya abantwana bakho esikolweni sikawonke-wonke, ufumana uburhulumente bemisebenzi. Urhulumente wengingqi unika inkxaso-mali nemigaqo ebanzi (njengenkxaso-mali namalungelo asekuhlaleni kunye nemigangatho efana noMgaqo-siseko Womfundi ngamnye Ophumeleleyo), kodwa amaphondo kunye namaphondo emfundo asekuhlaleni alawula uludwe, irekhoda, imigaqo yemali, kunye nezigqibo ezininzi ezisebenzayo. Oku kungenxa yoko kumgangatho wemfundo kunye neemfuno zasekuhlaleni zinokuhluka kakhulu ukusuka kurhulumente ukuya kurhulumente.

Ukuthutha: Ukuhamba kwakho ekuseni kubandakanya iindlela ezigcinwe ngamagunya orhulumente, orhulumente, kunye nawasekuhlaleni. Inkqubo ye-interstate ixhaswa ngurhulumente werhafu yegesi, kodwa amasebe ezothutho alawula ukwakhiwa nokugcinwa, ngeli lixa oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bephethe izitrato kunye nemiqondiso yeenqwelo-moya. Umbono wenkqubo yentsebenziswano kodwa eyahlulekileyo iphila kwindlela nganye ohamba ngayo.

Ukhuseleko lwePublic Ukhuseleko lwamapolisa, amasebe omlilo, kunye neenkonzo zoncedo longxamiseko luyimisebenzi emikhulu yasekuhlaleni. Kodwa ke, urhulumente wezwe unika oovimba ngeenkonzo ngoomasebe abafana neSebe loKhuseleko lwe Homeland kunye neFederal Emergency Management Agency Agency (FEMA). Kwingxaki ``eyintlekele yendalo okanye isisongelo samagrobisi) urhulumente noorhulumente abalungelelanisiweyo, kanye njengomzekelo worhulumente oboniswe.

Ulawulo lwezolawulo lwe- Ulawulo lwezoburhulumente. Iinkqubo ezifana ne-Medicaid ngumzekelo oyintloko wentsebenziswano yorhulumente. Urhulumente wezwe umisela imigangatho encinane kwaye unika inxalenye enkulu yemali, kodwa urhulumente unika inkqubo ngaphakathi kwemigaqo-siseko ebanzi. Oku kungenxa yokokuba kutheni imithetho kunye neengenelo zahluka ukusuka kurhulumente omnye ukuya kwelinye. Ngexesha le-CHOVAID-19, umbunkqulu-ngquthano lwamaliso lwaluboniswa ngokupheleleyo njengoko amazwe emisela imiyalelo yawo yobomi babantu ngexesha urhulumente urhulumente wasasaza imichiza kunye nemali elungiselelwe.

Ukuqonda ulawulo lorhulumente kukunceda uqonde isizathu sokuba imiba ethile ibe ngumthetho, imigaqo yomtshato, kunye nokunyanzelisa umsebenzi ngokusemthethweni, --vary. Ikwacacisa ingxwabangxwaba yezopolitiko phakathi “kwamalungelo esizwe” negunya lorhulumente eliqhubeka lilawula iingxoxo zesizwe.

Funda okungakumbi ngenkqubo yorhulumente kwi [[FLT: 0] Ugcino-lwazi lobuzwe.

Iingqikelelo Nolungelelwano: Inkqubo Ethintela Ubuchule

Enye yeenkqubo ezidumileyo zoMgaqo-siseko yinkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela, echazwa yiFederalist Papers ngokweenkcukacha. Phantsi kwale nkqubo, ngalinye lamasebe amathathu karhulumente((legislative), igcisa, kunye nezomthetho----ant) linamandla okumisela amagunya amanye amabini. Oku kuthintela naliphi na isebe ekulawuleni. uNxulumaniso lweziNtlalo. , ebhalwe nguJames Madison, edumileyo, ichaza ukuba “ukubekwa kwemiqathango kufuneka kwenziwe ukulwa kwelo." Oku kuthetha ukuba uMongameli adluliselwe nguSomandla; umqulu uyakwazi ukukhupha umthetho owesayo nokulawula; umongameli ophakamileyo, okanye umlawuli weNkuchaza imithetho yokungamela; iNkuchaza ukuba umlawuli weNkulawula; ukuchaza umlawuli wetyala; ukuqulukunga koomphathi-omphathi-wonga; ukuquluquququ; ukuquququququzelela; ukumisa; ukuququququququququ

Iziphumo zehlabathi lokwenene zeepeyinti nolungelelwano

Ukwenza umthetho: Wonke umthetho owuthobelayo / ukusuka kwintlawulo encinci ukuya kwimimiselo yemekobume."Indlu neNdlu yeNdlu kufuneka zivumele amatyala afanayo, uMongameli kufuneka atyikitye okanye abe yi-Shonat, kwaye iinkundla kamva zingawisa amalungiselelo afumana engasetyenziswanga ngokomthetho. Le nkqubo yobunzima icotha ngabom ukuqinisekisa ukuvumelana okubanzi nokucokiseka. Ithetha ukuba imithetho edisanayo isoloko idiliselwa phantsi, kodwa kwakhona ithetha ukuba iinguqu ezinkulu zeAfford Cance Act okanye amalungelo eMsebenzi we-"Unilct" ithevect.

Amandla okufuduka: Xa uMongameli ekhupha imiyalelo yabalawuli, baphantsi kwemingeni esemthethweni. Inkundla ePhakamileyo ingavala imiyalelo egqitha kwigunya lomgaqo-siseko, kwaye iBhunga linokuphelisa inkxaso-mali yamanyathelo olawulo oluphezulu. Iingxoxo zakutshanje ngenkqubo yokufuduka, imimiselo yemekobume, kunye nokhuseleko lwesizwe zibandakanyeke iimvavanyo kunye nolungelelwano. Umzekelo, imiyalelo yequmrhu eliphetheyo kwinqinganiso yephondo iye yacelw'ucelw'ucelo, ibonisa indlela amasebe ejaji ajonga ngayo isigqesho.

IMimiselo yeQumrhu eliQhubileyo: Inkqubo yokumisela amatyala aPhakamileyo kunye neejaji ezisezantsi zephondo yiyo ngokwayo ebonakalisa ukuxilonga nokulinganisela. UMongameli unika ingcebiso nemvume, kwaye wakha waqinisekiswa, abagwebi bakhonza ubomi (ophantsi kokungagunyaziswa). Oku kuthetha ukuba umongameli omnye angabumba i-judicariary kangangamashumi eminyaka, kodwa kuphela ngentsebenziswano yeBhunga leNtsimbi. IBhunga eliphambili eliphambili, isalathisi somsi somrhululo seminyaka yakutshanje libonisa indlela amasebe asebenzisa ngayo amandla awo ukuphembelela abanye.

Indlu ingamtyumza umongameli, isekela lomongameli, okanye ijaji yezwe eliphethe “ulwaphulo-mthetho oluphezulu kunye nokungagqibeki,” kunye neNdlu yeNdlela yokulwa. Oku kuvavanywa okupheleleyo kwegunya lejaji kunye nelokugweba. Isetyenziswe kuphela amaxesha ambalwa kwimbali ye-U.S. kodwa iziphumo ezinokwenzeka. Ityala elichasene nomongameli uBill Clinton, uAndrew Johnson, noDonald Trump zibonisa indlela eli cebo elisebenza ngayo ukubeka ityala lolawulo oluphezulu.

Kubomi bakho bemihla ngemihla, uhlolo kunye nolungelelwano lwenkqubo luqinisekisa ukuba iinguqu ezingalindelekanga, ezingasetyenziswanga nakumntu zinqabile kwaye imithetho kufuneka iqhubeke isebenza kwimida emininzi yokuhlola. Olu luzinzo lukhusela amalungelo akho kwaye lunika uqikelelo olungaphambili, nangona lungakhokelela ekubotshelelweni kwemigca xa amasebe elawulwa ngamaqela awahlukeneyo.

Hlola ngakumbi malunga nokhangelo nomlinganiselo kwiZiko lomGaqo-siseko wesizwe.

Indima yomGaqo-siseko: Umsebenzi Wesakhelo wamalungelo nokumanyana

IPhepha loMgaqo-siseko lathi lo mGaqo-siseko wenzelwe ukwenza urhulumente ozinzileyo nonempumelelo oza kukhusela amalungelo abantu bhetele kunalawo abuthathaka kakhulu. Izincoko zigxininisa ukuba umGaqo-siseko sisakhiwo esiphilayo, asiyincwadi yomthetho entsonkothileyo. Inika urhulumente isiseko esithile esidweliswe ngokubeka onke amanye amagunya kumaphondo okanye kubantu. Esi sakhiwo /ukudibanisa neBhili yamaLungelo, eyongezwa kamsinya emva kokuba ithe yalunyuselwa, asiyo incwadi yomthetho yenkululeko oya kuyifumana yonke imihla.

Indlela UmGaqo-siseko Oyikhusela Ngayo Inkululeko Yakho Yemihla Ngemihla

Inkululeko yokuthetha noTshintshisana: IsiHlalisi Sokuqala, esakhulayo kwingxoxo yoManyano ne Anti-Federalist, siqinisekisa ilungelo lakho lokuthetha ingqondo yakho, ukugxeka urhulumente, kunye nolwazi lokufikelela. Olu khuselo luchaphazela yonke into ukusuka ekuthumeleni kwisixhobo sonxibelelwano sentlalo-ntle, ukubhalela umhleli. Ngaphandle kwalo, uxanduva lweziso-zincwadi lukarhulumente lungaphelisa ukuphikisana kunye nomda wengxoxo kawonke-wonke. Umatshini osisiCwangcithi uphethu uphikisa ukuba umatshini osisisilelayo wawufuneka ukuba uphendule urhulumente.

Ilungelo lokuthwala Izixhobo: UHlaliso lwesibini luye lwaba semgangathweni kwingxoxo yale mihla ephathelele ulawulo lwemipu. AmaPhepha oLungelo akayixubushanga ngqo (IBhili yamaLungelo yafika kamva), kodwa baxhasa ingcamango yemikhosi elawulwa kakuhle kunye nelungelo labantu ukugcina izixhobo. Ukucaciswa kweNkundla ePhakamileyo yeSibini uHlamplampli kwiimeko ezifana .Heller (2008) idwelisa kwisiseko somgaqo womthetho obekwe ngaphandle kwimicimbi yomkhosi woLungelo.

Imodeli Yocwangciso neJaji yokwaphula umthetho: Inkqubo yesine, yesihlanu, neyeSithandathu yoHlaliso kukukhusela ekufuneni okungekho ngqiqweni, ukucalucalulana, kwaye kuqinisekise ukuba uvavanywe ngokusesikweni. Xa amapolisa efuna isiqinisekiso sokuphendla ikhaya lakho, xa unelungelo kwigqwetha, okanye xa unokuthi cwaka, ungenelwa kukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko olwancedwa yiFederalistapes. Ezi zikhuselwa zisebenza kwimicimbi yakho yomthetho, inkqubo yenkundla, kunye nabameli bakarhulumente.

[[NKQUBO:0] Iproperty Rights: UmGaqo-siseko uthintela urhulumente ukuba athabathe impahla yakho ngaphandle kwembuyiselo (Ukuthatha Kwesihlanu IsiHlanzi u-Claus). Oku kuchaphazela ummandla obalulekileyo, imithetho yokuhlanganisa, kunye nerhafu yempahla. I-Plates yoLungelo lwamafaksi yaxabisa impahla yabucala njengekhuselo lwenkululeko, kwaye lo mgaqo uhlala uyintsika yomthetho waseMelika.

UMgaqo-siseko ukwamisela imithetho yonyulo, ukubalwa kwabantu, nokudluliselwa kwegunya (*) konke okuchaphazela amandla akho okuvota, indlela emelwa ngayo uluntu lwakho, nendlela oovimba borhulumente abasasazwa ngayo.

Funda umbhalo opheleleyo womGaqo-siseko kunye nezilungiso zawo kwi Ithala leBhunga[[FLT: 1]].

Ukwahlukana Kwamandla: Isizathu Sokuba Amasebe Ahlukeneyo Enze Izinto Ezahlukileyo

Okunxulumene ngokusondeleyo nokuhlola nokulinganisela ngumgaqo wokwahlula amagunya. IManyano yoMgaqo-siseko yakhusela ukwahlulwa kolawulo lukarhulumente kumasebe amathathu ahlukeneyo: iBhunga le-bimearral elenza imithetho, uMongameli olinyanzelayo, kunye nejaji ecacisayo. Ababhali baphikisa ngelithi oku kwahlula bekuya kuthintela ukubekwa kwamandla akhokelela kwigunya lobuzwilakhe kukumkani kwaye koorhulumente abathile phantsi kweMithetho yeNkqubano. [[FLT: 0] uFaderalist No., ebhalwe ngu-Mantellesquieute, ocatshuliweyo ukuba “akukho kukhululeka” apho amagunya olawulo olunolawulo olumanyeneyo kunye noogqeqesholo olumanyeneyo lumanyeneyo. [FLT: 0]

Indlela Ukwahlukana Kwamandla Okubuchaphazela Ngayo Ubomi Bakho Bemihla Ngemihla

[[NKQUBO:0] Irhafu Yakho: Congress idlulisela imithetho yerhafu, uMongameli uyalela i-IRS ukuba ayiqokelele, kwaye iinkundla zicombulula iimpikiswano ngetyala lerhafu. Ukuba iBhunga lifuna ukunyusa iirhafu zakho, kufuneka linyanzeleke; uMongameli akanakutshintsha nanganye ngoko nangoko. Iinkundla zingakuvala iindlela zokuqokelela irhafu ezingekho mthethweni. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba utshintsho kumthwalo wakho werhafu kuxozo luxaxwa ngabomsholo kwaye kuxoxwa ekuhleni.

Imithetho yoKhuseleko neyokhuseleko: amasebe aMazwe aManyeneyo anjengomthetho wendawo engqongileyo (EPA) kunye noLawulo lweFood kunye neDrug Administration (FDA) ziyinxalenye yesebe elilawulayo, kodwa zingenza kuphela ngaphakathi kwegunya elinikwe yiBhunga. Iinkundla zongamela ukuba aba bameli bagqithisa kusini na imiqathango yabo yomthetho osemthethweni, ingqiqo eyaziwa njengomthetho wolawulo. Oku kuchaphazela ukhuseleko lwamanzi akho okusela, umgangatho wokutya kwakho, nomoya ophefumlayo.

Ukhuseleko lokhuseleko neMedicare: iKomishini eyayila ezi nkqubo, ulawulo loMongameli luyayiqhuba, kwaye iinkundla zisingatha iimpikiswano ngeenzuzo. Ufaka isicelo seengenelo nge-Social Security Administration (isebe elinqumlayo), kodwa imithetho esebenzayo imiselwe ngommiselo (umthetho wequmrhu lomkhosi), kwaye ukuba uyakhanyelwa, ungabhenela kumgwebi womthetho wolawulo kwaye ekugqibeleni kwinkundla yolawulo.

Inkqubo yodityaniso: IiKhombutho zimisela imiqathango yokufuduka nemithetho, uMongameli ulawula inkqubo yokusebenza kwe vhisa kunye nokugcinwa komda, kwaye iinkundla zihlola iimeko zokugxothwa kunye nezicelo zokhuseleko. Oku kwahlukana kuthetha ukuba inkqubo yokufuduka inqabile ngokupheleleyo ezandleni zesebe elinye, nto leyo ekhokelela kwiinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo nezicothayo ezichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo izigidi zabantu.

Ukuqonda ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kukunceda uqonde ukuba nguluphi umgangatho karhulumente onokudibana naye xa unengxaki. Ukuba akuvumelani nomthetho, cela ummeli wakho. Ukuba akuvumelani nesigqibo solawulo oluphezulu, ungamangalela enkundleni. Ukuba ucinga ukuba umthetho awuvumelani nomthetho, ungawucel ’ umngeni kwijaji.

Impembelelo Kulawulo Lwanamhlanje: Ukusuka Kumanyano Ukuya Kubucala Bamanani

Iingcamango ezivela kumaPhepha oLungela aziqanjelwanga embalini; zisebenzisa phantse zonke inxalenye yolawulo lwale mihla lwamaMelika. IiNkundla zisoloko zikhankanya uLuhlu loManyeneyo xa kutolikwa umGaqo-siseko, kwaye abenzi bomthetho bacela imigaqo yabo xa bethetha umthetho. Ukuqonda ezi zincoko kukunceda ulandele iingxoxo zeli xesha kunye nokuqonda isizathu sokuba urhulumente we-U.S. urhulumente usebenza ngendlela enza ngayo.

Igunya likarhulumente kwiNtlanganiso yama-21

Ukuxinezeleka phakathi kwegunya likarhulumente nelorhulumente kuye kwakhula ukususela kwii-1780. Inkundla ePhakamileyo, ekuhambeni kwexesha, iye yandisa igunya likarhulumente phantsi kwe-Choomer Claus, ivumela urhulumente wesizwe ukuba alawule imimandla emininzi eyayiyimeko-meko-ntle ngokugqibeleleyo, njengokurhwebelana, umthetho wempangelo, kunye nokhuseleko lwemekobume. Kodwa, kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iNkundla iye yaphinda yabeka imida yegunya lesizwe emacaleni anjenge- United States v. Lopez (1995] kunye [FL] FIB] ne [[FLT:]. Sebelius[FLT] v[F3].[202]

  • Imali ephambili yokwalathisa: Umthetho womntu ngamnye we-Afford Care Act waxhaswa njengerhafu, kodwa umthetho ukwabandakanya ukudityaniswa kwemigangatho karhulumente kunye nentengiso ye-inshorensi equkiweyo karhulumente.
  • Imfundo: isikolo somntwana wakho silawulwa ngokuyintloko yimigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente neyasekuhlaleni, kodwa imithetho yamalungelo abantu yorhulumente iyalwalela ucalucalulo kunye neenkqubo zemali zezwe elinguSihloko Ixhasa izikolo ezifunyenweyo eziphantsi.
  • Ukuvota Amalungelo: Amazwe amisela imithetho yonyulo (i-ID, ixesha lokubhalisa, iiyure zokuvotelwa), kodwa imithetho yesizwe efana noMthetho wobuNto-mvume wamalungelo kunye noMthetho weSizwe woQuqulo-zincwadi imisela imfuno zokuthintela ucalucalulo nokwandisa ukufikelela.
  • Inkqubo ye-drug:[ Ngaphandle kokungavunyelwa kwemithetho yolo didi, amazwe amaninzi aye ayibhalisa ngokusemthethweni ukuze asebenzise unyango okanye ukuzonwabisa, adala umsebenzi wemithetho edityanisiweyo echaphazela abathengi, amashishini, kunye nokugcinwa komthetho.

Ukuhlolisiswa Kwezogwebo Namandla Eenkundla

Nangona ingakhankanywanga ngokucacileyo kumGaqo-siseko, amandla okuhlola kwezomthetho, ``iinkundla', amandla okubetha imithetho echaphazelekayo kuMgaqo-siseko'''. u-Foleralist No., ebhalwe ngu-Alexander Hamilton, aphikisa ukuba iinkundla ziya kuba sisikhuselo sokulwa nomthetho owenziwe ngokuchasene nomthetho. Eli gunya lamiselwa kamva Marbury v. Madyusry. [18] [18,3])] Ingqwalasela yomthetho yomthetho egwebo namhlanje ichaphazela ubomi bakho ngalo lonke ixesha inkundla ivitha umthetho okanye isenzo solawulo. Imizekelo yakutshanje iquka umthetho wokurhoxa-ok-ovra, imiqathango yemiqatha yezo, nemimiselo yakho, nemimiselo yezonganiso yezomthetho yomthetho karhulumente.

Amalungelo Omntu Ngamnye Ngexesha Lokusetyenziswa Kwamanani

Iiphepha zomanyano lwamaPhepha zabhalwa ngaphambi kwe-intanethi, uphando lwezicwangciso zekhompyutha, okanye i-media yezentlalo. Kodwa imigaqo ababeyixhasa (_i-asethi, urhulumente olinganiselweyo, ukwahlukana kwamagunya, kunye nokukhuselwa kwenkululeko yomntu ngamnye (ibaluleke ngakumbi kunangaphambili. IiNkundla zisebenzisa uLawulo lwesine lokuLandeza okungaqikelelwayo (ngokuchasene nokungaqiqekiyo) kugcino-lwazi lwezombane, kunye neengxoxo zeBhunga loMbutho malunga nemfihlolo-data, ukukhowudwa, nokupheliswa komgaqo-mthetho wenkqubo. Ukwahlulwa kwamandla kuqinisekisa ukuba isebe eliphetheyo lingakwazi ukuphelisa ugcino-data ngaphandle kwegunya kunye nolawulo lomthetho. Ilungelo lakho lokuthetha ngenkululeko libucala libunjwa luhlalo lwezindululo olusuka kumgaqo-Gaqonga oluno-mthetho-mthetho.

Ezi ngxaki zanamhlanje zibonisa ukuba umbono kaPublius awuyonkqubo yakudala kodwa uyindlela enamandla eqhelanisa neemeko ezintsha ngoxa uhlala ukhokele kwisakhiwo sawo esisisiseko.

Ukuthabatha Inxaxheba: Ukusebenzisa Ukuqonda Kwakho Ukuze Unikwe Amandla

Ukwazi imigaqo yeMaphethisi yoManyano loMasipala kutshintsha ukusuka kumntu ongenzi nto oyamkelwe ngurhulumente abe ngumthathi-nxaxheba okhutheleyo kwidemokhrasi yethu. Xa uqonda indlela urhulumente ayahlula ngayo amandla, uyazi ukuba liliphi iqondo likarhulumente lokufuna iinguqulelo ozifunayo. Xa uqonda iimvavanyo kunye nolungelelwaniso, ungalandela isizathu sokuba umthetho ube ngumthetho //okanye isizathu sokuba ufe kwikomiti. Xa uxabisa indima ye-judicatary, ungaxhasa okanye ucel ’ umngeni izigqibo zenkundla ezisekelwe kwimigaqo yayo yesiseko.

Nazi iindlela ezimbalwa ezisebenzisekayo onokulusebenzisa ngazo olu lwazi:

  • Ukuphakamisa ngengqiqo: Abathathi-nxaxheba abathetha “ngamalungelo omthetho” okanye“inginginya ezingoorhulumente” bacela ubuzwe. Ukuqonda iindawo zabo kukunceda ukhethe ngokusekelwe kwiziphumo zenkqubo yokwenene.
  • Ukudibana norhulumente wakho: Thelekisa amalungu akho eBhunga, hamba neeholo zedolophu, ungqine kwizaphula-mthetho zikarhulumente. Ilizwi lakho linokuphembelela izigqibo zemfundo, ukhuseleko lwempilo, kunye nokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Icala eliphumayo okanye ichasa ii-appinees zogwebo: Inkqubo yokuqinisekisa kukukhangela nokulinganisa /iindawo zakho zokumamela wena. Bazise ukuba luluphi uhlobo lwabagwebi olufunayo.
  • [[NTL:0] Layisha amalungelo akho: Ukuba ukholelwa ukuba umthetho uyawonakalisa umGaqo-siseko, qwalasela ukusebenza namaqela omthetho owiso-mthetho okanye ukuxhasa iingxaki zomthetho. AmaPhepha oLungelo lwaMazwe nawo abhalelwa ukweyisela abemi abaqhelekileyo ukuxhasa inkqubo ekhusela loo malungelo.

Isiphelo: Ilifa Eliphilayo Lephepha Loludwe LwamaFederal

AmaPhepha aFederali aliyoncwadi yembali nje kuphela; ayiplani karhulumente olungelelanisa amandla, okhusela inkululeko, onika izizinzo. Ngalo lonke ixesha ungenelwa kwimfundo yesikolo sikawonke-wonke, uqhuba ngoohola besikolo abaxhaswe ngurhulumente, ubhenela kwisigqibo esingokwasemthethweni, okanye usebenzise ilungelo lakho lokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo, uphila phakathi kwenkqubo esungulwe nguHamilton, uMadison, noJay. Ngokuqonda iingcamango ezingundoqo zolawulo, ukwahlukana kwamandla, ukujonga kunye nokulungelelanisa, kunye norhulumente womgaqo-siseko, uzuza ubuchule bokuqhuba nokuphembelela loo nkqubo. Izincoko zisenokuba zineminyaka emibini ubudala, kodwa umsebenzi wazo awuzange ube mkhulu. Njengoko uhamba malunga nobomi bakho bemihla ngemihla, khumbula ukuba umGaqonga nje uxwebhu olusebenzisayo, iimfanelo zakho, neembopheleleko zakho.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, hlolisisa ingqokelela epheleleyo yamaPhepha oLuntu kwi [[FLT: 0] Ibhari yeKhokelo yoManyano-ntle yoLuntu . Ukuze ubone indlela imigaqo esebenza ngayo kumatyala eNkundla ePhakamileyo, tyelelani iwebhsayithi yeNkundla ePhakamileyo ye-U.S. i-.