Ukuqonda Amalungelo Akho OmGaqo-siseko: Ukhokelo Olunetyala

Amalungelo akho omgaqo-siseko akayongcamango yomthetho-siseko engacacanga, kwaye azizixhobo ezisebenzayo ezikhusela inkululeko yakho, ukuzifihla, nesidima yonke imihla. Ukuthetha ingqondo yakho nge-media yentlalo ukuya kukwala ukuphanda okungekho mthethweni, la malungelo abumba indlela osebenza ngayo norhulumente kunye nebutho labantu. Kodwa abemi abaninzi bayazi ingcaciso nje kuphela. Olu khokelo luza kuqhekeza ilungelo ngalinye elingundoqo, luchaze imida yalo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwehlabathi lokwenene, luze lukubonise indlela yokuwasebenzisa ngokunempumelelo. Ulwazi lwala malungelo lumgca wakho wokuqala wokuzikhusela.

Iliwa Lenkululeko YaseMerika

UmGaqo-siseko ukho ekusibeni ulawulo lwegunya likarhulumente nokhuseleko lomntu ngamnye. Abalawuli, abalumkelayo ulawulo olucinezelekileyo ababelwe nalo, beyiyila inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela kwaye bongeza iBhili yamaLungelo ukukhusela ngokucacileyo inkululeko esisiseko. Ngaphandle kokuqonda ezi khuseleko, awunakuba nawo umzinzi wamagosa oya kuphendula okanye uzixhase. Iinkundla ezichaza amalungelo omgaqo-siseko ukutyhubela iinkulungwane zesithethe, kodwa umbhalo ngokwawo uhlala uyinto yokuqala kuzo zonke iziqinisekiso. Ukukhangela ngokunzulu kuxwebhu lwantlandlolo kunye neenguquko, tyelela umGaqo wogcino-mthetho woMlawuli welizwe iphepha .

UmGaqo-siseko waseUnited States kunye neziHlaziyo Zawo

Ngonyaka we-1788, umGaqo-siseko waseka inkqubo yamasebe amathathu karhulumente. Inguquko yokuqala elishumi yamasebe karhulumente."iBhili yamaLungelo" yagunyaziswa ngo1791 emva kwengxoxo enkulu. Ukususela ngoko, izivumelwano ezili-17 ezingakumbi ziye zongezwa, kuquka isiqinisekiso se-14 Completetingting wirective sokukhusela okulinganayo kunye nenkqubo efunekayo, eyathi kamva yandisa uVill of Rights inviduletions jaratements okanye oorhulumente basekuhlaleni. Ukuqonda indlela okulungiswa kwemibutho lenginyazo kungundoqo. Umzekelo, i-Gastivementation Rendementation Procession Claces “inporate ye-Dravicesment yoMphathi we-Dercessionerrectiony ye-Dintevice ye-14 ye-Drue provicesting symsting provicesting provicesssssssss joant, ngoko ilungelo lakho lokuthetha ngenkululeko okanye kwintlanganiso yesizwe.

IBhili yamaLungelo Kwindawo Ethile

  • IsiHlalisi soMgqibo sokuqala : sikhusela unqulo, intetho, ukucofa, indibano, nelungelo lokucela urhulumente.
  • [[UMTL:0] Uhlaziyo oluqulunqweyo: lukhusela ilungelo lokugcina nokuphatha iingalo.
  • IsiHlayiso-ziphene esiThitshiweyo: iziphumo ezidibanisa amajoni kumakhaya abantu ngaphandle kwemvume ngexesha loxolo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] UHlaliso lweNkqutyana: Lumkela ukuphengululwa nokuxhuzula okungaqiqiyo; lufuna imfuneko esekelwe kwisizathu esilindelekileyo.
  • FINTP : Inikela ityala elikhulu labachopheli-tyala, ikhuselwa kwingozi ephindwe kabini nakukuzibeka ngokwayo, inkqubo efunekayo, kunye nembuyekezo yokuthabatha.
  • IsiHlalisi-mda se-intshi : siqinisekisa ukuvavanywa kwetyala ngokukhawuleza nokusetyenziswa nguwonke-wonke, ukuchophela amatyala okungakhethi buso, isaziso sezityholo, ungquzulwano lwamangqina, inkqubo enyanzelisayo, kunye noncedo lwesiluleko.
  • IsiHlalisi seNkqutyana: Ulondoloza ilungelo lokuchophela ityala kwityala labemi elingaphezulu kwama-2020.
  • [[UMTL: 0] UHlaliso lweNkqutyana: Ibheyile egqithisileyo, intlawulo egqithisileyo, nesohlwayo esikhohlakeleyo nesingaqhelekanga.
  • [[UMTL:0] UHlaliso lweNtsimbi: Amazwana athi uludwe lwamalungelo athile alunakukhanyelwa okanye luhlulwe abanye abagcinwe ngabantu.
  • IsiHlalisi-Mpanzi soMphetho-moya: Amagunya okugcina akanikwanga kurhulumente worhulumente worhulumente okanye kubantu.

Ezi zilungiso zilishumi ngamathambo enkululeko yaseMerika, kodwa nganye ibumba iinkulungwane zelifa lenziwe. Amacandelo angezantsi ahlola amalungelo asoloko ebizwa ngokweenkcukacha.

Amalungelo angundoqo omGaqo-siseko achazwayo

Inkululeko Yokuthetha Nentetho

Intetho yeSindululo sokuQala sokuthetha ekhululekileyo isoloko iyindlela yokuqala yokuphepha xa abemi bengquzulana namagunya. Ikhusela kungekuphela nje amazwi athethwayo kodwa kwakhona amazwi abhaliweyo, izenzo zomfuziselo (njengeflegi etshileyo), kunye ne-(_inline momes ) kunye nentetho emininzi . kodwa, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iyazi kakuhle iindidi zokuthetha ezifumana intsilelo encinane okanye ezingenakhuseleko: ukukhuthaza ukuchasana ngokusondeleyo, izisongelo zenyaniso, izityholo (abantu abathelekelele, okanye abanomfanekiso oqhelekileyo othe ngqo) kunye nokulwa. Umzekelo, [[FLT:] Branburg v.[[2] [FLT]] [12] [12], inkundla ekwakumele ukuba ikhuselwe ugonyamelo ngaphandle kokukhuthaza ukukhuthaza ugonyamelo ngaphandle kokuba inyamezele ukuchasana.[5]

Imida Eqhelekileyo Kwintetho

  • [[UMTL:0] Ixesha, indawo, kunye nendlela imiqathango: Urhulumente angalawula ixesha nendawo eyenzekayo (umz., akukho sandi sinyusiweyo emva kwe 10 p.m.) logama nje imithetho iqulathelwe-ngangeni-lingeneli kwaye ishiye ivulekile enye imijelo.
  • Intetho yomqeshwa yeGosa [: Abaqeshwa bakawonke-wonke bafumana amalungelo alinganiselweyo okuthetha ngokukhululekileyo ukuba bathetha njengenxalenye yemisebenzi yabo yomsebenzi; intetho yabucala kwimicimbi yenkxalabo kawonke-wonke iyakhuselwa.
  • [[Ukhuseleko:0] lokhuseleko lohlanga: ulwazi olulungelelanisiweyo kunye nezisongelo kukhuseleko lwesizwe lungathintelwa, kodwa umgca uyakhuphiswana.

Amalungelo Okugcina Nokuthwala Izixhobo

ISiphendu sesibini sivakalisa oku: “INkundla elawulwa kakuhle yeMilitia, eyimfuneko kukhuseleko loRhulumente olukhululekileyo, ilungelo labantu lokugcina nokuthwala Iizixhobo, ayiyi kuphazanyiswa.” Phantse kwiinkulungwane ezimbini, iNkundla Ephakamileyo yanikela ukhokelo oluncinane. Kwaye [iSiphendu se-Griount.[FFOL:] [[FFOLD]] [[2] [iiiSixeko se-FLT] [1] [iilungelo] [2003] [iiNku, iNkugqiba ukuba iNkugqiba ukuba iNkuhlazi ikhusele ilungelo lokuGawula likhusele ilungelo lokuba nelo lomntu ngamnye kwindlu yasekuhlaleni, kwaye igxininiswe kwinkundla yasekuhlaleni.[iiNkutshono yomthetho worhulumente woburhulumente, umele unikezele, urhulumente woburhulumente obungamele ulweyongamele urhulumente, urhulumente, urhulumente wangokude, urhulumente, uyakwazi ukuyelwe ngokugqithiseleleka.[

Ukukhuselwa Kwizinto Ezingekho Sikweni Nezingekho Mthethweni

ISinyuso sesine sifuna ukuba uphande nokuxhwithwa. Ngokuqhelekileyo, oko kuthetha ukuba amapolisa kufuneka afumane isiqinisekiso esisekelwe kwisizathu esilindelekileyo nesichaza indawo efuna ukuphendwa nezinto eziza kubanjwa. Kodwa iNkundla Ephakamileyo iye yaziqaphela izinto ezininzi ezingafaniyo: ukuphengulula, iimeko ezicacileyo, ukukhangela inqwelo-mafutha, ukukhangela iziganeko zokubanjwa, ukuphengulula imoto, ukukhangela iziphumo zokuvala, ukumisa kunye nokukrazula kwemoto (ukuba i-frisk (ukuba igosa-frisk) (ukuba igosagosa elinolwanolwano olusengqiqweni lolwaphulo-mthetho nengozi), ukuphengulula, nokuphengulula umda. Isitshixo sikukuba ulindele “ukufuna i-mganelo olufanelekileyo." ukukhangela kwakho okuqhelekileyo."ukungakhangeli oko kusetyenziswa kwi-data ekufuneka kusetyenziswe ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwakho, ngaphandle kokwenza uphandoqophiso.

Amalungelo Okumangalelwa: Uhlaziyo Lwesihlanu Nelwesithandathu

Xa umangalelwa ngolwaphulo-mthetho, uHlaziyo lweNtlanganiso yesihlanu lunika ilungelo lokuhlala uthulile, ukhuseleko kwingozi ephindwe kabini, nelungelo lokunganyanzeliswa ukuba uzenze ityala. Oku “kulungile ukuhlala uthule” kubaluleke kangangokuba amapolisa amele akufunde [ imanda [[[FL:1]] izilumkiso [[FLT]] [phambi kokuba unqandwe]. Ukuba azinyanzeli, unokuzifaka isindululo sokuzi. Ukuba ungenza sicinezeleka. [i-'6] Ityala lika-'6'a liqinisekisa ukukhawuleza netyala likawonke wonke, ilungelo lokunikwa izityholo, ilungelo lokuthetha amangqina, kwaye ilungelo lokusebenzisa icebo lokulungisa. Xa umele unikele naliphi naliphi na elinye isigwebo. [igqwenga, umele unikele ingxeba.]

Amalungelo anokubonwa ancinci

Ilungelo Lokucela Nokuhlanganisa

UHlomelo Lokuqala lukhusela ilungelo lokuhlanganisana ngoxolo nokucela urhulumente ukuba aphendule izikhalazo. Oku kuquka ukuqhankqalaza, ukuhambahamba, kwanezicelo ze-intanethi. Oorhulumente banokufuna imvume yokuba iintlanganiso ezinkulu zilawule iinqwelo-moya kunye nokhuseleko, kodwa abanakukwazi ukukhanyela imvume esekelwe kwisigidimi esiqulunqiweyo. Isicelo sisebenza ekuqhagamshelaneni namagosa anyuliweyo, ekumangaleleni, nasekutheni uthathe inxaxheba kumaxesha okuthetha esidlangathethwayo. Ukuba ufuna ukulungiselela ukulwa, imvume yophando lwasekuhlaleni. Yazi ukuba unelungelo lokubhala amapolisa ngethuba lokuqhankqeka, logama nje ungangeneleli kwimisebenzi yabo.

Ilungelo Lokuvavanywa Kwetyala Lasebupoliseni

UHlomelo lweSebethi lugcina ilungelo lokuchophela ityala labachopheli-tyala kumangalelwano lwamakhaya apho isixa sempikiswano singaphezulu kwama-2020/20*, kodwa lo mgaqo uhleli. Oku kusebenza kwiinkundla zikarhulumente; amanani akanyanzelekanga ukunikezela iityala zabachopheli-tyala zomthetho wasekuhlaleni, kodwa amaninzi anjalo. Ukuba umangalela umntu othile ukuba woniwe, ungafuna ityala. Amajaji agqiba izibakala; abagwebi bagqiba umthetho. Kumatyala anzima, ngamanye amaxesha amaqela arhoxabela ityala lejaji aze akhethe ityala lebhethri.

IziHlaliso Zesi - 1000 Nezeshumi

I-Ninth Amendment ithi udweliso lwamalungelo athile aluthethi ukuba awunawo amanye. Umzekelo, ilungelo lokuzimela wedwa ([FLT]] [[FLT]] [65]) kwaye Roe v. [[FLT]]

Indlela Yokukhusela Amalungelo Akho OmGaqo-siseko

Ukwazi amalungelo akho kusisiqingatha sedabi, -- kufuneka ukulungele ukuwaqinisa. Nawa amanyathelo asebenzisekayo onokuwathabatha namhlanje:

Yazi Ingqalelo

Ququzelela amabinzana angundoqo: “Ndisebenzisa ilungelo lam lokuthula. Ndifuna igqwetha.” “Andivumi ukuphendla.” "Ngaba ndikhululekile ukuphuma?" Kodwa okubaluleke ngakumbi, ndiyawuqonda umongo. Umongo uyama. Umzekelo, uvumela abaphathi-majoni ukuba bacele imvume kunye nokubhalisa kodwa bangaphengululi inqwelo-mafutha yakho ngaphandle kokuba uvalelwe. Ukuba umiswe esitratweni, ungathotyelwa ku- “Terry" ukuba umphathi uthe wakrokreza ngokusengqiqweni. Akusoloko kufuneka ukuba uphendule imibuzo ngaphandle kokuzichaza (kwimeko ethetha ukuba umele ukumisa okanye uphinde ume umthetho-endidia).

Phendla InjiniName

Ukuba ukholelwa ukuba amalungelo akho aphulwe, bhala phantsi umhla, ixesha, indawo, amagama kunye namanani ebheji amagosa, kunye nawo nawaphi na amangqina. Gcina iividiyo, iifoto, kunye namaxwebhu. Fayila isikhalazo nolwahlulo lwangaphakathi lwemicimbi yomzi. Kwiimeko ezimandundu, jonga kwigqwetha lamalungelo abantu. Ulwaphulo-mthetho oluninzi lungalungiswa ngokumangalelwa phantsi kwama-42.SC. . . . .1998 (olwa badlali borhulumente) okanye Bivens izenzo zolawulo lorhulumente.

Hlala Unolwazi

Umthetho womGaqo-siseko utshintsha. Izigqibo zakutshanje zeNkundla ePhakamileyo ziye zalungisa kwakhona amalungelo emipu, amalungelo okuqhomfa, kunye nomlinganiselo woMgqino-mva wesine kwizithuba zamanani. Landela ii-blog zomthetho ezithembekileyo ezinjenge iVolokh Conspracy okanye SCOMBORY[ ukuhlaziya.

Ukubandakanyeka Kubomi Bomsebenzi

Kuyo yonke iminyulo-"local, rhulumente, kunye norhulumente. Yiya kwiintlanganiso zebhunga lesixeko, iintlanganiso zezikhululo, kunye nee-projekthi zikawonke-wonke. Xelela abameli bakho ngemibandela oyikhathaleleyo. Ilungelo lokucela lingumgca othe ngqo wokulawula. Xa uthabatha inxaxheba, unceda ukuchaza incoko yasesidlangalaleni kwaye ubeke amagosa etyala.

Fundisa Abanye

Yabelana nabahlobo, intsapho, okanye amaqela asekuhlaleni. Cinga ngokuvuma ukuzinikela kwi-drive yokuvota okanye kwiverhe yakho yamalungelo omsebenzi. Iintlangano ezinjenge-ACLU zineeseshoni zoqeqesho ngendlela yokubhala amavandla amapolisa nendlela yokuwabhala nokuwenza ngayo ngexesha lokuqhankqalaza. Abantu abangakumbi bayawaqonda amalungelo abo omgaqo-siseko, okukhona idemokhrasi yethu ikhula.

Isiphelo

Amalungelo omGaqo-siseko asizizo izipho eziya kurhoxiswa ngurhulumente ngokokuthanda kwazo. Zizikhuseli zesakhiwo ezifunyenwe kwiinkulungwane zokulwa nokugcinwa ngokuhlala kuphaphile. Ngokuqonda umbhalo, umthetho wetyala, namanyathelo asebenzisekayo okuqinisekisa amalungelo akho, uba ngummi onolwazi okwaziyo ukukhusela kungekuphela nje inkululeko yakho kodwa kwanenkululeko yabanye. UMgaqo-siseko ungowethu sonke, siyawusebenzisa, kwaye uyawukhusela.