Ayintoni Amalungelo Ezobupolitika?

Amalungelo ezobupolitika ngamalungelo asemthethweni avumela abemi ukuba babe nenxaxheba ekulawuleni ilizwe labo. Akha isiseko sedemokhrasi yabameli, aqinisekisa ukuba abantu banelizwi kwizigqibo ezilawula uluntu nohlanga lwabo. ISindululo sehlabathi lonke samalungelo abantu, iminqoqo-siseko, nemimiselo yezizwe ngezizwe, namalungelo ezobupolitika, ziquka ilungelo lokuvota, ukumela okanye ukuthelela amaqela ezobupolitika, ukuhlanganisana ngoxolo, nokuvakalisa ngokukhululekileyo iimbono zezobupolitika.

Umlinganiselo wamalungelo ezobupolitika uyahluka-hluka macala onke. Kwamanye amazwe, la malungelo aqinisekiswe ngokubanzi; kwamanye, asenokuthintelwa ngenxa yobumi, ubudala, ubuchule bengqondo, okanye ukuvalwa kwezaphuli-mthetho. Ukuqonda isiseko esisemthethweni samalungelo ezobupolitika kubalulekile ekuwasebenziseni ngokunempumelelo. Ngokomzekelo, uMgaqo-siseko Wokuqala we-U. ukhusela amalungelo abantu, indibano, kunye nesibongozo, ngoxa ishumi elinesi-15, ishumi elinesi-24, kunye neSindululo sama-26 siqhubeka sandisa amalungelo okuvota. Ngokufanayo, iSivumelwano sezizwe nge-zizwe ezilawula amalungelo e-Politiki (ICPR) sinyanze amazwe atyikiswe ngomthetho ukuze ahlonele kwaye aqinisekise amalungelo abo bonke abantu abakwilizwe. Ngokudlulisela ulwazi lwethu lwethu ngezi siseko, abemi banokuxhasa ngakumbi ukukhuselwa nokukhuselwa kwenkululeko yabo kwezobupolitika.

Ukubaluleka Kwamalungelo Ezobupolitika

Amalungelo ezobupolitika awangomthetho nje oqhelekileyo; ziinkqubo ezisetyenziswa yidemokhrasi. Xa abemi benokuvota, bathethe ngokukhululekileyo, baze babe nesikhundla, urhulumente ubonisa ukuthanda kwabantu aze aqhubeke esabela kwiimfuno zabo. Ukubaluleka kwamalungelo ezobupolitika kunokuhlolisiswa ngemisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo:

I-Arhente kunye nokuNika amandla

Amalungelo ezobupolitika anika abantu amandla okuphembelela izigqibo ezichaphazela ubomi babo, ukusuka kwimithetho yasekuhlaleni elawula ulawulo lwezonyango lwesizwe. Oku kugunyaziswa kukhuthaza ingqiqo yoxanduva lwezobuzwe kwaye kukhuthaza ukuba nenxaxheba kwimicimbi yoluntu. Ngaphandle kwamalungelo ezobupolitika, amaqela acekelwe phantsi asenokungakhutshelwa ekwenzeni izigqibo, aqhubeki nolwano. Imbali imfazwe `njengemibutho yamabhinqa echaphazelekayo, umbutho wamalungelo abantu, nomlo wokulwela ukumela isithethe somthonya-zwelo-------dedet - ichaza indlela ukwanda kwamalungelo ezobupolitika okunokuyiguqula ngayo ibutho ngokuliphaka kwelizwi.

Umelo nolwazelelelo

Amalungelo ezobupolitika aqinisekisa ukuba iimbono ezahlukeneyo kwibutho labantu zibonakala kurhulumente. Xa kuphela liqela elincinane labemi elinokuvota okanye likwisikhundla, iinkqubo zithambekela ekuthandeni elo qela, zingazihoyi iimfuno zabanye. Ukuquka amalungelo ezobupolitika kukhokelela kwiziphumo ezithe tye, njengoko abenzi bomthetho kufuneka baqwalasele izilangazelelo zonyulo olubanzi. Umzekelo, amazwe anemigangatho ephezulu yokuthatha inxaxheba kwezobupolitika adla ngokuba neyona minatha yokhuseleko engakumbi kunye nenkuselo engqongqo ngakumbi kumalungelo amancinane.

Ukuphendula kunye nokubonisa ngaphaya

Unyulo oluthe rhoqo, inkululeko yokuthetha, nelungelo lokucela livumela abemi ukuba baphendule abameli babo. Amagosa aqwalaselweyo awaziyo ukuba anokuvotelwa okanye agxekwe ekuhleni asenokuba anegalelo kwintsabelo yoluntu. Kwakhona amalungelo ezobupolitika axhasa ubundixesha boomatshini bokulinda kunye nokuvelela kwebutho labantu, okubhenca ukunganyaniseki nokusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya. Ukuthotywa kwamalungelo ezobupolitika kwiindawo ezininzi zehlabathi kuye kwanxulunyaniswa nokunyuka kolawulo lobuzwilakhe, apho iinkokeli zicinezela inkcaso kunye nokutho - mbeka.

Ukukhusela Ezinye Inkululeko

Amalungelo ezobupolitika adityaniswe nenkululeko yasekuhlaleni enjengenkululeko yokuthetha, yokuhlanganisana, neyokushicilela. Adala indalo ekhuselayo apho abantu banokuxhasa khona ukusesikweni kwentlalo, ukulingana kwezoqoqosho, nesidima sabantu. Xa amalungelo ezobupolitika eqeshiwe, amanye amalungelo alandela, njengoko oorhulumente besebenzisa amanyathelo asemthethweni okanye angaphezulu kwemithetho ukuze baphelise ukungavumelani. Ngokuchasene noko, amalungelo anamandla ezobupolitika aqinisa umthetho yaye anceda ekuthinteleni ukuxhatshazwa kwamalungelo abantu.

Ukuchazwa Kwamalungelo Ezobupolitika Ayintloko

Ilungelo Lokudlala

Ilungelo lokuvota lilelokona lokuthabatha inxaxheba kwezobupolitika. Ivumela abemi ukuba bakhethe abameli abazenza imithetho nababeke izinto. Ukusebenza kubangela ukuba kubekho iindlela zedemokhrasi ezithe ngqo, ezifana ne-costands kunye ne-colletators, apho abemi banokuvuma okanye bayigalele iinkqubo ezithile. Noko ke, ubukho nje kwasekunene akwanele; kufuneka bufikelele. Izithintelo ezifana neemfuno ze-Id, ezisigxina, ezisikelweyo, ukuvota, ukurhoxa, nokuvala imiqathango engqongqo, ziyakwazi ukuvala, ingakumbi phakathi kwemibancinane, nokungena, kunye nabatsha abavoti. Izibutho ezifana [[FLT: 0] ezikhoyo zeLubreans Union [FOLD [FOLD: 1] ezikhoyo ziqinisekisa ukuba bonke abemi basebenze ngokuzibophelelo abasebenzi bendlela yokuvota, i-Stiventi, i-United States, yaye ziyaqhubeka nokukhusela kwemfazwe.

Ilungelo Lokubalekela Eofisini

Eli lungelo linceda abantu ukuba bafune isikhundla sikawonke-wonke kumgangatho wengingqi, welizwe okanye wesizwe. Iqinisekisa ukuba iinkokeli zibonakalisa umahluko wabemi kwaye abemi baneenjongo zokukhetha kwibhokisi yebhola ekhatywayo. Izithintelo zokunganyani-nyani . Njengemirhumo ephezulu yeshedi, imfuno zosayino, okanye unikezelo lwemiqathango ye-odoo-si-mali, . "ii-entilench incuntmentantnts." kwi-eventi ye-mali ye-mali kawonke-wonke, iinguqu ezinjengamastivoluni kunye ne-mfolokhwe ehambayo ivezwelo-mfo ziveliswe ukucutha ibala ibala elino. Umzekelo, FredalFom

Ilungelo Lokuthetha Nentetho Ekhululekileyo

Intetho yezobupolitika ingundoqo kwingxoxo yedemokhrasi. Ilungelo lokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo livumela abemi ukuba bagxeke iinkqubo zikarhulumente, bancome iinguqu, babelane ngenkcazelo ngaphandle kokoyika ukuziphindezelela. Oku kuquka ukukwazi ukuqhankqalaza, ukushicilela amanqaku, ukuyila ubugcisa bezobupolitika, nokubandakanyeka kwingxoxo ye-intanethi. Kodwa, inkululeko yokuthetha ayiphelelanga ngokupheleleyo; inokuba negalelo elilinganiselweyo kwiimeko zokuphembelela ugonyamelo, ukuhlaziswa kwentetho esemthethweni, okanye intiyo. Ukulinganisela phakathi kokukhusela inkululeko yokuzichaza nokugcina ucwangco lukawonke kukucelomngeni oluqhubekayo. Kwiminyaka yamanani, inkxalabo yokuhlola iiplatluni zezentlalo-ndaba noorhulumente iyenze yandab

Ilungelo Lokuya Kwindibano Nonxulumano Olunoxolo

Amalungelo ezobupolitika akwaquka ukukwazi ukuhlanganisana nabanye ukuze baxubushe imicimbi, bamisele amaqela ezobupolitika, okanye bathelele amaqela enzala. Ilungelo lokuhlanganisa abantu ngoxolo beye bajongwa ngokungqongqo ekuqhubeni iinguqu zentlalo kunye nezobupolitika, ukusuka ekuhambeleni phambili ukuya kwimibhiyozo ye-Arabia Spring. Ngokufanayo, ilungelo lokuhlanganisa abami livumela ukuba bamisele amaqhina, imibutho yezobupolitika, kunye namaqela ezobupolitika, avumela imikhosi yezomthetho okanye ajonge imicimbi yeendibano, anyusa inkxalabo ngokupheza oku konakala kwalethwa kwale mithetho yasekuhlaleni kunye nemilinganiselo yezizwe ngezizwe. Ngokunjalo, njengoko kuchazwe kuMvumelwano-Spesentithi ye-Actriteal kuMalungelo aBami boMpulpoli.[FLT:]

Ilungelo Lokucela Urhulumente

Oku kusoloko kujongwa kwicala elililo kuvumela abantu okanye amaqela ukuba benze isicelo esisemthethweni kurhulumente wabo. Izibongozo zingacombulula izikhalazo, zicebisa imithetho emitsha, okanye zifuna iimpendulo ezingalunganga. Kumazwe amaninzi, izicelo ezingenisiweyo ezinenani elaneleyo lokufaka utyikityo olubangela ukuvakala okanye iimpendulo ezisemthethweni. Amaqonga amanani avuselele eli lungelo, enza abemi bakwazi ukukhupha izibongozo kwi-intanethi ezinokuphumelela ngokukhawuleza. Umzekelo, urhulumente u- “Thina bantu” uvumela nabani na ukuba enze isicelo, ukuba ufikelela emgubaleni, ufumana impendulo esemthethweni evela kwi House.

Indlela Yokusebenzisa Amalungelo Akho Ezobupolitika

Nazi iindlela eziluncedo zokusebenzisa amalungelo akho zobupolitika ngokuphumelelayo:

  • Ubhaliso kwi Vote: Khangela ubume bomvoti wakho phambi kwemiqathango yonyulo. EUnited States, .org unika ulwazi lombuso ngobhaliso lwequmrhu. Amazwe amaninzi avumela ubhaliso lwengingqi yengingqi; ukuba akunjalo, tyelela iofisi yakho yonyulo kumntu.
  • Iparicipate kuzo zonke iinketho: Ukuvota okungundoqo, jikelele, kunye nokhetho lwasekuhlaleni. Kude nolo nyaka kunye nonomasipala lusoloko lunonyulo olusezantsi kodwa lunokuba nefuthe eligqithisileyo kwiinkonzo zoluntu ezinjengezikolo, ubupolisa, kunye neendawo zokonyulwa.
  • [[Ulwakhiwo: 0] Ukufumana iimbono kwiNkxaso Zezobupolitika: Yabelana ngentsapho yakho, abahlobo, kunye nabo usebenza nabo, kodwa kwakhona phulaphula iimbono eziphikisanayo. Incoko eyakhayo yomeleza idemokhrasi kwaye inciphisa ukonakalisa ummandla wecawa.
  • Intlangano ze-Civic: Amaqela afana noManyano lwaManyano lwabesifazane, i-NAACP, okanye imibutho yasekuhlaleni yolawulo lobugxwayiba inikela uqeqesho, oovimba, kunye namathuba okubandakanyeka kwimfundo yovoti, ukufumana isantya esiphezulu, kunye namaziko okukhupha iingxelo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukudibana nabameli Bakho: Ukubiza, i-imeyili, okanye ukubhalela amagosa akho anyuliweyo ukuvakalisa indawo yakho kumthetho obekwe phambi kommiselo. Inkoliso yabasebenzi izinikele kunxibelelwano olukhoyo. Ukuya kwiiholo zedolophu kunye nokuchongwa kwabantu yenye indlela enamandla yokwenza ilizwi lakho liviwe.
  • Ukuqwalasela ukuqhuba i-Ofisi: Ukuba unolwazi olunzulu lwembambano yoluntu okanye umnqweno wokusebenza, uhlola ii-ofisi zasekuhlaleni njengebhodi yesikolo, ibhunga lesixeko, okanye isebe lengingqi. Imimandla emininzi inemiqobo esezantsi yokungena nokunika abathathi-nxaxheba uqeqesho.
  • [[NTLA: 0] IVolunter njengoMsebenzi weChwephelo okanye weNkqutyana: Ukuqinisekisa ingqibelelo yonyulo kufuna abemi bamazwe bancede ekuqhubeni iindawo zokuvotelwa nokujongwa kwezinto ezingezozanyani. Uqeqesho ludla ngokunikezelwa ngamagosa onyulo lwasekuhlaleni.

Ucelomngeni Kumalungelo Ezobupolitika

Phezu kwazo nje iziqinisekiso ezisemthethweni, amalungelo ezobupolitika anokusoloko esongelwa ngokungeyomfuneko anokudodobalisa inxaxheba yedemokhrasi.

Ucinezelo Nenkcitho

Ukucinezelwa kwevote kubandakanya iindlela ezicetywe ngabom zokunciphisa umvoti phakathi kwamaqela athile. Imizekelo iquka imithetho ye-ID engqongqo, abavoti ababhalisweyo kwiiroli, ukuhlisa iifestile zokuvota, ukuvala iindawo zokuvota kwangethuba kwimimandla encinane, kunye nokuphosa ifelony ekwahlukana kwemithetho echaphazela ngokungenakulinganiswa imiqathango yamaqela emibala. Ngokwemithetho ecetyisiweyo yokhupho lwe- Brennan Center yeJaji yeJaji [, imilinganiselo enjalo iye yanda kakhulu kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ingakumbi emva kokuba inkundla iphumele imimiselo engundoqo ethintela imigaqo engundoqo yokuvota Amalungelo. I-Plance. I-Vanegiesting kufuneka ihlale ixelwe ngemithetho eceliweyo yokukhala kwemithetho yokufumana nokuvota okuzinzisa okuzenzekelayo, njengokuzi-opera okuzenzekelayo.

Ukunganyaniseki Nemali Kwezobupolitika

Xa imali iphembelela ngokungafanelekanga unyulo, umgaqo wamalungelo alinganayo ezobupolitika uyaphoswa. Abanikeli bobutyebi kunye nezilangazelelo zequmrhu banokuyibumba inkqubo ngemirhumo yephulo kunye nokutsalela, besenza abameli bamkeleke ngakumbi kubaxhasi abarhwebi kune-avareji. Ngoxa imithetho yezemali izama ukumisela le mpembelelo, ukuphepha kunye nezigqibo zeNkundla ePhakamileyo (umz.] I-Citizens United .FEC) ivumele ukusetyenziswa ngokungenasiphelo ngamaqela angaphandle. Izakhono zingaxhasa izindululo ezifana neenkqubo ezincinci ezihambelanayo, izicwangciso zokukhanya, kunye nezigwebo zeNkuNkuNkuhla (um. I-C.FET.[FLD:1]

Inkcazelo

Ukusasazwa kolwazi olububuxoki okanye olulahlekisayo kungagqwetha ingxoxo kawonke-wonke kunye nokusebenzisa ukhetho lwabavoti. Abadlali bangaphandle, amaqela abantu abanomdla wamakhaya, kwanamaphulo ezobupolitika aye enza izixhobo zolwahlulo-lwazi lwezentlalo-ntle ukuze kusasazwe ulwahlulo lolwazi nokucinezela. I-Disformation idla ngokubeka abantu abathile kwimiqathango yokuvota, izimi ezithelekeleleyo, okanye iimfezeko zonyulo. Imfundo yokufundela nokubhala nokuxhasa imibutho ezimeleyo yokuzikhusela. Ngaphezu koko, amaqonga kufuneka anyanzele imigaqo enciphisa ukhuphiswano lwezopolitiki zobuxoki ngoxa ithetha ngenkululeko.

Imiqathango Kwintetho Nendibano Ekhululekileyo

Oorhulumente bangayimisela imithetho emisela imithetho elawulayo phantsi kolungelelwano lukawonke-wonke, ukhuseleko lwesizwe, okanye ukulwa nokuthetha intiyo. Imiqathango enjalo inokuba yimfihlelo okanye ingqubana egqithisileyo esemthethweni. Imiqathango yoxolo ihlangatyezwana ngamandla agqithisileyo okanye ukujongana, kwaye iintatheli zigqumathe imibandela echukumis ’ umva okanye ivalelwe. Iimyuziyam zidla ngokubiza amazwe ukuba aqinisekise ukuba nayiphi na imiqathango kwinkululeko yokuthetha iyimfuneko, iyalungelelana, kwaye ichazwa ngokucacileyo ngumthetho. Iintintlola zingahlola ezi zithethe ngemibutho enjenge ezingekho mida kwaye zithethelela imithetho engqongqo.

Ukuhlaziywa kwezeejaji nomthetho-siseko

Amalungelo ezobupolitika axhomekeke kwiinkundla ezizimeleyo ezinokuthi zinyanzelise ukugcinwa komGaqo-siseko. Xa ijaji ithe yaphulwa okanye ibuthathaka, ukuphulwa kwamalungelo ezobupolitika kungathintelwa. Ukuhlaselwa kwenkululeko yokugweba ngezantsi. Ngokufana nokupakishwa kwenkundla, ukususwa kweejaji, okanye ukuthotywa kwentlawulo esemthethweni . Izahlulo-mthetho kufuneka zixhase iinkqubo zokukhetha iikomiti ezizimeleyo kunye nokuxhasa inkxaso eqinileyo yeenkundla, kwakunye nemithetho evavanya ukuma okanye ukukukwenza kube nzima ukumangalelwa ngenxa yokuphulwa kwamalungelo.

Ikamva Lamalungelo Ezobupolitika

Umhlaba wamalungelo ezobupolitika usoloko utshintsha. Ubugcisa bamanani bunika amathuba kunye nomngcipheko. Umbhali wovoti, ukuvota ngombane, kunye namaqonga obugcisa basekuhlaleni angandisa ukungenelela, kodwa anyusa inkxalabo ngokusetyenziswa kwekhompyutha, amanani, ukwahlulwa, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemithetho-algorithm yolwazi. Unyuko lobuchule bokwenziwa kunye nenkcazelo echanekileyo enxulumene nento encinane ebangela ukuba imekobume yolwazi ingabi namathuba okuvota abantu, ukuphikisana ngamalungelo okuvota abantu ngeerekhodi zolwaphulo-mthetho, abangezolwaphulo-mthetho, nabahlali aba-16-17-waka-waka bayaqhubeka bebumba imidathatho yokuthatha inxaxheba kwezobupolitika.

Ehlabathini lonke, utyekelo lokubuyela emva kwedemokhrasi . apho iinkokeli ezinyuliweyo ngokuthe ngcembe zisusa iitsheki kunye nomlinganiselo othe ngcembe, zibeka umngcipheko onzulu. Ngokwe [[FLT: 0] Indlu yenkululeko , amazwe amaninzi aye afumana ukuhla kwamalungelo ezobupolitika kunye nenkululeko yabemi kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini edluleyo. Ukuphendula kolu celomngeni kubandakanya ukudibana okuqhubekayo kwezentlalo, ukunqamleza umda, kunye nophuhliso lwezithethe ezintsha kunye nezixhobo zokukhusela amaziko edemokhrasi. Imibutho enjengeyo yemozulu kunye ne-e-egnograsrots, ikwanengcaciso yamalungelo eekwimeko-ntlalo-ntle, ikwaquka ukuthabatha inxaxheba kwemeko-ntlalo-ntle kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamanani.

Isiphelo

Amalungelo ezobupolitika yisiseko esakhiwe kuso ibutho ledemokhrasi. Anika abemi amandla okubumba urhulumente wabo, okugcina iinkokeli zabo zinobutyala, nokukhusela inkululeko yabo. Noko ke, la malungelo awakhuseleki ngokuzenzekelayo; afuna ukuqonda okusebenzayo, ukuphaphaphazela, nomgudu wamabom wokusebenzisa nokukhusela. Ngokubhalisa, ngokuhlala benolwazi, ngokuthabatha inxaxheba kwintetho yesidlangalala, kunye nokuxhasa imibutho ekhusela ukucinezelwa nokukhutshwa kwenkululeko yezopolitiko. Ikamva lamalungelo ezobupolitika lixhomekeke kwizenzo esizenzayo namhlanje, kwaye lifuna ukwandisa intsebenziswano yezopoliti yezi Ngezizukulwana ezizayo.