Ayintoni Amalungelo Ezobupolitika?

Amalungelo ezobupolitika ziimvume ezisisiseko kunye nezixhobo zokukhusela ezenza abantu bakwazi ukuthatha inxaxheba ekulawuleni ilizwe labo. Zizixhobo ezisemthethweni abemi abasebenzisa ngazo impembelelo kwiisigqibo zikawonke-wonke, abakhetha abameli babo, kwaye banegunya lokuphendula. La malungelo akangomalungu nje angenakuchazwa; zizixhobo ezisebenzayo eziguqula umxholo ube ngummi. Amalungelo ezobupolitika adityaniswe ngokusesikweni kwimithetho-siseko yesizwe, izivumelwano zezizwe, nemithetho yemithetho-mthetho. Isibhengezo esingumthetho-Unikeli samalungelo abantu [[ [iiiiiiiindlela] eziluncedo zokulawula amalungelo oluntu] (UDHR]) achaza amalungelo amaninzi, kuquka ilungelo lokuthatha inxaxheba kurhulumente welizwe elinye (iActle 21). Ngaphandle kokwenziwa kwemithetho yezolawulo-demokhrasitika, angenawo ukulungiselela ukusetyenziswa kwabemi bezomthetho, iimbono zabo, okanye iinkokeli zabo, okanye iinkokeli zabo.

Kubalulekile ukwahlula amalungelo ezobupolitika kwinkululeko yabemi. Ukukhululeka kwabemi, njengenkululeko yokucinga okanye yokuzimela, kukhusela abantu ekungeneleni kwezobuzwe. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, amalungelo ezobupolitika agunyazisa i- imvume yokomeleza abemi ukuba babumbe urhulumente ngokwawo. Umzekelo, ilungelo lokuvota linelungelo lezobupolitika, ngoxa ilungelo lokuvavanya ngokulungileyo liyinkululeko yoluntu. Zombini ziyasetyenziswa: ngaphandle kokuthetha ngenkululeko (inkululeko yoluntu), i-vota (ilungelo lezobupolitika) elinentsingiselo ayinakwenzeka.

Amalungelo ezobupolitika aquka, kodwa akapheleli

  • ekunene ukuvota kunyulo lokwenyaniso, ngamaxesha athile, nolukhululekileyo.
  • Ekunene ukumela unyulo kwiofisi kawonke-wonke.
  • [[UMTL:0] Inkululeko yokuchaza [ kwimicimbi yezobupolitika, kuquka ukugxekwa kukarhulumente.
  • [[UMTL:0] Inkululeko yendibano ukulungiselela iintlanganiso zezobupolitika, imvukelo, kunye nentlanganiso.
  • [[UMQONDISO:0] Inkululeko yomanyano ukudibanisa amaqela ezobupolitika, imibutho yorhwebo, namaqela enzala.
  • [[UMTL:0] Asekunene ukucela urhulumente wokulungisa izikhalo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] ibhekiselele kulwazi lukawonke-wonke malunga nezenzo zikarhulumente kunye nenkcitho.

Amalungelo awafumaneki ngokuzenzekelayo; aye afunyanwa ukutyhubela iinkulungwane zomlo, yaye kufuneka ahlale ephaphile ukuze ahlale ekho.IZizwe Ngezizwe Zomnqophiso Wamalungelo Esizwe Namalungelo Ezobupolitika (ICCPR) zichaza iinkcukacha ezingakumbi ngendlela amele akhusele ngayo la malungelo, kuquka amalungiselelo oomantlukwano abazimeleyo nabalawuli bonyulo abazimeleyo nokwalela ucalucalulo ekubandakanyeni kwezobupolitika.

Ukubaluleka Kwamalungelo Ezobupolitika

Amalungelo ezobupolitika akayonto iphambili okanye asemva kwengqiqo kwibutho ledemokhrasi. Azikho ezibangela ukuba abantu baphendule, bamele, babonise inkqubela engokwentlalo. Ngaphandle kwawo, oorhulumente baphethukela kwigunya lolawulo oluphezulu, ukuqhatha, kwaye amaqela aphantsi aphelelwa lizwi lawo. Ngentla, sinyusa imimandla ebalulekileyo.

Inkcitho

Amalungelo ezobupolitika aguqula abantu abangasebenziyo babe ngabemi abasebenzayo. Anika abantu abaqhelekileyo amandla asemthethweni okuphembelela imithetho, uqingqo-mali, kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo echaphazela ubomi babo bemihla ngemihla. Xa abemi benokuvota, ukuthetha, nokulungelelanisa, abasayi kuxhomekeka kwinkoliseko yabalawuli. Oku kunamandla abaluleke kakhulu kumaqela ahlukeneyo ngokwembali, njengamabhinqa, amaqela esizwe, nabantu bomthonyama. Umzekelo, emva kokumiswa kwe-Voting Rights Act ka-65 eUnited States, ukubhalisa ubhaliso phakathi kwama-Afrika asuka kuma-23% ukuya kuma-60% eminyaka emihlanu, ebonisa indlela amalungelo asemthethweni anokuwavula ngayo amandla ezobupolitika.

Umbuzo

Amagosa aqatshelweyo aziyo ukuba anokuvotelwa ngaphandle kwesikhundla asenokusabela kwiimfuno zikawonke-wonke aze aphephe ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya. Amalungelo ezobupolitika adala intsebenziswano: abemi bahlola ukusebenza, bagxeka ukungaphumeleli, bathathe indawo yabenzi abangaphantsi. Le nkqubo ithintela ukunganyaniseki nokungabinabuchule. Uphando lungafunyanwa yi House yeFreedom [ rhoqo ibonisa ukuba amazwe akhuselwa ngamandla amalungelo ezobupolitika anokukhuselwa kobuqhetseka kusezantsi korhwaphili. Entlaba apho amalungelo ezobupolitika ebuthathaka, iinkokeli zijongene nomphumo omncinane ngenxa yokungalungisi, nto ekhokelela ekuboleni nasekuboleni.

Umelo

Idemokhrasi ephilileyo kufuneka ibonise umahluko wabemi bayo. Amalungelo ezobupolitika aqinisekisa ukuba iimbono ezahlukeneyo, kuquka ezo zamaqela amancinane naphantsi, zinesihlalo etafileni. Oku kugqitha kubukho nje; kuthetha ukuba imithetho nemigaqo ixelelwa ngamava amaninzi. Umzekelo, iinkqubo zolwahlulo, ezinika amaqela amancinane ithuba lokufumana izihlalo, ngokufuthi ziphuma kulwakhelo olunamandla lwezopolitiko. Xa onke amaqela enokuba nenxaxheba, iziphumo zemigaqo zisuka kwimibango ephezulu nengenayo.

ISigwebo seNtlalo

Amalungelo ezobupolitika asisisixhobo esinamandla sokuqhubekisela phambili ubulungisa bentlalo. Avumela abantu abasweleyo ukuba bafune ukuphathwa ngokulinganayo, ingeniso efanelekileyo, ukufikelela kwimfundo, kunye nokuphelisa ucalucalulo. IMbutho yamalungelo e-Civil Rights eUnited States ngumzekelo wencwadi efundisayo: ngokusebenzisa ilungelo labo lokuhlanganisa, ukubongoza, nokuthetha, abaxhasi banyanzelisa urhulumente ukuba aphule imithetho esemthethweni ka-Jim Crow kunye nokumisela umthetho obalulekileyo njengoMthetho we-Civil Rights ka-19649. Ngokufanayo, imibutho yamabhinqa exhathisa amalungelo ezobupolitika ukukhusela amalungelo okuvota, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni imithetho ethetha ngokulinganayo ngokobufana nokungalingani kwabantu abafana namabhinqa.

Unqabiseko

Ngokwahlukileyo kwinkolelo yokuba amalungelo ezobupolitika akhokelela kwisiphithiphithi, ubungqina bubonisa ukuba ibutho elihlonela amalungelo ezobupolitika azinzileyo kwaye zinoxolo. Xa abantu benezi ndlela zoxolo zokuvakalisa izikhalazo nokuguqula ukhokelo, abafane babhenele kugonyamelo. Uhlolisiso lweWorld Bank luthe amazwe anelungelo elinamandla kwezopolitiko kunye nenkululeko yabantu abafumana iimfazwe zamakhaya ezimbalwa kakhulu kwaye amanzame okubhukuqa. Inkqubo ilula: xa inkqubo ivumela utshintsho kwibhokisi yebhola, iimbumbulu azifuneki.

Imbali Yamalungelo Ezobupolitika

Uhambo oluya kumalungelo ehlabathi lonke ezobupolitika lude, alufani, yaye ludla ngokuphalaza igazi. Iziganeko ezingundoqo zembali azilwandisanga nje kuphela uluhlu lwamalungelo kodwa zikwachaza kwakhona ukuba ngubani obalulekileyo njengommi. Ukuqonda le mbali kusinceda siqonde ukuba aphulukene na la malungelo namhlanje.

Isiseko senkqubo yangaphambili

[[NTLT: 0] uMagna Carta (1215) isoloko ichazwa njengenyathelo lokuqala, kodwa indlela esebenza ngayo kumalungelo ezobupolitika ilinganiselwe. Yaseka ukuba ukumkani wayengangaphezulu komthetho kwaye abantu abakhululekileyo babenamalungelo athile, kodwa ayizange ibangele ukuba kubekho inxaxheba yedemokhrasi. Okubalulekileyo yayiyiyo Bhili yeNgilani yamaLungelo (1689), emisela amandla obukumkani kwaye iqinisekisa ilungelo lePalamente lokudibana nokuphikisana ngokukhululekileyo, kunye ne i-PGOTTY] eCandelo lwasekunene [16].[FLT]

IXesha Lendaleko (ngenkulungwane ye - 18)

IMvukelo yaseMerika (1775-783) yavelisa umGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. (1787) kunye neBhili yamaLungelo (1791), eyathi yazinzisa inkululeko yokuthetha, yokuhlanganisa, yokuhlanganisa kunye nesicelo. Noko ke, kwathabatha malunga neenkulungwane ezimbini ukuze la malungelo ongezelelwe kumabhinqa, ama-Afrika, namaMelika ama-Indiya. [ Imvukelo yaseFransi [179] [[FLT]] ibhengeze inkululeko, ukulingana, kunye nokudibana, kunye nesindululo samaLungelo soluntu, kwaza afumana amaxwebhu abantu kwixesha elizayo. Kodwa iFransi yafumana ulawulo olunamandla olufunayo lwezomthetho.

Ukudubula nolwandiso (iinkulungwane zonyaka-makhulu amabini)

[[Ntlanganiso: 0] INtlanganiso yeNtlanganiso yalwela amalungelo okuvota amabhinqa, ukufikelela incopho e-New Zealand (1893), iFinland (1906), kunye nokunqumla iYurophu neMntla Merika ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20. [ ISivilion Amalungelo [1950s-1960s])[FLT] [FLT]] yaphelisa ucalucalu-calulo olusemthethweni eUnited States, ifikelela ekugqibeleni koMthetho wamaLungelo ka1965. Ihlabathi lonke, imfazwe yemfazwe yehlabathi yabona ukuhla komthetho yezizwe ezizimeleyo kwimithetho yayo. [[FLT] [194] Integraclatements transmes translatedment:[194]

Imilo Yanamhlanje

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yama-20 nasekuqaleni kweye-21, amalungelo ezobupolitika aye ajamelana neengcinezelo ezintsha. Isiphelo semfazwe yomlomo esivulwe kancinci indawo yedemokhrasi eMpuma Yurophu nakwiindawo ezithile ze-Afrika, kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwe-athorital kunamandla kumazwe anjengeRashiya, iHungary, neTurkey. Ukwanda kobugcisa bezobugcisa bekhompyutha kubangele amathuba amatsha okuba nenxaxheba (umz., izibongozo ze-intanethi, inkqubo yoluntu yokusebenza koburhulumente) kodwa kwanoluvo olutsha: ukukhuphisa, i-intellign, i-ibster-sveillance, kunye nokucinezelwa kwemithetho elawula ukungavumelani. Ukukhusela amalungelo ezobupolitika namhlanje kudinga ukuchasana kwezi nyani zintsha.

Amalungelo Ezobupolitika Ehlabathi Lonke

Imeko yamalungelo ezobupolitika iyahluka-hluka kakhulu. Imibutho yezizwe ngezizwe enjenge House yenkululeko kunye neUnit ye-Economist Intelligence ipapasha uhlolo lwaminyaka le. Inkululeko ye House “Kwihlabathi” inikela ingxelo yamazwe amaninzi ngenkqubo yokunyulwa, ubuninzi bezobupolitika, ukusebenza korhulumente, kunye nezinye imigaqo. Ngokwango-2024, amazwe amaninzi awela“ ngenkululeko eninzi” okanye“ angekhululekileyo".

IMicimbi yeNkcubeko

Amazwe ase-Nordic (umz., Norway, Sweden, Finland) ahlala ephezulu. Adibanisa unyulo olukhululekileyo nolufanelekileyo, umthetho onamandla womthetho, ukunganyaniseki okusezantsi, kunye novoti abakhulu. Ngaphezu koko, amazwe anjenge Costa Rica, New Zealand, neKhanada anika amalungelo anamandla ezobupolitika ngokukhusela okunamandla ngenxa yokuthabatha inxaxheba kwabambalwa. La mazwe asoloko enelungelo lokuzimela iinkundla, amajelo eendaba akhululekileyo, kunye nabantu abasemagqabini abajonge urhulumente.

Ucelomngeni Nokuphelelwa

Kwimimandla emininzi yehlabathi, amalungelo ezobupolitika ayahlaselwa. Ulawulo loburhulumente olunjengeTshayina, Russia, North Korea, kunye neIran lucinezela ungquzulwano ngobuchule ngokusetyenziswa kwemiqathango, ukuvalelwa entolongweni, nogonyamelo. Unyulo, ukubakho, ukuba azimelenga okanye akhetha sesikweni. [FLT] [FLT]] ijongela phantsi ixabiso lamalungelo ezobupolitika; xa ukhetho luka-Fofficel lupheliswa ngokunyotywa okanye ukuqhatha, ilungelo lokuvota liba nento engenantsingiselo. Kumazwe afana neIndiya, ulawulo lwedemokhrasi luye lwenzekallu lwazi ndawo nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezingokwasemthethweni ekuxoliseni abagxekni.

[[NTL:0] Imiqobo yentlalo yezoqoqosho ithintela abaninzi ekusebenziseni amalungelo abo ezobupolitika. Imithetho ye-Voter ID, indawo yokuhlola, nemiqobo yokubhalisa ngokungenakuthelekiswa nanto ichaphazela amahlwempu kunye nabambalwa, kwanakwidemokhrasi emiselweyo. Kwi-U.S., uphando lubonisa ukuba imigca emide kunye neemfuno ezingqongqo ze-ID zinganqanda ukujika ngo-2-3% konyulo oluthile.

I-Disformation isisongelo esikhulayo. Ulwazi lobuxoki olusasazwa ngoncedo lonxibelelwano lungagqwetha ukuqonda uluntu ngemibandela kunye nabaza kufumana inkxaso-mali. Imithetho-mthetho idla ngokwandisa ulwahlulo-hlukaniso kunye nokulahlekisa, ikwenza kube nzima kubemi ukwenza ukhetho lolwazi. Ukulwa oku akufuni nje amanyathelo asemthethweni kodwa kwanemfundo yolwazi yesixhobo sokugcina ulwazi.

Indlela Yokumela Amalungelo Ezobupolitika

Ukulwela amalungelo ezobupolitika asiyombopheleleko kwabaxhasi abambalwa; yimbopheleleko yabo bonke abemi. La malungiselelo anokusetyenziswa ngabantu, amaqela nemibutho.

Zifundise Wena Nabanye

Ukuqonda amalungelo akho linyathelo lokuqala. Funda umgaqo-siseko welizwe lakho, funda ngezixhobo zamalungelo abantu zezizwe ngezizwe, uze ulandele imithombo edumileyo enjengeAmnesty International okanye iApprity Rights Watch. Hlela iindawo zokusebenzela kwizikolo, kumaziko oluntu, okanye kumaziko onqulo ukuze uthethe ngamalungelo ezobupolitika nendlela yokuwasebenzisa. Kunzima ukuba abemi abafundele ukuwachitha.

Ukubandakanyeka Kwinkqubo Yezobupolitika

Ukuhombisa kusesona senzo sibalulekileyo, kodwa sisiqalo nje. Yiya kwiiholo zedolophu, iintlanganiso zebhodi yesikolo, neentlanganiso zebhunga lesixeko. Ngokuzithandela kumaphulo okanye kusebenza kwiibhodi zomhlomelo. UPhumelela kwiofisi [ . . . . . iindawo zokoqobo zisoloko zinemiqobo esezantsi ekungeneni kwaye zinokuba litye eliya encotsheni. Khuthaza amaqela aphantsi ukwenza okufanayo.

Imithetho esemthethweni exhasa amalungelo

Umxhasi wemithetho ekwandiseni inxaxheba kwezobupolitika: ukubhalisa okuzenzekelayo, ukuvota kwandisa kwasekuqaleni, iikhomishini ezizimeleyo zokuzibonelela ngemali, ukubonakala kwezemali, kunye nokukhuselwa kwemithetho ethintela ukoyikwa kovoti. Ngokuchasene nemithetho ethintela ukungena kwevoti okanye ukuqhatha ngoxolo. Bhala kwimimiselo yemithetho, izicelo zotyikityo, kwaye uthelele imibutho elwela ezi nguqulelo.

Ukunxibelelana nemibutho

Ingeniso, amaqela oncedo olusemthethweni, kunye nemibutho egadayo ikwimida engaphambili. Amaqela axhasayo afana ne ALU (Inani elipheleleyo le-American Literation Union) elithi lisifas ukukhusela amalungelo ezobupolitika, okanye i-Intelligence Comtion Coalition Conficition [ enika uncedo olusemthethweni kwivoti. Kumgangatho wezizwe ngezizwe, imibutho efana neCrebrate democleethi yengity nekhuthaza imigangatho yedemokhrasi.

Ulwaphulo-mthetho olufuna

Sebenzisa ubugcisa ukuze ubhale amaxwebhu. I-Mobile afana ne- “Vote Report” okanye“ Ushahidi” ivumela abemi ukuba baxele iingxaki zomlo okanye boyike. Izixhobo zonxibelelwano zezentlalo zingakhulisa iingxaki, kodwa kwakhona ziqinisekisa iinkcukacha ngaphambi kokwabelana. Ingxelo yokwaphulwa kooomasebe bonyulo, iziqu zamalungelo abantu, kunye nejelo-media. Ukuthintela ukuxhatshazwa konxibelelwano.

Khuthaza ukubhalisa okuphuma kumajelo eendaba

Ukulwa nokungavumelani nolwazi ngokufundisa ukugxeka imithombo. Khuthaza amajelo okuhlola inyaniso anjenge-Snopes okanye i-Check.org. Tyhalani nikulungiselela ufundo kwizikolo eziquka ukuvavanya ulwazi lwe-intanethi. Ubuchule bokwabelana ngenyaniso kwinkcazelo egqwethekileyo bubalulekile ekusebenziseni amalungelo ezobupolitika ngendlela efanelekileyo.

Isiphelo

Amalungelo ezobupolitika angundoqo wedemokhrasi. Anceda abantu ukuba babumbe urhulumente wabo, bagcine iinkokeli zabo zinobutyala, baphinde bakhe ibutho labantu elinobulungisa. Imbali yala malungelo ilibali lolwando oluqhubekayo, kodwa ayichananga. Impumelelo emininzi eyenziwe kwiinkulungwane ngoku isongelwa kukulawulwa kwedemokhrasi, ukunganyaniseki, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezobugcisa. Ukukhusela kunye nokuhambela phambili kwamalungelo ezobupolitika kufuna ukusebenza, ulwazi, kunye nokuzingisa okuqhubekayo kwengingqi yengini yoluntu. Ngokuqonda ukuba la malungelo abalulekile, nesizathu sokuba akhuseleke, ummi ngamnye unokuba nceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba ulawulo-demokhrasi luhlala lunamandla kwizizukulwana ezizayo. Umsebenzi awuphelishwangaze ugqitywe, kodwa izixhobo zethu zisezandleni.