Imbali: Iingxaki Nendlela Eya Kumso Isivumelwano Esihle NgoLwesihlanu

Imvelaphi yeGood Wear Agreement ikwiminyaka engamashumi amathathu emfazweni yezobupolitika eyaziwa ngokuba yiMibango, eyabulala abantu abangaphezu kwama-3 500 phakathi konyaka ka-1960 nonyaka ka1998. Ibutho laseMntla Ireland lahlula-hlula ngokunzulu.

Imigudu yokuphelisa ulwaphulo-mthetho yaqala kudala ngaphambi konyaka ka-1998. Isivumelwano se-Sunningidale sowe-1997 sasililinge lokuqala lokuseka umlawuli olawulayo olawulayo, kodwa yawa ngethuba leenyanga ngenxa yokuchaswa kwe-Union kunye nesaphuli-mthetho jikelele. Isivumelwano se-Anglo-Irish (1985) i-Riphabliki ye-Ireland yanika i-Rreland indima efuna i-Arish kwimicimbi ye-Irish, i-obsligist kodwa ibeka isiseko se-songwnia. Ekuqaleni kooday yesi-1993959) ibonelela phambili intetho efihlakeleyo edluliselwe ngabefundisi, iinkokeli zezoshishino, kunye ne-mediaders projectivessssssting (i-Adventiney) eyayadia i-Adventiney) e-Ad Revectory (eventinest) e-Ad Reventined Republics yase-est, eM.

Imigaqo Yekhori Exhasa Amandla

IGood Wear Agreement ngokusisiseko yindawo yokuhlalisana ngezantsi, `intlobo zedemokhrasi ezenzelwe ukulawula izahlulo ezinzulu zobuhlanga ngokuqinisekisa ukuba onke amaqela amakhulu ayabelana ngezopolitiko. Abayili bawo badweliswe kwingcamango yezobugcisa ephuhliswa yinzululwazi yezobupolitika i-Arend Lijphart. Imigaqo engundoqo ebekwe kwiSivumelwano iquka:

Urhulumente weNtlalo

Endaweni yenkqubo yezolawulo apho elona qela likhulu lilawula urhulumente, iSivumelwano sigunyazisa ukuba igunya elilawulayo lahlulelwe ngokwabelana ngolungelelwano phakathi kwama-Union, amaZwe, kunye nabo bawafanisayo ngaphandle kolawulo. Oku kufunyanwa ngomanyano olunyanzelekileyo: onke amaqela anqumla umqobo omncinane wezihlalo kwiNdibano anelungelo lokufumana izikhundla zobulungiseleli. Le nkqubo yenzelwe ukunqanda nawuphi na ummandla othile ukuba ungalawuli omnye, ngaloo ndlela kuqinisekisa ukuma komelo nokukhusela amalungelo amancinane.

Isivumelwano seKhomyutha esinqumla umda

Ukukhusela izigqibo ezithi zahlukane kwicala elinye, iSivumelwano sifuna ukuba izigqibo ezithile ezingundoqo , ezifana nonyulo loMlawuli, izabelo zoqingqo-mali, kunye neenguqu zokuma imiyalelo, qha zithatyathwe kuphela ukuba uninzi lwabameli bama-Union kunye no-Nationals luyavuma. Oku kwaziwa njengemvume efanayo. Okanye, ukuvota okukhululeke kakhulu (60% yawo onke amalungu, kuquka ubuncinane ama-40% oluntu ngalunye) kungasetyenziswa. Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba umthetho unenkxaso ebanzi ngaphaya kolwahluko, inyanzelela ulwahlulo kunye nolwakhiwo.

Izixhobo zobugcisa nezolungiselelo

Ministerial posts in the Northern Ireland Executive are allocated using the D’Hondt formula, a proportional representation method. After an Assembly election, the largest party nominates the First Minister, the next largest the deputy First Minister (who is of a different community), and further ministerial positions are distributed among parties according to their seat share. This mathematical approach removes any discretion about who enters the government, preventing exclusion and ensuring that the executive mirrors the Assembly’s community balance.

Iziko Elinqutyiweyo Elimiselwe Sisivumelwano

Isivumelwano sadala ulwakhiwo lwezibonelelo ezintathu: lwangaphakathi lwamaziko ase-Ireland (eyenye), amaqumrhu asemntla-mzantsi adibanisa i-Ireland kunye neRiphabliki yase-Ireland (yesibini), kunye neNtshona ebandakanya i-UK, i-Ireland, kunye nezinye iziqithi zaseBritane (esithathu). Amalungiselelo ombane abonakala kakhulu eStrand One.

Indibano Yasemntla Ireland

Le ndibano yindlu yowiso-mthetho engowesi-90 yamalungu eNdibano yoMthetho (MLAS), nganye inyulwa livoti elinye elidluliswayo (STV) kwi-18 lamalungu amahlanu. Inogunya lemithetho kwimicimbi eyahlulwayo enjengempilo, imfundo, ezolimo, kunye nezobulungisa. Ngokuthe ngqo iNdibano isebenza phantsi komgaqo wemvume enqamlezayo engundoqo, njengoko kuchazwe ngasentla.

Umlawuli Wasemntla Ireland

UmPhathiswa oLawulayo uquke umPhathiswa wokuqala, isekela lomPhathiswa Wokuqala (iofisi edibeneyo, hayi indima encinci", kwaye abalungiseleli abaphambili bamasebe. Onke amaqela anelungelo lokuhlala phantsi kwe-D'Hondt kufuneka amkele izihlalo zawo; akanakukhetha ukuhlala ngaphandle korhulumente. Le nkqubo yemithetho elawulayo ibingamandla omabini. /ukuvavanya ukufakwa kwe-/nemvelaphi yoxinezeleko, njengoko amaqela aneengcamango eziphikisanayo kufuneka alawule kunye. Umlawuli wesigqeba wenza izigqibo ngesivumelwano, kwaye naluphi utshintsho olubalulekileyo lufuna inkxaso enqamlezo-ammony.

UMphathiswa noSekela-mPhathiswa wokuqala

Ii-ofisi zoMphathiswa Wokuqala nesekela lomPhathiswa Wokuqala zingohlukileyo: zombini zinyulwa kunye yiNdibano esebenzisa amavoti anqamlezileyo. Ziyabelana ngamagunya alinganayo kwaye zisebenza kunye kwimimandla emininzi (umzekelo, zimisela kunye isigqeba esiphetheyo, zisenza amatyelelo azwenibanzi, zize zimele umNtla Ireland). UmPhathiswa wokuqala usuka kwiqela elikhulu kwiqela elinobungangamsha (uMdibani okanye uSoshiyani) kunye nesekela lomPhathiswa wokuqala kwiqela elikhulu kwelinye iqela. Oku kuzenza amaqumrhu adi alinganayo kunye nomanyano olulinganayo.

Isicelo Sokuxhalaba

Ukukhusela amalungelo asisiseko nokukhusela uninzi lwabanqongophele uluntu oluncinane, i-Actrinition yasungula isicelo soxakeko. Nayiphi na i-ML engama-30 ingacela ukuba ifune ivoti enqamlezileyo kwintshukumo ethile, inika ngokunempumelelo i-veto encinane kwimiba enzima. Ekuqaleni yenzelwe ukukhusela ukulingana nokukhusela izigqibo eziphikiswayo ezifana nokutshintsha igama lamapolisa, inkqubo igxekwe ukusetyenziswa ngokugqithisileyo kwimicimbi engeyo. Kodwa, ihlala iyisixhobo esingundoqo sokuqinisekisa ukuba amandla amacala angoovimba bokwenene kwaye izilangazelelo zimbalwa ziyakhuselwa.

IStrand II nesithathu: umntla-mzantsi ne-Mpuma-Msi

IBhunga labalungiseleli elingumNtla-mzantsi

Isivumelwano seGood Wesihlanu saseka iBhunga loBalungiseleli basemntla-mzantsi (MC), sizisa abalungiseleli abavela kuMntla Ireland oLawulweyo kunye noRhulumente wase-Ireland ukusebenzisana kwimicimbi yoncedo olunye nolunye. Ngokufana nezithuthi, ezolimo, ezokhenketho, ezobugxeba, kunye nezempilo. I-NSMC idibana kwi-plenary kunye nefomati yomanyano lwe-Prentelligne kwaye ixhaswa ngamaqumrhu amathandathu aphumezayo anqamlezileyo (umz. Waterwats Ireland, IntradeIreland). Le misonto ifuzisela i-Intelity yesizwe ye-Rlands yeqhina elikufutshane ne-Ireland, ngelierounits ngelieuros, ngexesha iqinisekisa i-NSM. i-Units Union i-Units i-eced i-ces i-ces i-ced elungele ukudibana ne-eactives zooans ol eeans eeactived, i-

IBhunga laseBritani neNgqungquthela kaRhulumente

IBhunga leBritane (iBHAYIKI) liquka abameli abavela kurhulumente we-UK nowase-Irish, kunye nolawulo oluhlaziyiweyo lwaseSkotlani, eWales, kunye neSinyuko soMkhosi weSinyuko. Inceda ingxubusho ngeengxaki ezahlukeneyo ezifana namandla, izibonelelo zamanani, kunye nemekobume, ikhuthaza ingqiqo ebanzi yokuxhomekeka. Ingqungqungquthela ye-PernComponmental, kwangoko, inika oorhulumente baseBritane ne-Irish i-yokuxubusha ngemibandela engadinwanga ncam nxamnye noMntla Ireland, ngokubhekiselele ekukhuseleni amalungelo abantu nokukhuthaza uxolelwano.

Imigaqo-nkqubo neziHlaziyo: Isivumelwano seSt Andrews

Isivumelwano sakuqala se-Good Wear Agreement asizange sizinqumle ngokwaso; amaziko ayo ayefuna ukwenziwa kolawulo lwezopolitiko kunye notshintsho lwamaxesha athile. Emva kokususwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kweNdibano ngenxa yamanqam (umz., ngaphezu kwe-IRA i-RA yokukhupha imvume ngo-2002), i-St Andrews Regreence (2006 yaqhutyelwa ingxoxo yokubuyisela ukubuyiselwa kokuguquka nokucocwa kwamandla. Yongezelela amalungiselelo enza ukuba uMphathiswa wokuqala nomxhasi weNkulumbuso wokuqala angazinzi kwaye aphele imfuneko yokulungisa intlalo-ntle nentlalo-ntle. Kamva, i-Promosbossssss (umNunizonke (amaG.6)

Ngaphandle kwale migudu, amaziko alawulayo awe ngamaxesha amaninzi, ngokuphawulekayo ukususela ngo2017 ukuya ku 2020 malunga nempikiswano ngolwimi lwase-Ireland, umtshato ofanayo nowesi-xxhumi, kunye necebo lokuhlaziya isakhiwo esitsha. Isivumelwano esitsha se-New Decape ngo-2020 sabuyisela uLawulo oluPhezulu ngezibophelelo ezongezelelweyo kulwimi kunye nophawu. Imithetho yokuziphatha yasemntla Ireland kunye namalungiselelo eposi-Brxit athe ayenza yanengxengxenge inkqubo, njengokuba ingqina ukuba ijongelanisa ukuchana kwabo kweBritane kwaye yakha umda kuLwandle lwase-Ireland. Ngexesha lokubhala, amaqulund akwiziko aphinda abekwe kwakhona ngenxa yomngcipheko wokuchasana kwe-Unitectropola, ebonisa ukuba amandla ahlala eqinile.

Impumelelo nocelomngeni lwemodeli yamandla anamandla

Ukuncitshiswa Kogonyamelo Lwezobupolitika

Xa kulinganiswa ukupheliswa kwamaphulo amakhulu e-IRA ne-UVF, iGood Wear Agreement iye yaba yimpumelelo engenakuphikwa. Ukufa okunxulumene neziNtolo zeMerika kwehla ngokukhawuleza emva ko-1998. Ngelixesha amaqela avukelayo eriphabliki nawaxhasayo eqhubeka esebenza, abangela uloyiko oluncinane kakhulu kune-IRA ne-UVF yoo 1990. Inkqubo yezobupolitika iye yakhokelela kwingxubangxwaba yedemo yedemokhrasi kunokuba ilwe.

Ukungagungqi Kwezobupolitika Nokunganyanyeki

Ukususela ngo-1998, iNdibano kunye noMlawuli isebenzele ukunwenwa okuphindaphindiweyo kodwa iye yafumana intethe kunye nokuwa. Imodeli enyanzelekileyo inyanzelisa amaqela ukuba alawule kunye, kodwa iyakwazi ukuwatshixa kwi-zero-sum enamandla apho iingxaki zikhula ngokukhawuleza khona. Imfuneko yemvume yokunqamleza i-union iziphumo ngamanye amaxesha zibangelwa kukuvala imigca, njengemiba emikhulu (ukuphelisa umtshato, ukutshutshiswa okungokoqobo, amalungelo olwimi) isenokufa kuba akukho butho linokubeka imbono yalo. Isicelo sokukhathalela sisetyenziswe ngokucwangcisa impikiswano, sikhokelela kwizikhalazo ezithi ithinte inkqubela.

Inkqubela yeNkcubeko neNkcubeko

I-Ireland esemntla iye yatshintsha kakhulu ukususela ngo-1998. Umkhosi wamapolisa watshintshwa, iRoyal Ulster Constabulary yathatyathelw'umva yiNkonzo yamapolisa yase-Northern Ireland ne-etos entsha. Ukhuseleko lwamalungelo abantu lwaqiniswa, kwamiswa umthetho wokulingana, kwaye inkqubo yemfundo edityanisiweyo iye yakhula ngokuthe ngcembe. Imifuziselo yecandelo ```flags, i-mists, imiboniso-ukubhiyo, kodwa kukho indawo ephakathi ekhulayo: unyuko kwinani labantu abachaza ukuba akukho manyano okanye isiZwe, ingakumbi phakathi kwezizukulwana ezincinane.

Imibandela Eqhubekayo Ebangela Ulwaneliseko

Iimbambano eziliqela ezilifa azikapheli. Ukuphathwa kweMibango-erass nokuchotshelwa kwetyala kwezobupolitika, neentsapho ezininzi zamaxhoba ezifuna ubulungisa ngeli xesha ayesalwayo ii-ast. Ulwimi lwesi-Ireland kunye no-Ulster Scot Scots baye basetyenziswa; izifungo zokugqithisa uMthetho wolwimi lwe-Ireland ngokuphindaphindiweyo. Umtshato we-we-extern s wagqibelelwa iPalamente ye-UK ngo-2019 emva kokuba iNdibano inqatyisiwe ukwenza njalo. Iinkqubo ze-rabhathi ezicelwe kwi-Sponsont House Aclity Applity azikanyiswanga ngokupheleleyo. Yaye iBreins iphinda i-octiverial: uninzi lwamanyeneyo i-Ireland, ngoxa i-Units Union ivakalelwa kukuba indawo yayo i-UK ibuthathaka yi-UProtocomment.

Isivumelwano Esilungileyo SoLwesihlanu Esiyifa Nempembelelo

Imodeli yamandla ekwandiseni kweGood Wear Agreement yeGood Wear Ireland iye yaba sisombululo sempikiswano kwiintlalo ezahlukeneyo ezinzulu zoluntu jikelele. Iimpawu zayo zoxolo zifundisiwe zaza zalungelelaniswa kwiinkqubo zoxolo eBosnia naseHerzegovina, eMzantsi Afrika, eLebhanon, nakwezinye iindawo. Abaphengululi baphawula ukuba ngoxa imodeli iye yabangela ukuba iNowentla Ireland, impumelelo yayo ixhomekeke kwinkqubela eqhubekayo yezopolitiko, inkxaso yangaphandle evela kurhulumente base-UK nase-Ireland, kunye nomlinganiselo ofanelekileyo we-pragmatis kwinkokeli.

I-Ireland yaseMantla, iSivumelwano sisasele sisesona siseko siphilayo soxolo, kodwa asikhange sicombulule ukungqubana okungundoqo kwesizwe . "Iyilawule nje. Ukulawula umbane kudinga ukuphinda kuphinde kuphinde kuphele, njengeziganeko ezifana ne Brexit kunye nokutshintsha kwenani lamanani amanani. Noko ke, umgaqo ongundoqo wenkqubo yokuzinzisa. ``Urhulumente kufuneka wabelane, ungawisi ```Irrive'''''' isiqinisekiso esilungileyo sokuzinzisa ugonyamelo.

Isiphelo

[[5] Amalungiselelo amiselwe yiGook Freeve Active athenjiweyo kwezobupolitika. Ngokulinganisela, kufuna imvume enqamlezayo, kunye nokuyila amaqumrhu asebenzisanayo kwinqanaba ngalinye, aye aguqula i-Ireland yaseMantla esuka kwindawo yemfazwe ukuya kwenye yexesha elizayo(amaxesha angathanga. "Indlela ayigqibekanga"; iyacotha, ithatha kwaye ityekele ekuzinziseni. Kodwa ibonise ukuba nakwibutho elahlulelwe ziinkulungwane zokungathemba, intsebenziswano yedemo-demokhrasi inokwenzeka. Njengoko i-ekhomba-Promenti yayo ye-BRLAND iphinda ifumaneke kwakhona, imigaqo yamandla iza kuvavanywa kwakhona, kodwa ihlala iphila indlela elula yokuzinzileyo kwintlalo epheleleyo. Ukufunda ngokuqhubekayo kwiimeko ze-PTYPT [FUT][10][FFF][1] kunye neNS]