Ukuqonda Iimfuneko Ezingummangaliso Kwiimeko Zokuthetha Nokukhathazwa

Ukuqonda Iimfuneko Ezingummangaliso Kwiimeko Zokuthetha Nokukhathazwa

Ukuthetha nokukhathazwa zizinto ezingona ziyingozi engqondweni, ngokufuthi zishiya amaxhoba ekwimeko yoloyiko olungapheliyo. E-United States, malunga nomntu omnye kwabathathu nomntu omnye kwamadoda amava ukuxinaniza ngamathuba athile ebomini bawo. Amagosa omthetho ahlola ezi zenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho kufuneka ahambele kwindawo entsonkothileyo apho [ imfuneko yeSigqibo sesine soMmiselo-Mmiselo weSihla NesiHlaziyo [[FLT: 1]] iphakathi kwemfuneko engxamisekileyo yemfuneko yokukhusela amaxhoba kwaye aqokelele ubungqina obuninzi. Eli nqaku ligunyazisa umyalelo womthetho ogunyazisa ukuphengulula, ukuxhuzula, okanye ukubanjwa, kwaye i-emo elungileyo ivavanywa ngokubalulekileyo, kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba nabubungqina obufunyenweyo bunemfuneko zokuzinzisa, kuquka nokuncitshiswa kwemiba, ukusetyenziswa kwemiqatha, kunye nokuqulukulwa kwetyala, kunye nokusetyenziswa komthetho, okukhethekileyo, okuditya okungaqhelekanga, okuditya okuditya okunga, okunga.

Isiseko Esingokwasemthethweni: UMthetho Wesine Wokwenziwa KomHlomelo Nezindululo

UHlomelo lwesine loMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S. lukhusela abemi ekuphandeni nasekuxhuzuleni okungekho ngqiqweni. Njengomthetho jikelele, ukuphendla okanye ukubanjwa akunangqiqo ngaphandle kokuba kunikezelwe isiqinisekiso esixhaswe yisizathu esilindelekileyo kwaye ichaza indawo yokukhangelwa okanye umntu okanye izinto ezimele zibanjiswe. INkundla ePhakamileyo isoloko ibambelele kwelokuba uphengululo olungagunyaziswanga luyi se per engekho ngqiqweqweni, ephantsi kwemiqatha, ephantsi kwemiba embalwa engekho mthethweni. Ngokufunyani nangokweemeko, ukufumana isiqinisekiso esiqhelekileyo sokufumana unxibelelwano ngoomatshini, impahla yobuqu, okanye izixhobo zomvo eziqula ubungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho.

Imfuneko yemvume isebenza iinjongo ezininzi: ibeka ijaji engondilele phakathi komthetho onyanzeliswayo kunye nokukrokreleka, ikhusela jikelele okanye uphengululo lokuhlola, kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba ukungenelela kukarhulumente kugwetyelwe ngamangqina athile anokucaciswa. Njengokuba iNkundla ichazwe ku [FLT][1] United States v.Chacky[[FLT]]], imvume ibhekiselwe "ukuqinisekisa ukuba ingqwalaselo yenjongo efunekayo yesizathu elindelekileyo yenziwa ngumgwebi wobundileleli phambi kokuba kukhangelwe okanye ukuxhwala."""

Unobangela Ofanelekileyo: Ikhorime Yazo Naziphi Na Izixhobo Zokulwa

Ukuchaza Unobangela Onokufumaneka Ekuthetheni Nasemgangathweni

Eyona nto ibalulekileyo ekufumaneni isiqinisekiso nakuluphi na uphando lolwaphulo-mthetho yiyo unobangela ongenakugxekwa. Kumongo wokurhanela nokukhathazwa, inokubakho xa imo yemeko iphelele inika umntu onengqondo unobangela wokukholelwa ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho oluthile luye lwenziwa kwaye ubungqina bokuba ulwaphulo-mthetho luzakufunyanwa kwindawo ethile okanye umntu othile owenze isono. Lo mgangatho unzima ngaphezu kokungaqiniseki okufanelekileyo kodwa ngaphezu kokukrokrelela nje okuqhelekileyo. Umzekelo, ixhoba elinenkcukacha ezizinkcukacha eziphindaphindiweyo zonxibelelwano olungafunwanga, ezingqinwanga ngomnxeba, ii-data zeGPS, okanye iingxelo ezinikela ubungqina, linokuveza unobangela ofanelekileyo.

Inkundla ihlola ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba unobangela osekelwe kwinkcazelo yeqela elikhoyo kumthetho onyanzelekileyo ngexesha imvume ifunwa ngalo. Oku kungaquka:

• Ubungqina obudityanisiweyo: umboniso-skrini wemiyalezo esongelayo, iiposi, okanye ividiyo erekhodiweyo yorhanela ukuba ibandakanyeka kwihambo erhabaxa.
• Ubungqina obuyiNtloko: Umlinganiselo wendlela yokuziphatha, njengokrokrelo oluvela rhoqo emsebenzini wexhoba okanye ekhaya ngaphandle kwesizathu esisemthethweni.
• Ityala lecandelo: Abahlobo, intsapho, okanye osebenza nabo abaye bazibonela ngawabo amehlo ukukhathazwa okanye abanokungqina uxinezeleko lwexhoba.
• Iziganeko ezingaqhelekanga: Imbali yogonyamelo lwasekhaya, imiyalelo ekhuselayo, okanye ityala langaphambili elijongene norhanelaneyo.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba isizathu esinokwenzeka kufuneka sibe ngokwahlukeneyo kwaye singasekelwanga kwintelekelelo zengubo. Umzekelo, urhanela ngokubanzi "abantu abathumela imibhalo enomsindo bangaba babhabhisi" akwanelanga. Endaweni yoko, i-affidavit mayibophelele izibakala ezithile kwikrokrelezo ezithile kunye nexhoba.

Indima Yobungqina Bamanani Ekufumaneni Unobangela Ofanelekileyo

Uvavanyo lwangoku lushiya umzila wamanani oninzi. Ii-imeyili, imiyalezo, imiyalezo ye-message, ii-pareste zonxibelelwano lwentlalo, iimbali ze-GPS, kunye nogcino-lwazi lwesixhobo se-IOT lungayila zonke izisekelo zesizathu esinokwenzeka. Noko ke, iinkundla ziye zaqwalasela ngokuqhubekayo ukuthembeka kobungqina bemivo. Umzekelo, idilesi ye-IP yodwa ayinakwanela ukudibanisa umntu kwisixhobo esithile ngaphandle kokuba kukho uqinisekiso olongezelelweyo olufana noluxwebhu olukhoyo. Umthetho kufuneka ucacise ukuba kutheni ubungqina bamanani buthembeke kwaye abunakuqinisekiswanga. Isiko lolwazi lolwazi lwe-CORne[FLTLD ] lunika ushwankathelo oluluncedo lwendlela yokusebenza ngobuchule bobugcisa.

IAffidavit: Intliziyo Yesicelo Esinempumelelo

Inxenye ye Affidavit esebenzayo

Zonke iziqinisekiso zogunyaziso kufuneka zixhaswe yi-affidavit."ingxelo ebhaliweyo etyikitywe phantsi kwesifungo ngumphathi womthetho ochaza iinkcukacha ezizinzileyo ezinokwenzeka. Uhlaziyo lwesine lufuna ukuba i-ffidavit iqulathe iinkcukacha ezaneleyo kumphathi ukuvavanya ukuba iziphumo zikhona na. Ngokufaka isifungo kunye nokuhlukumeza, amatyala e-affidavit kufuneka aquke:

• Ukwahlula igama le-affiant: Igama, inombolo yebheji, kunye namava afanelekileyo egosa.
• Inkcazo yolwaphulo-mthetho: inkcazo yomthetho ekhethekileyo (umz., imithetho yemeko esongelayo, urhulumente odibanisa urhulumente egqunywe phantsi ko18 U.S.C. 761A).
• Isiseko esicacileyo: imbali yeziganeko, kuquka imihla, amaxesha, iindawo, kunye neenkcazelo zehambo ephazamisayo.
• Umthombo wolwazi: Indlela igosa elizifunde ngayo izibakala(iingxelo) zevictim, udliwano-ndlebe olungqina, ukhangelo, okanye ugcino-lwazi lobugcisa.
• [[UMTL:0] Ukufumaneka kolwazi: Ukuba ulwazi luvela kumntu ozixelelayo, umkhuphi-zincwadi kufuneka abonise ukunyaniseka okanye isiseko solwazi.
• Unxulumano kwipropati okanye kumntu: Isizathu sokuba indawo ekufuneka ikhangelwe (umz., ikhaya elirhanelwayo, umnxeba, okanye ityala lamafu) isenokuba nebungqina bolwaphulo-mthetho.

Ukhuhleko oluqhelekileyo kwisiqinisekiso sokutyikitywa lulu ulwazi olungoonobumba. Ngenxa yokuba ukutsobhisa kubandakanya ihambo eqhubekayo, ubungqina bungahlala bufanelekile ixesha elide kunakwezinye izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho. Noko ke, ukuba i-affidavit ixhomekeke kwiziganeko ezisuka kwiinyanga ezingaphambili, imajistaji isenokubona ukuba kunokwenzeka kutheni ibangela ukuba ingasebenzi. Abaphathi kufuneka baquke iziganeko zakutshanje zokukhathazwa kwesifo ukubonisa ukuqhubekeka.

Amagqabaza Obuxoki NamaFrank

Ukuba umtshutshisi ukholelwa ukuba i-affidavit iqulathe iintetho zobuxoki ezibububuxoki okanye ezingakhathalelwanga ezinokufunyanwa unobangela onokwenzeka, bangacela i i-Flagins ukuva (obizwa emva [][FLT]]]] [FLT]]] i-flacts v. Delarew[[][[FLT]]]]] [[FLT]]]). Kukuva okunjalo, umXhoxiweyo kufuneka angqine ngobungqina obungaphambili bokuba i-affvidat yenziwe okanye i-iphazazo zobuso zenziwe ngolwazi okanye ngokungakhathaliyo ngenyaniso, kwaye ngaphandle kwezo ngxelo, sukelo olunempumelelo. Ukuba ubungqina obungachaniweyo bunga.

Iimfuno ezongezelelekileyo zomGaqo-siseko: Ukwahlula nokungathathi-nxaxheba

Imo ecacileyo: "Ukhuseleko"

Ngapha koko, uHlaziyo lweSine luyalela ukuba "ngokubanzi luchaze indawo ezakuphendwa, nabantu okanye izinto ezimele zibanjiswe. Oku ngokwahlukeneyo kuthintela imiyalelo jikelele enika ukunyanzeliswa komthetho ikheshi ye-akhache kwimpahla yomntu. Ekuhlaseleni kunye nakwiimeko zokukhathazwa, oku kuthetha ukuba kufuneka kuchazwe:

• [[UMTL: 0] Indawo ecacileyo: Idilesi epheleleyo yesitrato, inani legumbi lokuhlala, okanye igumbi elithile ukuba igumbi lokuhlala. Ukukhangela kwamanani, umchongi we akhawunti (idilesi ye-imeyili, idilesi ye-IP, idilesi ye-media yentlalo) kunye nogcino-lwazi oluthile olufunwayo.
• Izinto ezimele ukuphangwa: Asiyonto nje "bonke ubungqina bokutsobhisa," kodwa chaza ubungqina, njenge "izixhobo zombane ezikwazi ukugcina imiyalezo, iingxelo zemfonomfono yeselula kwinani lama-55-1.34, kunye nawaphi na amaxwebhu abonisa unxibelelwano phakathi kwekrokrela nexhoba."

Isiqinisekiso esibububanzi obuninzi obungamandla siphelelwa. Umzekelo, imvume egunyazisa ukuphazanyiswa kwezixhobo ze-elektroniki ze-oksijini ezirhanelwayo" ngaphandle kokuzidibanisa ekucinezeleni umsebenzi ungabethwa phantsi. Iinkundla zifune i-nexus phakathi kwezinto ezifunwayo kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho olutyholwayo. United States v. Stabele[, isekethi yesithathu igxininisa ukuba imfuneko yobungqina boqikelelo kufuneka iqulathe inte ecacileyo ekunqabeni "ujinga, ukunqanda ulwaphulo-mthetho" ngobomi bomntu.

Ukuvunywa Kwezogwebo: IQumrhu Lokungathathi Nhlangothi

Kuphela yimajingi engathathi cala kwaye engakhethekiyo . Ngokuqhelekileyo ijaji okanye ijaji yesizwe inganika isiqinisekiso. Ijaji kufuneka ihlole i-affidavit ize ifumanise ukuba ikho na unobangela ofanelekileyo. Ukuba imaji ifumanise ukuba i-affidavit ilahlekile, bangacela ulwazi olongezelelekileyo okanye bangalufuni ngokupheleleyo isicelo. Ijaji ayinakusebenza njenge "isitempele esinetyala"; kufuneka yenze umgwebo ozimeleyo. Ekucikiseleni iziko, ezinye izithuba ziqeqeshe abagwebi abaqeqeshelwe ukusingatha ugonyamelo lwasekhaya nokuhlasela imicimbi efuna ukuvavanya ubungqina obungcono, obufana nemilinganiselo yokulawula i-cocceve.

Ixesha lokuhlola likwabalulekile. Ekubeni ukuhlasela kuqhubekeka ngokukhawuleza, ukunyanzelisa umthetho kungafuna iimfuno zasemva kweeyure zongxamiseko. Iimeko ezininzi zivumela ifowuni okanye i-affidavits (ividiyo enikezelweyo) kwizicelo ezingxamisekileyo. Kodwa ke, imfuneko engundoqo yemajingatha-nxaxheba ishiyekile.

Ixesha kunye nokuphumeza

Xa ikhutshwe, imvume ayihlali isebenza ngokusisigxina. Udidi kunye norhulumente zimisela imithetho efuna ukwenziwa kweso sigwebo ngexesha elicwangcisiweyo, ngokufuthi iintsuku ezilishumi (njengoko kuphantsi koMthetho weFederal woMphathi-Mphathi Procedure 41(e)(A). Emva koko, isiqinisekiso somthetho kufuneka siphele, kwaye isicelo esitsha kufuneka singenziwa ukuba isizathu sisabakho. Le mfuneko yexesha ibakhusela abaphathi ekubambeni isiqinisekiso kwaye bayenze ixesha elide emva kokuba iimeko zitshintshile. Kwimeko zokucingela, ukuba ubungqina bunga ixesha-----efaval''''''''''''. "imiyalezo efana ne-etermer' kwiSnetcha'." ukulibaziswa kweentsuku ezimbalwa kunokwenziwa kokungasebenzi komthetho.

Iintlobo Zoonongendi Abasetyenziswa Ngokuqhelekileyo Ekuthetheni Nasekungcungcuthekisweni

Imisebenzi Yokufuna

Imvume yokufuna imvume yokuqinisekisa ukuba umthetho ugunyazisa ukungena kwindawo ethile okanye ukufikelela kwisikhongozeli esichaziweyo (njengekhomputha okanye ifowuni) ukuze kukhangelwe ubungqina. Xa kukhangelwa, imvume yokuphendla isoloko isetyenziswa:

• Bamba izixhobo zombane ukuze uxilongwe.
• Ingeniso yonxibelelwano olugciniweyo olusuka kubanikezeli benkonzo (umz., i email inboxes, Facebook imiyalezo).
• Phatha ubungqina obufana noncwadi, imifanekiso okanye izixhobo xa usongelwa.
• Fumana izixhobo zeGPS zokufumana umkhondo ezifakwe kwisithuthi sexhoba (kodwa phawula: I-GPS ifuna isiqinisekiso phantsi United States v. Jones)).

Ababanjwayo

Imvume yokubanjwa yokunyanzeliswa komthetho ukuba uthathe ukrokrelelo olubiwe ekhokeni. Ngokumanyumnyezi nangokukhathazwa, imvume yokubanjwa ikhutshwa xa kukho isizathu esilindelekileyo sokuba umkroti ulwenze ulwaphulo-mthetho. Ngokungafaniyo nesiqinisekiso sokufuna, imvume yokubanjwa ayivumi ukuba kuphengululwe impahla yorhanelwayo ngaphandle kwesiganeko esilinganiselweyo sokufuna ukubanjwa. Noko ke, kumazwe amaninzi, ukubanjwa ngokusemthethweni kukwagunyaziswa ukuba kungene kwikhaya elirhanelwayo ukuvala amatyala ukuba bamba ukuba bakholelwe ukuba bacinga ukuba ityala lingaphakathi.

Irejista yePen/iMiyalelo yoMbhalo kunye noMqeqeshi

Kumatyala abandakanya ukukhathazwa ngefowuni, abaphengululi bangasebenzisa iibhanki (ezithetha ngamanani aphumayo) kunye nemigibe kunye nezixhobo zokulandela (ezibhaliweyo amanani ezayo). Ezi zifuna umyalelo wenkundla phantsi ko18 U.S.C. 76 3121, enomgangatho omncinci (ukuya kuphengululwa okuqhubekayo) kunokuba kubangelwe yinto elindelekileyo. Noko ke, ugcino-lwazi olufunyenweyo lulinganiselwe kwimida, hayi kumxholo.

Umxhasi wophendlo lwe-imeyili lweKhompyutha ne-imeyili (Umthetho wonxibelelwano oludityanisiweyo)

Umthetho womanyano phantsi koMthetho Othuliweyo woNxibelelwano (18 U.S.C. 88 2703) ufuna ukunyanzeliswa komthetho ukufumana isiqinisekiso sokukhangela (ngokusekelwe kwisizathu esinokwenzeka) ukunyanzela umnikezeli ukuba atyhile okuqulathiweyo kwothungelwano lwezibonelelo ze-elektroniki ezingaphantsi kweentsuku ezili-180 ubudala. Kulwazi oludala lonxibelelwano okanye umbandisi-mvume, umncinci okanye umyalelo wenkundla kungafuneka. Lo mahluko ubaluleke kakhulu ekucimeni izinto ezibandakanya ukuhlaselwa ngekhompyutha.

Ukucingela Ngokukhethekileyo Ngokukhethekileyo Ekuthetheni Nasekuxhaphakeni

Iingozi Neengozi Ezikhethekileyo

Imfuneko yoMmiselo wesine i-odoli ifuna ukunyanzeliswa zizinto ezininzi ezingongezelelwayo ezivumela ukungenzi nto xa kukho umngcipheko wobomi okanye ukhuseleko. Kwimeko ezingxamisekileyo, ukuba ukrokrela ulandela ixhoba okanye wenze isisongelo esiqinisekileyo sogonyamelo olusondeleyo, ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kungangena kwikhaya ngaphandle kwemvume yokukhusela ingozi. Noko ke, kufuneka bakwazi ukucacisa izibakala ezingqalileyo ezithethelela ungxamiseko. Emva kokuba kucetyiwe ngengozi, abaphathi-mikhosi kufuneka bafumane isiqinisekiso ngokukhawuleza xa befuna ukuphendla ngobungqina.

Iinkundla ziye zakulumkela ukusetyenziswa ngaphaya kolwandle okungaqhelekanga kongxamiseko ekucinizeleni imeko- bume. Brigham kwisiXeko v. Stuart, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yathi xa amagosa engekho ngqiqweni anokukholelwa ukuba ungxamiseko lukho. Umzekelo, ukuva ixhoba likhalaza "Liza kundibulala" lidityaniswe nobungqina bokwaphulwa komyalelo okhuselayo kusenokuthethelela ukungena okungena okungena ngegunya.

Imiyalelo Ekhuselayo Noncedo Lwayo Kwabanqophisi

Amaxhoba amaninzi ahlaselayo afumana imiyalelo yokukhusela okanye yokuthintela imiyalelo. Ukuphulwa komyalelo wokukhusela kudla ngokuba lulwaphulo-mthetho, kwaye ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kungabanjwa ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso ukuba anikwe isizathu (amazwe amaninzi anemithetho egunyazisa ukubanjwa okungaqinisekiyo ngenxa yokwaphulwa komthetho wokukhusela). Noko ke, ulwaphulo-mthetho olukhuselayo lodwa aluziniki ngokuzenzekelayo isizathu sokufuna ubungqina obubanzi. Inkqubo egunyazisayo mayilandelwe ukuphendla okuchasene nokwaphulwa kwangoko.

Ukungxolisana kwengingqi kunye neNkxaso: Abathathi-nxaxheba

Umthetho womanyano wothintelo othintela ukunqamleza imigca yengingqi okanye ukusebenzisa i-Internet (18 U.S.C. 766A). Imithetho yomanyano ilawulwa yiManyano yemithetho yoNxulumaniso ye-Criminal Procedure kwaye isoloko ibandakanya intsebenziswano eninzi-luntlukwano. Kwiimeko apho ubungqina bugcinwa kwiiseva kumazwe ahlukeneyo, ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kungafuneka ukufumana isiqinisekiso kwisithili apho abancedisi bomgcini bebekwe khona okanye basebenzise i-Teled Conetics Acts Actsss ments zolu lwabiwo kwisithili apho kukholelwa ukuba urharhwa.

UMthetho we-CLOUD ka-2018 ucaciswe ukuba ukugcinwa komthetho wase-U.S. kungafumana isiqinisekiso sogcino-lwazi olugcinwe ngabanikezeli be-U.S. naphi na ehlabathini, kodwa kufuneka kuhlonelwe i-commatic. Oku kuyimfuneko ngokukhethekileyo kwiimeko zokuhlasela apho abangeni-mthetho base-U.S.

Ucelomngeni Lokufumana Abameli Bokuthetha

Uvavanyo oluphangaleleyo lokukhangela kwamanani

Ekulandeleni kwesigqibo seNkundla Ephakamileyo Riley v. California [2014] (2014, ebambelele kwelokuba amapolisa afuna isiqinisekiso sokuphendla isiganeko seselfowuni, iinkundla zisebenzise uphando olungqongqo kwisiqinisekiso sophendlo lwemiqathango yemivo. Kwezinye iinkundla zifuna imvume yokuphendla i-mfonomfono erhanelwayo mayicaciswe ngokokuba kutheni kutheni kutheni kutheni (umz. g. "umyalezo phakathi kwemciso nexhoba eliphakathi kwe-meecetyo ukuya kuJanu 2025)) kwaye kufuneka ziquke imithetho esesikweni yokuzingela ukukhangelwa kogcino-data engahambelani. Ezinye inkundla zifuna "iqela lendlela yoncedo" kwinkcazelo eyahlukeneyo okanye engasetyenziswangasetyenziswangasetyenziswangalulekiyo.

Ukungqina Ukuba Ufanelekile Umntu Olixhoba okanye INgqina

Kwezinye iindawo, imantyi ingafuna uqinisekiso lokunyaniseka kwexhoba, ingakumbi ukuba kukho imbali yezityholo zobuxoki okanye ukuba i-affidavit ixhomekeke kakhulu kwiingxelo zexhoba ezingasetyenziswanga. Ukunyanzeliswa komthetho kungaqinisekisa ukuthembeka ngokuquka iinkcukacha ezifana nezibizo, i-GPS data, okanye ukuguquguquka kweengxelo zexhoba kwixesha.

Ubungqina bezifo zengqondo nobendlela yokuziphatha

Abathethi badla ngokubonisa imilinganiselo yokuziphatha okuziphetheyo okanye ukukhohliswa. Ngoxa obo bungqina bunganceda ekuqinisekiseni intshukumisa nobungozi bomntu orhanelwayo, akuyonto ifanelekileyo ukubangela ukuba kuvele u-(-) inkcaso ihlala igxininisa ukuba ngaba lowo urhanelwayo wenze izenzo ezithile ezikhethekileyo. Noko ke, kusenokufuneka ubungqina obuyiyo ukuchaza isizathu sokuba isimilo esithile esibonakala singenabungozi (umz., ukuthumela izipho ezininzi) sibangela ukukhathazwa phantsi komthetho.

Amanyathelo Asebenzisekayo Okunyanzelisa Umthetho Neeathorineyi

Ukutyhalela Ibhayisekile Ekhusela Imbumbulu

Ukunyusa amathuba emvume yokugweba nokuhlisa imingeni yokucinezelwa, amagosa kufuneka:

• Uxwebhu lwexesha: quka imihla ecacileyo, amaxesha, kunye nexesha leziganeko ezikhathazayo.
• Ubungqina obugciniweyo: iscreenshot, ushicilelo, kunye neelogi kufuneka zincanyathiselwe njengemiboniso okanye ifihlo.
• Iingxelo zexhoba lomnqolobi: Sebenzisa imithombo emininzi(abaqeshi, abaqeshi, iirekhodi zemfonomfono, i-data ye-GPS/ukuqinisekisa ityala lexhoba.
• chaza i nexus: ngokucacileyo kutheni ubungqina bokutyibilika bungafunyanwa kwindawo ethile (umz., kurhanelwa ukuba iindinyana zisuka kwidilesi yasekhaya ye-IP).
• Mngenisi umda: kuphela icela oko kufunekayo. Ngaphaya kwezicelo zomsinga ubiza uphengululo kunye nonyanzelo olunokwenzeka.

Ukusebenza Namaxhoba

Abaxhasi bomthetho abaxhatshazwayo banganceda ekufumaneni ubungqina obuyiyo obubonisa ingxwelerha, behlisa ubungozi bokuphinda basetyenziswe. Igalelo labo linganceda ekubhaleni impembelelo engokwasengqondweni yokuhlasela, enokuthi ifaneleke ekusunguleni "ukuxinezeleka ngokweemvakalelo" – isiciko semimiselo emininzi ehlaselayo.

Uphuhliso Lwakutshanje Olungokwasemthethweni

Kutshanje amaphondo amaninzi ahlaziyile imithetho yawo efuna ukuphenduliswa nge-teknoloji entsha. Umzekelo, iTexas ngoku isebenzisa iGPS ukulandelela, kwaye iKhalifoniya ivumela ukukhutshwa kwemiyalelo yokhuseleko longxamiseko ukwenzela ukuhlaselwa kwamanani. Kumgangatho wengingqi karhulumente, i-Special Against Women Act Reauthority ka-2022 yaquka amalungiselelo okuphucula uqeqesho lokunyanzelisa umthetho kwiimfuno ezinxulumene nokuqulukwano.

Ukwanda kokusetyenziswa kwe kuvumela ukuba i- (ithetha ukuba iGoogle okanye ezinye iinkampani zichaza zonke izixhobo kwindawo ethile ngexesha elithile) zinyuse amaxhala e-emfihlelo, kwaye iinkundla ziqalisile ukulinganisela ukusetyenziswa kwazo. Kwimeko ezisongelayo, isiqinisekiso se-geographic singasetyenziswa ukuchaza umkrokreni osoloko ekufuphi nekhaya lexhoba. Noko ke, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ayikaleli kwimithetho ye-geomences jikelele, kwaye iinkundla ezisezantsi ziyahlulwa ukuba zifuna umba ofanelekileyo okanye omncinci.

Isiphelo

Ukuqonda iimfuno ezifanelekileyo ekucinezeleni nasekuhlungwini akuyonto nje efunekayo ukulungiselela ukusetyenziswa kwengxelo ebhaliweyo, kuyimfuneko ukulinganisela amalungelo amaxhoba, abamangalelwa, kunye nomdla woluntu ekubambeni abaphuli-mthetho abayingozi. Unobangela ofanelekileyo osekelwe kubungqina obucacileyo, obuthembekileyo; i-affidact; ulawulo lobulungisa; kwaye ukuthungatha kubungqina obufunekayo zintsika ezifunwayo zesandisi-sandi esisemthethweni. Njengoko ukurhangqwa ngobuchule bokufumana amanani, ukunyanzeleka komthetho, abatshutshisi, abagwebi, kunye neejaji kufuneka zihlale zisazi ngokusuka kuMmiselo wesi-4 weSihlanu kunye nemimiselo epheleleyo. Ngokubambelela kwezi migangatho, inkqubo yezobulungisa inokukhusela ngakumbi amaxhoba ngexa kugcinwa komthetho.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, jonga iSibonelelo sesizwe sokuNxulumana sobuNcedo kwiZiko loBuxhakaxhaka bobuNika obuBonelwayo kunye neSebe loBulungise imisebenzi engcono kakhulu yoqokelelo lobungqina be-elektroniki.