Ukwazisa: Amandla Olawulo - melo Oluthe Tyaba

IReferendendims zimi njengesinye sezixhobo ezizizo zolawulo-demokhrasi, zinika abemi indlela esesikweni yokuvota kwiizicelo ezithile zenkqubo kunokuba bakhethe nje abameli. Ngoxa ingcamango yokuvumela abantu benze isigqibo kwimibandela ebalulekileyo isukela emva e-Athene yamandulo, ii-asendium zale mihla ziguqukele kwisixhobo esintsonkothileyo esilawula inkqubo kawonke wonke yolawulo lwezolawulo lwedemokhrasi kulo lonke ihlabathi. Zinikela indlela yokwaphula i-drock yomthetho, zigqibe kwimibuzo yesiseko somthetho-siseko, kwaye zibonise iimvakalelo zikawonke kwimibandela ephikisanayo. Ukuqonda indlela ezichaza ngayo ii-enzaliseko zabo, amandla, amandla, kunye nokubuthathaka okusebenza kwaso nakuchaphazela nabani nabani na ofunda inzululwazi, othatha inxaxheba kubomi bezentlalo-ntle, okanye uhlalulelo lwembono yabantu ngokubanzisa umthetho.

Eli nqaku linikela uphando olunzulu lwezikhuseli, ukusuka kwimvelaphi yazo zembali ukuya kuhlolisiso lwemeko zangoku, kwaye lihlola indima yazo kwindlela yokubumba. Likwathetha ugxeko kunye nocelomngeni oluvelayo xa uvoti elula yeyee-okanye-no kufuneka ithathe uluvo lwenkumba entsonkothileyo.

Imvelaphi Yembali Yereferendendum

Isalathisi sale mihla sinemvelaphi yaso kumaZinga aphakathi, apho abemi babeya kuhlanganisana ezitratweni zikawonke-wonke ukuze bavote kwimithetho yasekuhlaleni ngokubonisa izandla. Lo mkhwa, owaziwa ngokuba Landsgemeinde, isekelo yenkqubo ekhethekileyo yedemokhrasi yaseSwitzerland. Ngenkulungwane ye-19, iSwitzerland yagunyazisa i-arhentem kumgangatho wesizwe, ivumela uvota ukuba ivavanye imithetho edluliswe yipalamente kwaye icelele ukupheka i-mGastive. Namhlanje, i-Swissssvvv ihamba ukuya kunyulo lweencwadi zonyulo kunyaka eliqela, ukusuka kwimibango yorhwebo, ukusuka kwimicimbi yokufuduka.

EUnited States, i-arhentenderum yafumana igalelo ngexesha leNkqubela-phambili (1890s-1920s) njengendlela yokuthintela amandla oomatshini bezobupolitika nokunika abemi abaqhelekileyo ulawulo oluthe vetshe kumthetho. Amazwe anjenge-Oregon, California, kunye neColorado amkela inyathelo lokuqala kunye nenkqubo ye-arhente, enika abavoti imvume yokucebisa nokuvumela imithetho ngokuthe ngqo. Oku kusasazeka koomatshini abaninzi kwaye kuhlala kungumsebenzi obalulekileyo wedemokhrasi yaseMelika.

Ngokwahlukileyo koko, i-United Kingdom ngokwembali iye yaxhomekeka kulawulo lwepalamente, kunye nee-arhenteum ezisetyenziswa kancinci. Eyokuqala yelizwe lonke i-UK metandendum yenzeka ngowe-1975 ukuba ingahlala kuMbutho waseYurophu okanye hayi. Ukususela ngoko, i-metapendiums enkulu ikwinkqubo yokukhutshwa kotshintsho, utshintsho lonyuso, kunye ne-Brexit iye yaguqula ubume bezobupolitika belizwe. Ezi ngxelo zahlukeneyo zibonisa ukuba indima nobuninzi be-endendium zahluka kakhulu kuxhomekeka kwizithethe zelizwe.

Indlela Yokubuyisela Iinguqu: Inkqubo ibhalwe ngeenkcukacha

Ukuqalisa Ukubuyisela Ingxaki

I-arhenteendum inganyuswa ngeendlela ezininzi. Kwimimandla emininzi, urhulumente okanye ipalamente ingagqiba ekubeni ne-arhenteum kwimbambano ethile `` ibizwa ngokuba yi-'FLT'i-electiveendum'[. Ngokunye, abemi banganyanzela ukuvota ngokuqokelela inani elaneleyo lotyikityo, inkqubo eyaziwayo njengeentlobo ezithile zesicelo ibizwa ngokuba yi-'okuqala okanye i-inventizentiedum [[FLT] .

Ukubhakathiswa noNgqongqotho

Xa i-metapendum ibizwa, ixesha lephulo liyaqala. Amaqela ee-aventiki, amaqela ezobupolitika, nemibutho yoluntu ihlanganisa ukucenga abavoti. Imibutho idla ngokubandakanya ukubhengeza, iingxoxo zikawonke-wonke, kunye nokupapashwa kwejelo leendaba. Ukunceda abavoti bafumane izimvotelo ezichaziweyo, amazwe amaninzi anikela izikhokelo ezisemthethweni ezishwankathela iingxoxo kunye nezichasene nezicelo, ngokufuthi ziquka uhlalutyo olungoo-nxaxheba. Umzekelo, i-Switzerland ivelisa incwadana eneenkcukacha yoluntu, ichaza loo nkupho ngolwimi olucacileyo.

Ukujija neMida

Ukuvota kwi-arhendendum kulandela iinkqubo ezifanayo nonyulo jikelele: abemi baphosa ibhola yokuvota kwisitishi sovota okanye ngeposi. Isiphumo sidla ngokugqitywa luninzi olulula lwevoti eziphosiweyo, nangona ezinye ii-arhenteendum zifuna uninzi oluphindiweyo oluphindiweyo . zombini uninzi lwevoti ezithandwayo kunye noninzi lwamazwe okanye imimandla (njengokuba kummandla wase-Australia womgaqo-siseko kunye nomva-siseko wase Switzerland).

Iindidi ZeeReferendendum: Ukuqwalasela Ngokusondeleyo

Ukuqonda iindidi ezahlukahlukeneyo zeeadsendum kunceda kucace injongo yazo nomlinganiselo osemthethweni.

Ubophelelo lwe khowudi

[[FLT: 0]] I-binding rendendiums ngokusemthethweni inyanzela urhulumente ukuba enze isiphumo. Umzekelo, xa abavoti baseSwitzerland bevumela ukubuyiselwa komgaqo-siseko, urhulumente makawuzalisekise. I-Advicory rendenditions[][ibizwa kwakhona [iiiii-'acessiteatementends/'s] isetyenziswa ukuvavanya uluvo lukawonke-wonke kodwa ayiqhubeki imbopheleleko esemthethweni. Inkqubo ye-UK i-endreandom kwinkqubo eHlaziweyo, nangona urhulumente wayethembise ukuhlonela isiphumo. Ukuqhelisa uninzi lwamathematilo luchaziwe njengenyaziso lwe-Phondo ye-Advolum.

IMithetho eLawulayo

I-Accomponal recontinationendendims idilesi yotshintsho kumthetho wesizwe ophezulu. Basoloko befuna imiqobo ephezulu yovumo oluphezulu (njengemiqobo ephezulu) kwaye benzelwe ukukhusela imigaqo esisiseko kwizinto ezinkulu zezobupolitika ezidlulayo. Umzekelo, irententeum ka-20182020 ye-Iretantender ukuphinda ifumane uhlaziyo olulula olufuna uninzi, kodwa ukutshintsha ngokwako kwakufuna ukudlula kwe-mostatisme enkulu ngo1901. i-egiglatems[[FLT] ithetha imibuzo eqhelekileyo okanye inkqubo engundoqo yerhafu, njengomthetho omtsha okanye njengeprojectal projectal project.

Imiqathango ehambayo. IiReferendendom ezikhethekayo

Ezinye izigwebo zomgaqo-siseko ziyalela i-arhenteum yezigqibo ezithile, ezifana nokuqinisekisa umgaqo-siseko omtsha okanye ukudibanisa umbutho wamazwe ngamazwe. Ezi zii- i-endreaderms. Ngokwahlukileyo, iinketho zolwamkelo ziyenzeka kuphela xa ziqalwa sisicelo okanye isigqibo somthetho wemithetho. Kwingxelo ezininzi ze-U.S., isalatha somthetho sivumela abemi ukuba bamise umthetho odluliselwe yindlu yowiso-mthetho de ivoti kawonke wonke ubekiwe.

Indima Yezibonelelo Ekupheliseni Umgaqo-nkqubo

Ii-Referendendum zinokuba nempembelelo enkulu kwinkqubo ngeendlela ezininzi. Zidla ngokwaphula amaqabane angaqhelekanga kwimibandela apho abameli abanyuliweyo bahlukene kakhulu. Umzekelo, uvavanyo lomtshato ofanayo nowe-Irish ngo-2015 lwabangelwa kukungakwazi kukarhulumente ukufumana imvume, kunye nevoti ecacileyo elungiselelwe ngokucacileyo ukusetyenziswa komgaqo-siseko. Ngokufanayo, eKhalifoniya, inkqubo yokuqalisa iye yavelisa iinkqubo zophawu olunjengothi iprocessition 13 (188) ukulinganisela iirhafumfa zempahla, ezathi zaphinda zalungisa ummandla welizwe karhulumente kangangamashumi eminyaka.

IReferendendums ikwasebenza njengendlela yokuhlola amandla owiso-mthetho. Xa urhulumente emisela umthetho ongathandwayo, ummi odityanisiweyo anganyanzelisa i-endendium ephinda i-endial. Le nkqubo isetyenzisiwe eSwitzerland ukubhukuqa imithetho yonke ukusuka kwimigaqo yezokhuseleko ukuya kulwaphulo-mthetho lwequmrhu. EColombia, i-2016 i-arhentementum ngokuqhubana noxolo neqela labavukeli beFARC, nangona ekuqaleni lalahliwe, ekugqibeleni ikhokelele kwisivumelwano esihlaziyiweyo, ebonisa indlela i-arendendum enokuthi inyanzelise ngayo ukupheliswa nokulala.

Noko ke, iziphumo zenkqubo yokusetyenziswa kwe-arhentemu azisoloko zidityaniswe noluvo lobuchule okanye uzinzo lwexesha elide. IBrexittaddendium 2016, apho u 51.9% we-UKvote yakhetha ukushiya i-European Union, iqalisa iminyaka yezopolitiko zobugxwayiba kunye nokungaqiniseki kwezoqoqosho. Lo mzekelo ubalaselisa zombini amandla kunye nomngcipheko wedemokhrasi engqalileyo: ivoti enye kumbandela entsonkothileyo ingenza uhlanga lube kwindlela entsha ngokugqibeleleyo eneziphumo ekunzima ukuqikelela ngazo.

Uhlolisiso Lweengxelo Ezinokubonwa

IBreet Referendem (2016)

I-tempeddem ye-UK ejongene namalungu e-EU iseyenye yemiqathango ephambili yedemokhrasi engqalileyo kwimbali yale mihla. Eli phulo liphawulwe ziingxoxo ezinzulu zokufuduka, ulawulo, kunye neempembelelo zezoqoqosho. Isiphumo esimxinwa esibhencayo sabhenca ukwahlukana okunzulu kwezentlalo kunye neendawo zelizwe. Nangona i-arhentendam yaba yi-dvisionory, urhulumente ushukunyiselwe ekusebenziseni inkqubo yokurhoxa, nto leyo ekhokelela kwinkqubo yokurhoxa, unyulo oluqhubekayo, kunye nengxoxo eqhubekayo yezorhwebo kunye nolwalamano. Iziphumo zomphumo ze-Rhulumentem zivuse ivuse impikiswano yokuba ngabantluntlukwano, i-adiondion, i-adionnion, kufuneka igqitywe ngovotiso oluqhelekileyo.

IReferendedum Ezimeleyo EScotland (2014)

NgoSeptemba 2014, iSkotlani yavota 55% ukuya kuma-45% ngokuchasene nozimeleyo koManyano. I-tempendam yayiphawuleka ngokugalela kwayo okuphezulu (0..6%) kunye nokujolisa kwayo kwimiba yokuzichaza, ukuhambelana kwezoqoqosho, kunye namalungu e-EU. Iphulo liquka isifungo sokugqibela se-minete ukusuka kwi-UK yeqela ukunika iSkotlani amagunya awongezelelekileyo ukuba avotelwe “No.” Esi sithembiso, ngexa singabopheleli ngokomthetho, sibonisa indlela yokuqhuba iinguqu-nkqubo ngaphandle kwevoti engqalileyo yevoti. Isiphumo asikhange sisombulule umbuzo womgaqo-siseko ngokusisigxina; ukuma kwe-Scotland kuhlala kungumba wezopolitiko, ngokukodwa kukhanyiso lwe-Br e-Bretik.

Iintlawulo zomtshato ezihambelana ne-Shumi

Umtshato osisigulo esiphakathi komnyaka wama-2015 wase-Ireland wabonwa ngama-62% abavoti abaxhasa ukuncitshiswa komgaqo-siseko ukuze bavumele ukulingana komtshato. Iphulo laliphawuleka ngenxa yengca ebangela ukulingana, isandi esikhuthazayo, ukuveza amabali obuqu kunokususa udaka. Iziphumo zoko zakho zibotshwa kwaye zakhokelela kwimitshato yokuqala ebhaliswe ngokusemthethweni e-Irland. Ngokufanayo, ngo-2013, iCroatia yaba nenkcothazo yenkcazo yomthetho yomtshato eyaphumela ekuvalweni komtshato owe-express. Ezi ziphumo zomahluko zibonisa indlela ukuchaza i-endingxulungiso kunye nokunga amalungelo amancinane, kuxhomeke kumo wentlalo kunye nowezobupolitika.

IReferendendums yezomGaqo-siseko yaseChile (2020-2022)

IChile inikeza umzekelo wakutshanje wendlela itempendoms ezinokuqhuba ngayo utshintsho lwamaqumrhu. Ngo-2020, abavoti baseChile bavunywa ngokugqwesileyo (78%) inkqubo yokwenza umgaqo-siseko omtsha ukutshintsha i Pinochet-era Charwate. I-arhente elandelayo yendendum ngo-2022 kumbhalo omtsha ocetyiweyo yalahlwa ludini olubanzi, ukutyhila ukunganeliseki kukawonke wonke okuqulathwe yidrafti. Uluntu luhlala luthembisiwe, kwaye indibano entsha yomgaqo-siseko yakhethwa ukuvelisa izicelo ezohlukeneyo. Le nkqubo iqhubekayo ibonisa indlela ezinokubhekisa phambili ngayo iziqhagamshelanisi ezithandwayo zotshintsho lomgaqo ngexesha ibonakalisa ukuphakama kolwamcimbiso-lwano.

Iingenelo Nokugxekwa Kwamahlazo

Iingenelo Zokuba Nenxaxheba Ngokungqalileyo Kubemi

Abaxhasi bonyulo bathi bakhulisa ulawulo-demokhrasi ngokubandakanya abemi ngokuthe ngqo kwizigqibo ezichaphazela ubomi babo. IiReferendendim zingandisa ukubotshwa kwemibutho, zifundise uluntu ngemibandela entsonkothileyo, zize zinike oorhulumente ityala phakathi konyulo. Zinikela ugunyaziso olucacileyo nolucacileyo olunokuphelisa ukuma okulawula. Kumaqela abantu athemba kakhulu, amaqumrhu anokulwa nokuqinisa ukuvumelana kweze kuqinisekiswe intlalo.

Ukugxekwa Okukhulu: Ukuntsonkotha, Ukuqhatha Namalungelo Amancinane

Abahlalutyi bakhomba kwiimeko ezininzi ezinzulu. Okokuqala, ukutshintsha inkqubo edityanisiweyo ngemibini yokukhetha (ewe/no) kungagqithisa imiba. Abaxhasi bangacelwa ukuba bamkele okanye balahle umthetho ojikelezekileyo, kungekho khetho lokuguqula iinkcukacha zayo. Okwesibini, ii-arhente zisengozini yokuxhatshazwa ngamacebo achuliweyo asebenzisa izibhengezo ezilahlekisayo, izibheno ezingokweemvakalelo, kunye nokukhutshwa kwenkcazelo. Unyuko lwezibonelelo lwentlalo luye lwandisa ezi ngozi, njengoko kuboniswa kwiphulo le Brexit apho izibhengezo ezithi zifuna ulawulo nokuxhasa inkonzo yempilo yesizwe zigxekwa kamva.

Okwesithathu, amaqumrhu angayisongela amalungelo amancinane xa amavoti amakhulu ethintela ukukhusela. Iprocesition 8, yowama-2008 yaseKhalifoniya eyalelwe ukutshata okungokwasemgangeni omnye, ngumzekelo obalaseleyo. Nangona kamva iphendulwe ziinkundla, yabonisa indlela enokuthi idemokhrasi isetyenziswe ngayo ngokuthe ngqo ekuhlaseleni amaqela angenazikhuseli. Okokugqibela, umvoti ophantsi angakujongela phantsi ukumela iziphumo. Isigqibo esichaphazela wonke umntu sinokwenziwa liqhekeza elincinane kuphela lomvoti.

Uqheliselo oluhle lokuqhuba iinkonzo

Ukuze zinciphise ezi ngozi, izazinzulu zezobupolitika namaziko edemokhrasi ziye zavelisa imigaqo esesikweni nephumelelayo yokusebenzisa izixhobo zokuhlola:

  • [[UMTL: 0] Ucociso, amagama ombuzo angathathi-nxaxheba: Lo mbuzo kufuneka ubelula kwaye uphephe iiplastiki ezinekhethe. Iikhomishini zokhetho oluzimeleyo zisoloko zivavanya imibuzo ngamaqela agxininisayo.
  • Amaphulo olwazi olugunyaziswayo: Izixhobo zokushicilela kufuneka zifumane izinto ezilungeleleneyo, ezilondolozwe ngenyani ezichaza izicelo kunye neziphumo zazo ezinokwenzeka. I-“Recount contration" ye-imodeli.
  • Imali yephulo elicacileyo: Imida kwiminikelo kunye nokutyhilwa koncedo lokuchitha kuthintela izilangazelelo zobutyebi ekulawuleni inqwelo-moya.
  • Ukukhupha amaxesha kunye nezinto ezimeleyo: Amanye amazwe afuna ixesha elincinane phakathi kotyikityo lwesayina kunye nevoti, kwaye asenokuquka iindibano zabemi ukwenzela ngabom phambi kwevoti.
  • Ubunkulu obungatshoniyo beenguqu ezingundoqo: Ukufumana zombini uninzi oluthandwayo nenkoliso yemimandla okanye amazwe angakhusela kwingcinezelo yoninzi.

Kwimisebenzi engcono ye-arhente, bona inikeza ulwazi ngendlela inkqubo ye-Riphabliki ye-Internationalan Institute ehambelana nee-Intattings ne Referendendiums. iSwisston infox kwidemokhrasi ethe ngqo[ inika uluvo kwindlela inkqubo ye Swislands elawula ngayo le mingeni. Kwaye kumbono yemfundo, [[FLT:]] Brookings Iinstricationss ngokubhekiselela ama-endum kunye nedemokhrasi.

Isiphelo: Ukuthotywa Okuhlala Kuhleli KweeReferendendom

IiReferendendum azisinyanzelisi isicombululo sedemokhrasi okanye isixhobo esiyingozi esimele siphetshwe. Zisisixhobo esinamandla esinokuthi, xa sisetyenziswa kakuhle kwaye sinokhuseleko olufanelekileyo, sikhulise ukungenelela kommi, sisombulule iintambo zezobupolitika, kwaye simisele ngokuqinileyo kwizigqibo ezibalulekileyo. Isitshixo silele kwindlela yazo: imibuzo ecacileyo, amaphulo acacileyo, kunye nokhuseleko lwamalungelo amancinane. Njengoko abantu bejongene nocelomngeni oluntsonkothileyo, inkqubo yemozulu efuna amanani omgaqo-siseko wezomthetho-orgiatmenti iza kuhlala ingukhetho olubalulekileyo lokuvumela abantu bazenzele imithetho abaphila ngayo. Ukuqonda ukulungiselela kwabo imiqathango kunye nokulinganiselwa kwabo kubalulekile kuye nabani nabani na okholelwa ukuba, othunyiweyo, abemi abatshayo bakwi-demokh ’ empilweni.