Imithetho elawula amasuntswana eenkqubo zonyulo jikelele eUnited States kunye nezinye idemokrasi ezininzi. Zigqiba ukuba ngoobani abathathi-nxaxheba kwiqela ngalinye lezobupolitika abaza kuvela kwibhola, bebenza babe ngawona aphambili kodwa adla ngokungahoywayo. Imithetho elawula amaplani azimeleyo ayahluka kakhulu ukusuka kwimeko-bume, kwaye ezi ngxaki zineziphumo ezinzulu ekuthatheni inxaxheba, kwiqela, kwi-criptionhexion, kunye nembonakalo yemibutho yabaqhubiso yabaqhubi abaqhubi besikhundla. Eli nqaku linikela uvavanyo olubanzi lohlobo ngalunye lwemisebenzi ye-pristary, kwaye liya kuvela njani, kwaye liya kufutshane, kwaye liya kujongeka njani naphina nabani na ofuna ukuqhuba inkqubo yonyulo, nokuba ngumvoti, njengentyelelo olungundoqo, okanye umbutho wezopolitiko. Eli nqaku linika udidi ngalunye lwezizo, udidi ngalunye lweendawo, kwaye lizakhenke, lijonge nakwezo lwezopolitiki, kwaye lijonge nakwezi.

Yintoni Ebalulekileyo Kubo Bhahali?

Unyulo lokuqala lukhuphiswano olusetyenziswa ngamaqela ezobupolitika ukukhetha ii-apintenes zawo zonyulo jikelele. Ngoxa le ngcamango icacile, ukubulawa kwahlukile ngokuphawulekayo ngaphaya kolawulo. Abaphathi bezomthetho abagunyaziswanga nguMgaqo-siseko wase-U. endaweni yoko, imithetho nemithetho yeqela ilawula indlela abaqhutywa ngayo. Iintlobo ezingundoqo zichazwa ngomntu ovunyelwayo ukuvota: nawuphi na umvoti obhalisiweyo, okanye umxube wendlela ephambili wenkqubo. I-princes inokugqiba ukuba ngaba iqela lingenamntlukwano elungeleleneyo onokuthi aphumelele kunyulo jikelele okanye ulawulo oluqhelekileyo okanye ulawulo olulawulayo kodwa olunesibheno nolunweno olubanzi. Ngaphezu koko, imithetho engundoqo ichaphazela ukuvota okuvulekileyo: naluphi naluphi naluphi naluphi uqhagamshelwano oluphakathi komngeniselo oluphakathi lwezimo oluphakathi konyuluvotekileyo, ngethuba lokurhorho oluphezulu lwezimo olupheleleyo.

Vula Iindawo

Kwisidlangalala, nabani na obhalisiweyo ongabandakanywanga kweqela, --awungenzeki uvote nakuluphi na unyulo oluphambili lweqela. Abavoter akuyomfuneko ukuba babe lilungu leqela ukuba bathabathe inxaxheba; bakhetha nje ukuba yeyiphi imvume yeqela ukuba licele ngemini yonyulo. Le nkqubo isetyenziswa kumazwe amalunga ne-15 e-U.S., kuquka iMichigan, iWisconsin, ne-Indiana (kwieofisi ezikhethiweyo). Ingcamango engundoqo ephambili ephambili ephambili ephakathi kweqela elivule inxaxheba yabavoti-voti kwaye ivumela abemi abazimeleyo ukuba bafumane ilizwi ekukhetheni abavotimkeli.

Indlela Abasebenzi Abaqalisa Ngayo Umsebenzi

Ngosuku lokuqala, abavoti bafumana ivoti yeqela elinye kuphela. Abakwazi ukuvota kwiqela elininzi elizimeleyo. Kwamanye amazwe, njenge New Hampshire, abavoti bangalibhengeza ekuhleni iqela labo kwindawo yokuvota; kwezinye, njengo-Alabama, ukhetho lwenziwe ngasese kwi-colot. Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba umvoti obhaliswe njengelungu leqela elithile anganceda ekukhetheni umtyunjwa weqela elahlukileyo. Umzekelo, umvoti obhalisiweyo njengeRiphabliki angakhetha ukuvota kwi-democratic ukuba ukhetha ibala leqela labavotisi.

Iingenelo Zokuvula Iibhayisekile

  • [[FLT: 0] Ukudibana kobuhlanga noluvo lwangaphakathi: Ukuvula amasuntswana kunciphisa imiqobo ekungeneleni. I- Independents “‘ ozenza iqela elikhulu nekhulayo levotate----ingabandakanyeka ngaphandle kokungangeni ngokomthetho kwiqela. Oku kunganyusa jikelele icebo lokujika nokukhuthaza intsingiselo yenxaxheba yentlalo-ntle.
  • Ukusetyenziswa kweCandidentie ephakathi: kuba abahlohli kufuneka babhenele kungekuphela kwiqela lobunyani kodwa kwanakunqumla kunye nevoti ezizimeleyo, basoloko benziwa ukuba bafumane iindawo ezingaphezulu. Oku kungakhokelela kunyuselwa kwabangenaziqu ezingcono ekuphumeleleni unyulo ngokubanzi.
  • Ukubekwa kweParisan Polare: ngokumema icandelo elibanzi elinqumla icandelo labavoti kwinkqubo yokuqala, ukuvula kweprimethis kungathomalalisa impembelelo yabaxhasi beqela lemiqathango ephezulu, abanokuvelisa abathathi-nxaxheba ababonakalisa unyulo olubanzi.

Iingozi Zokuvula Iibhanki

  • Strategic okanye “Cossure” Ukuvota: Abachasi abavulayo baphikisa ngokuthi ukhuphiswano luvumela abavoti kwelinye iqela ukuba “bavumele abavoti ukuba“bahambe” ngokuyintloko omnye umbutho ukuba afake umvoti obuthathaka. Umzekelo, umvoti weRepublica ungavota kumntu ongundoqo okholelwayo ukuba kulula ukoyisa kunyulo jikelele. Ngoxa ubungqina obuthenjiswa kohlaselo ludityanisiwe, uluvo lovolo lwento lungakuphazamisa ukuthemba kwinkqubo.
  • I-Dilotion of Party Akade: amalungu eQela angavakalelwa kukuba inkqubo yokukhetha umbutho wawo iphangwe ngabantu bangaphandle abangavumelaniyo nemilinganiselo yeqela. Oku kungakhokelela kwinkxwaleko yangaphakathi kunye nengqiqo ebuthathaka yenjongo enye.
  • Inkcubeko yolawulo: Abasebenzi bemposiso kufuneka balawule iintlobo ezininzi zebhola kwaye baqinisekise ukuba abavoti bayayiqonda ivoti kwisiqalo esinye kuphela. Oku kungakhokelela kwisiphithiphithi okanye iimpazamo.

Ii-Primetric eziValiweyo

Amaqumrhu avalelweyo athintela ukuvota amalungu eqela elibhalisiweyo kuphela. Abavoli kufuneka baququzelelwe ngokusemthethweni neqela lezobupolitika, ngokufuthi ixesha elithile ngaphambi kwelokuqala, ukuze baphose ibhola kukhuphiswano lweqela. Malunga namaphondo ali-15 avale amaprimiries, kuquka iNew York, iFlorida, nePennsylvania. Isizathu sikukuba amaqumrhu angenawo amele akhethwe ngabo bazinikele kwiqonga leqela aze abe neplati yempumelelo yayo ende.

Indlela Owawusetyenziswa Ngayo Umsebenzi Wolwaphulo - mthetho

Xa kubhaliswa kwivoti, abemi kufuneka babonise ukhetho lweqela. Kumaphondo afihlakeleyo, kuphela abavoti ababhaliswe ngeqela (umz., Democrat, Republican, okanye iqela elincinane ) abanokuvota kuloo maqela aphambili. Abangenayo i-ofifilfi okanye abavoti abazimeleyo basoloko bekhutshelwa ngaphandle kuwo onke amaqela angeni, nangona amanye amazwe ewavumela ukuba avote kwimida engathanga-nxaxheba okanye kwimilinganiselo yebhola. Imfuno yeqela inyanzeliswa kwindawo yokuvota, ngokufuthi ngeqela elizimeleyo elinikwe amalungu abhaliswe kuphela.

Iingenelo Zeebhanile Ezivaliweyo

  • IParty Lawula kunye ne Cohesion: ivumela imibutho evaliweyo yeqela ukuba isebenzise ulawulo olungaphezulu kwinkqubo yokukhetha umndilili. Oku kunganceda ukugcina ukungaguquguquki kwengqiqo kwaye kuthintele abathathi-nxaxheba ekubekweni yimikhosi engaphandle.
  • Ukunyaniseka kombutho kunye noSigqibo: Amalungu eQela afunekayo ukuba asebenze kunye asoloko efakwe imali eninzi kwimpumelelo yeqela. Oku kungakhokelela kwinani eliphezulu lamavolontiya, iminikelo, kunye nezingca zomsebenzi wobuPhondo.
  • Umcacisi we Pladite: Kuba abatshayeli bakhethwa liqela elifanayo labavoti (abaxhasi abanyanisekileyo), badla ngokusebenza kwiqonga elihambisana ngokusondeleyo nemigaqo yeqela. Oku kungenza unyulo ngokubanzi lubukhali kwaye lunentsingiselo.

Iingxaki Zokuvala Iibhanki

  • Ukukhutshwa kwe Independent Voters: Iqela elikhula ngokukhawuleza labavoti eUnited States(abazimeleyo nabangakhutshwanga) livaliwe kwinkqubela-phambili. Oku kungakhokelela ekulahleni ukupheliseka kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba esezantsi. Kumazwe anjenge New York, abavoti abazimeleyo abananto ekukhetheni abaqhubi abakhulu abaza kuvela kamva kwiqela labo elingunokhetho jikelele.
  • [[FLT: 0] Lower Voter Turnout: Kuba kuphela amalungu eqela angathatha inxaxheba, ukuphuma kokuqala kwiinkqubo ezivaliweyo kusezantsi kuneenkqubo ezivulekileyo okanye ezivaliweyo. Oku kungathetha ukuba i-corion encinci, enehlombe kakhulu (umz., isiseko seqela) ngokunempumelelo ikhetha i-nominee, enokubakhokelele kubaqhubi abatyekekayo abagqithisileyo kunendlela yombane jikelele.
  • Ukwenziwa kwengcaciso okuthe kratya: Xa abavoti abaphambili bebodwa ngokugqithisileyo, abatshayeli banozikhuthazo ezinamandla zokwamkela iindawo eziqinileyo zomgca onzima ukubhenela kwisiseko. Oku “kuthathi-nxaxheba kwequmrhu” kudla ngokukhankanywa njengomqhubi wegridi nowemdla wemida kwizobupolitika zaseMelika.

Ii-Primes eziValekileyo

Amasuntswana abizwa ngokuba yi-semi-cread primiry angenaziphene ezincinane , kodwa avumele amalungu abhalisiweyo ukuba avote kwiqela lawo eliphambili, lo gama evumela ukuba angabi namkhethe okanye azimeleyo ukuba athathe inxaxheba nakweliphi na iqela eliphambili. Ngamanye amazwi, abavoti abangabhaliswanga naliphi na iqela bangakhetha ukuba liliphi iqela eliphambili lokuvota, kodwa ababhaliswe ngokusemthethweni batshixelwe kwiqela labo. Le nkqubo ye-projekthi izama ukulinganisa ukuvuleka kwezindlu zamaqela kunye nolawulo lweqela elivaliweyo. Isetyenziswa kumazwe amalunga ne-10, kuquka i-North CarolineaseMassachuse, kunye ne-Arizona (ngezohlukileyo).

Indlela Evaliweyo Yokusebenza Kwezicaka Zolwaphulo-mthetho

Abaxhasi ababhaliswe neqela bangavota kuphela kwilungu eliphambili. Noko ke, amaI Independent, angacela ivoti kulo naliphi na iqela alikhethayo. Kwamanye amazwe, olukhetho lwenziwa eluntwini; kwamanye, luhlala luyimfihlo. Umahluko ongundoqo ukusuka kwintloko epheleleyo evulekileyo kukuba abaxhasi ababhalisiweyo abanakuwela kwintloko yomnye umntu. Oku kunciphisa amathuba okuhlasela okuqulunqayo ngelinye ixesha benika ilizwi elizimeleyo.

Iingenelo zeSemi- Ezivaliweyo

  • Ingqibelelo yeQela ekhuselweyo: Kuba abaphambukeli babotshelelwe kwisiseko sabo, amaqela ahlala elawula ukhetho lwawo lweminenga. Amalungu akanakukhutshwa ngabachasayo kwelinye iqela.
  • [[NTL:0] Ukungahambelani okukhulu kwe-Independent:[[FL:1] abavoti abangakhutshwanga ```abangathathi-nxaxheba') abaphendula malunga nesithathu sabanyulwayo besizwe''''amkelwe kwinkqubo. Oku kunganyusa ukujika nokudibanisa phakathi koluntu olusoloko luziva lungahoywa.
  • Ukusetyenziswa kweCandidetic: Amarhamnqi kufuneka abhenele kwisiseko seqela lawo nakwivoti ezimeleyo ezinokunikela ulungelelwano. Oku kungavelisa ii-mine ngonyuso olubanzi kunye nokufumaneka okuthe kratya kokhetho jikelele.

Iingxaki zeSemi-evaliweyo

  • [[FLT: 0] Imithetho yeVoter Confsion: malunga nokuba ngubani onokuba yindawo yokuqala yokuvota edida, ingakumbi kwivoti yexesha lokuqala okanye abo basandul' ukufuduka. Amanye amazwe afuna inkululeko ukuchaza ukhetho lweqela ukuba afuna ukuba nenxaxheba, nto leyo enokuthi ithintele inxaxheba.
  • Icala elithe ngqo lokuHlanganisa ngokwee-Independent: Ngelixesha uhlaselo luthintelwa ngabaququzeleli ababhalisiweyo, abavoti abangabhaliswanga bangavota ngendlela ecwangcisiweyo (ngokomzekelo, ozimeleyo oxhomekeke kwiRiphabliki angavota kwiDemocratic control i-astnentinentium.
  • [[FLT: 0] Iintloni zeParty:[ Amanye amalungu eqela acaphukela impembelelo yamalungu angengawo, nokuba angengawo amalungu azimeleyo. Baphikisa ngelithi ukhetho lomntu kufuneka lube ngummandla okhethekileyo wamalungu anyanisekileyo.

Iindlela ezingundoqo: Umbalala kunye neMiphezulu- 2

Ngapha koko luhlobo olungundoqo, ezinye iinkqubo ezingundoqo zikhona ezitshintsha ngokuphawulekayo unyulo lwelizwe. Ezi ziquka iiverhe zengubo kunye neeprimiri eziphezulu ezimbini, eziyimilinganiso engqukuva efiphele iilayini zeqela lesithethe.

Iimarike Ezingenamngxuma

Ingubo yokuqala ivumela bonke abavoti ukuba babe nenxaxheba kuzo zonke izilawuli zamaqela ngaxeshanye. Kwesi sixokelelwano, umvoti omnye ufumana ivoti enye edwelisa abathathi-nxaxheba kumaqela onke, kwaye bangavotela nabani na oza kubhaptizwa kuhlanga ngalunye, kungakhathaliseki iqela. Oku kwasetyenziswa eKhalifoniya de iNkundla ePhakamileyo yayibetha phantsi ngo 2000 (iCalifornia Democratic Party v. Jones) kwimiqathango yokuba iphule amalungelo amaqela okuHlalisa uLawulo lokuqala lwenkululeko yomanyano. Namhlanje, ii-Premitria asetyenziswanga kwimist station jikelele, kodwa uguqulo olubizwa ngokuba "phezulu-2" luye lwayithatha indawo yazo kwezinye iindawo.

IiPrintari eziPhezulu- Kwisibini (Nonpartarian)

Ngaphantsi kwendlela ephambili-emibini ephezulu, abatshakazi nabavunyiweyo , abatshakazi abakhoyo. Abaxhasi bayo bangavota nabani na. Abaphezulu abavoti baqhubela phambili kunyulo oluqhelekileyo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba badibene namaqela abo. Le nkqubo isetyenziswa eCalifornia, eWashington, nase Nebraska (kuba ingeyoparatis ofisi). Abaxhasi bayo baphikisa ukuba ikhuthaza ubungcathu ngokunyanzelisa ngokufaka isibheno kucalulo olubanzi lwecandelo lomvoti, kwaye ingenza unyulo oluqhelekileyo nabavoti-Pritants BB2, ababona indlela yokukhupha igripetrog. Abagxeki bemi abachasayo bathi iyakwazi ukushiya amaqela amathathu esithathu kwaye inciphise ukhetho. Kwinkcukacha ezininzi, [FT:0]

Impembelelo yeentlobo eziphambili kwi Voter Turtout kunye nokwenziwa kwemiboniso

Uphando ngeziphumo zemithetho engundoqo lutyhila iipateni ezibalulekileyo. Iziko lophando lubonisa ukuba uphando oluphezulu lubonisa ukuba ngeziphumo ezivulekileyo okanye ezisondeleyo ludla ngokuvelisa abavoti abaphezulu kunabo banamavoti abavaliweyo, ingakumbi phakathi kovoti abancinane nabazimeleyo. Noko ke, ukurhoxa okuphezulu akuthethi ukuba iziphumo ezithelekelelwayo zinokuba ziyakwazi ukuvelisa abangenisi-Rhoxileyo ukuba abalawuli abaphezulu abaphezulu. Ngokuphikisanayo, amacandeli adla ngokuphuma kakhulu kuba abalawuli abancinane kakhulu ngenxa yokuba abavoti abanyuki abancinane nabalawuli abaninzi bathe nangakumbi. Nangona iziphumo ezithe kratya zithelekeleleke kakhulu. Iziphumo ezithe , i-A[FLT:Fostet] kunye neziphumo ze-evolurgos ezitheneyo zinegalelo kakhulu phakathi kwe-ethe , zinokuphinda iziphumo ezithe chaphaneyo, kwaye zinokuthene zemeko ezitheneyo, zinokuveza uluvo oluthe

Isiphelo

Uhlobo lweziqu zelizwe elisetyenziswayo lukude kulwazi oluncinane; lukhetho olusisiseko olubumba ubunjani bomelo lwedemokhrasi. Ukuvula ama-primmary kwandisa ukuthathi-nxaxheba nokufakwa kodwa kubeke iziphumo zenkqubo yezobugcisa kunye nokudityaniswa kwemibutho. Ii-prirmings zikhusela i-comfintent kodwa zingakhuseli abavoti abazimeleyo kodwa zingakwazi ukukhupha iprojekthi ekhoyo. I-sebacritentis ezivaliweyo zinika indlela ephakathi elinganayo elinganayo nezi zizinto zorhwebo-ngaphandle. Ezinye iimodeli, ezifana nemigangatho ephezulu-injini ezimbini ezixutyiweyo, zizama ukugqitha isakhiwo solawulo olupheleleyo. Kunye ulawulo lwezonyango, ukuqonda oku kukwinyathelo lokuqala lokukhuthaza imilinganiselo ehambelana nexabiso lazo lwezopolitiki ezikhula ngokuzinzisayo, ezinye iingxoxo zemithetho ezingundoqo kuphela.

kufundo olubhekele phaya, jongana noshwankathelo lwe-NCS yeendidi ezingundoqo kunye nohlahlelo lwe-Preeting lwe-Previce yaseMelika yotshintsho olungundoqo[.