Ukwazisa: Iliwa Lokuthabatha Inxaxheba Kwidemokhrasi

Amalungelo okuzichaza ngokukhululekileyo kunye nendibano yoxolo alo isiseko salo naliphi na idemokhrasi esebenzayo. Anika abemi amandla okuthetha okungavumelani, ukuxhasa utshintsho, nokugcina amaziko alawulayo ebeke ityala. Ngaphandle kwale nkululeko, abantu basengozini yokuthomalalisa ubuzwilakhe apho amandla ahlala engathintelwa namazwi amancinane athintelwayo. Ukuqonda imvelaphi embali, ukhuseleko olusemthethweni, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwehlabathi lokwenene kwala malungelo oku, akuyondlela nje yemfundo yemfundo yemfundo ephambili, kwaye kuyimfuneko kumntu ngamnye onqwenela ukungenela ubomi obunenjongo. Eli nqaku linikela uphando lwawongaphandle lwamalungelo entlalweni namazwi, ukulandelela indaleko yawo kumaxwebhu amandulo ukuya kumazwe angoku, kunye nokhokelo olusebenzayo lokukhusela ezi nkululeko.

Imvelaphi Yembali: Isusela KwiMagna Carta Kuse KwimiGaqo - siseko Yanamhlanje

Ingcamango yale mihla yamalungelo okuhlanganisa nokuchaza ayizange ivele ngesiquphe. Yakhula kangangeenkulungwane ukulwa nokulwa nokulawula kolawulo lookumkani kunye nengcinezelo yamakoloni. Iziganeko eziphambili zibonisa ukwanda okuthe ngcembe kwenkululeko yomntu ngamnye.

Isiseko Sokuqala: Amatshati akwiXesha Eliphakathi kunye Nokuchasa kwePalamente

uMagna Carta ka1215, ngelixesha isivumelwano soxolo phakathi kukaKumkani John kunye ne-barons ezivukelayo, saseka umgaqo wokuba umlawuli wayengangaphezulu komthetho. Yasungula ukhuseleko lweproceducal olufana nenkqubo efunekayo kunye nokuvavanywa ngabagwebi, kamva oluthe lwaziswa lugunyaziso lwenkululeko ebanzi. Noko ke, aluzange luqinisekise ngokungqalileyo ukuba indibano okanye ukubonakaliswa. Ezo ngcamango zafumana ulwahlulo ngexesha lemfazwe yeSizwe somthonya-Rhulumente kunye neNjonga eGioustious. IBhili yamaLungu yamalungelo e-1689 [[FLT] yaqinisekisa ngokucacileyo ukuba kucelwe umthetho kunye nokuhlanganisa, isithi “oko okuthelelwa kwamaProtestan kulungele ukusetyenziswa kwazo kunye nokusetyenziswa komthetho womthetho waseMelika.

Iinjongo Zokukhanyiselwa Nelinge LaseMerika

Intanda-bulumko ezifana noJohn Locke, Voltaire, noJean jácques Rousseau bachaza iingcamango ezicacileyo zamalungelo emvelo kunye nesivumelwano soluntu, bephikisa ngelithi urhulumente osemthethweni ufumana igunya lakhe ngokuvunyelwa ngabalawulwa. IMvukelo yaseMelika yasebenzisa kakhulu ezi ngcamango. Isindululo seSindululo seNtshukumo (1766] salathisa ilungelo lokutshintsha okanye lokuphelisa urhulumente ocinezela urhulumente ocinezelayo, umgaqo otheneze umva kwenkululeko yokuhlanganisa nokuthetha ngaphandle. Emva kokuzimela kwenkululeko, [[FLT]] IsiHlulo Sokuqala [FLT]] kuMgaqo-mthetho-siseko we-U. (1791) walwalela ngokucacileyo kwimithetho emiselweyo “yokuthetha, okanye ukurhoxakeka koophulwa koophulelo loburhulumente; umgaqo wokuhlanganisa abantu, izicelo zoxolo, ingubondondondondolothothotho, ukuhlanganisa, ukuquququ

Iminikelo yamaFrentshi neyasehlabathini

Ngexesha elinye, iSindululo saseFrench samalungelo abantu kunye nowabemi savakalisa ukuba “unxibelelwano olukhululekileyo lweengcamango kunye neembono zembono lelinye lawona lungelo lixabisekileyo kubantu.” Siqinisekisa wonke ummi ukuba unelungelo lokuthetha, ukubhala, nokushicilela ngokukhululekileyo, kuxhomekeke ekusebenziseni kakubi inkululeko. Ezi zibhengezo zikhuthaza utshintsho emhlabeni wonke, ukusuka kwi-Latin America kwimizabalazo yenkululeko kwi-Asia nakwi-Afrika. Igalelo lembali libonisa ukuba ukugqalwa kwentlanganiso kunye namalungelo entlalo kusoloko kungumthombo wengcinezelo exhathisayo neyo esemthethweni.

Imisebenzi Yesakhelo Esemthethweni: Imbono YaseUnited States

EUnited States, uMphetho Wokuqala uhlala ungoyena uphambili ekukhuseleni indibano nokuchaza indlela echanekileyo, kodwa ukutolikwa kwawo kuye kwaguquka ukutyhubela iinkulungwane zokwenziwa kwemvisiswano nokutshintsha kwebutho labantu.

Iingcebiso zeNkundla ePhakamileyo

IFirst Amendment ifundeka ngolu hlobo: “Inkundla ayiyi kwenza mthetho ungabi namthetho... ovala inkululeko yokuthetha, okanye yamaphephandaba; okanye ilungelo labantu lokuhlanganisana ngoxolo, nokucela uRhulumente ukuba alungise izikhalazo.” INkundla Ephakamileyo isoloko ikholelwa ukuba ezi ntaba zisebenza kurhulumente nakurhulumente wasekuhlaleni ngoMphetho we-145. Amatyala angcuthekisayo aye aguqula imida:

  • NAACP v. Alabama (1958) – INkundla yalamkela ilungelo lokunxulumana licacile kumalungelo okuhlanganisa, ikhusela amalungu e-NAACP kuluhlu lwenkcazelo yengingqi.
  • Brandenburg v. Ohio [1969] – INkundla yaseka ukuba intetho ekhuthaza isenzo esingekho mthethweni ikhuselwa ngaphandle kokuba “ikhokelwe ukukhuthaza okanye ukuvelisa isenzo solwaphulo-mthetho esisemnyango" kwaye isenokukhuthaza eso senzo.
  • Isithili se-Tinker v. Des Moines Independent School Community [1] [1969] – Abafundi “abawancamathiseli amalungelo abo omgaqo-siseko kwinkululeko yokuthetha okanye yokuthetha kwisango lesikolo.] Eli tyala liqinisekisa intetho yomfuziselo efana nezikhonkwane.
  • [[NTL: 0] I-Citizens United v. FEC (2010) – Ngelixesha kudityaniswa, eli tyala landisa ukhuseleko loFile Conduit Amendment kwinkcazo yezopolitiko yezwe jikelele, libonakalisa iingxoxo eziqhubekayo ngobungakanani bokuzichaza ngokukhululekileyo.

Imiqathango Esengqiqweni: Ixesha, Indawo Nendlela Yokulawula

Indibano nentetho ayiphelelanga. Oorhulumente banganyanzela ixesha, indawo, kunye nendlela yokubeka imiqathango equlathekileyo thola, ilungiswe ngokunqamlezileyo, kwaye ishiye eminye imijelo yonxibelelwano eyaneleyo. Umzekelo, isixeko singafuna imvume yeentlanganiso ezinkulu kodwa asinakukwazi ukukhanyela imvume esekelwe kwisigidimi seqela. Imiqathango esekelwe kwimbono yomntu kufuneka ingacaluleki. Imithetho engenakubaluleka iquka imida yengxolo, imida yokuhlola, kunye nemida yesiphatho ejikeleze izikolo okanye izakhiwo zikarhulumente. Ngexesha lonyaka, iinkundla ezininzi ziphakamisa imiqathango yexeshana kwiintlanganiso ezinkulu ngexa kugxininiswa ukuba imiqathango enjalo mayigwetyelwe ngobungqina bempilo nangajongwa.

Iintlobo Ezingakhuselwanga Nezingaphantsi

Ezinye iindidi zentetho zifumana ukhuseleko oluncinane okanye alufumani nto ininzi: ukuphembelela ugonyamelo, izisongelo zokwenyaniso, ukunyelisa, ukuhlambela, “ukulwa amagama angcolileyo.” Ukongezelela, intetho yentengiso (ukuzichasa) kunye nentetho kwimpahla karhulumente inokulawulwa kakhulu. Ukuqonda oku kuthintela abaxhasi bamazwe nokukhusela imigibe esemthethweni ngoxa besebenzisa amalungelo omgaqo-siseko.

Ukukhuselwa kweNdibano neNkxaso yeNkcubeko yeZizwe Ngezizwe

Ngaphandle kweUnited States, izivumelwano ezininzi zezizwe ngezizwe kunye nezixhobo zemimandla ehlukahlukeneyo zikhusela le nkululeko.

ISindululo Sehlabathi Lonke Samalungelo Abantu (UDHR)

I-UDHR yamkelelwa yiNgqungquthela Jikelele yeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo ngowe-1948, ayibopheleleki ngokusemthethweni kodwa iye yakhuthaza izivumelwano ezininzi ezinyanzelisayo. Inqaku le-19 lithi: “Wonk ’ ubani unelungelo lenkululeko yoluvo nentetho; eli lungelo liquka inkululeko yokubamba iimbono ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa nokufuna, ukufumana nokudlulisela ulwazi neengcamango ngayo nayiphi na ijelo-media kwaye kungakhathaliseki ukuba yiyiphi na imida.” Inqaku lama-20 liqinisekisa ngokucacileyo ilungelo kwindibano kunye nentlangano yoxolo. Imigaqo ka-UDHR iphindaphindwa kumthetho wezizwe ezilandelayo.

Umnqophiso Wezizwe Ngezizwe Ngamalungelo Asekuhlaleni Nawamapolitiki (ICCPR)

I-ICCPR (1966) sisivumelwano esisisivumelwano esisisivumelwano esigunyazisiweyo samazwe ali-173. Inqaku lama-21 likhusela ilungelo lokuhlanganisana ngoxolo, phantsi kwemiqathango emiselwe ngumthetho kuphela kwaye eyimfuneko kukhuseleko lwesizwe, ukhuseleko lukawonke wonke, ulungelelwano lukawonke wonke, okanye ukhuseleko lwamalungelo kunye nenkululeko yabanye. ISiqendu 19 sikhusela inkululeko yokuzichaza, kuquka ilungelo lokufuna, ukwamkela, nokudlulisela ulwazi. IKomiti yamaLungelo oluNtlanga yabantu ibonise ukuthotyelwa nokunikwa kwezimvo ezi nkcazelo jikelele. Umzekelo, sichazisile ukuba imiqathango yokuchaza la manqaku imele ilungelelaniswe kwaye ingabi.

Inkqubo yamalungelo abantu yephondo

  • Isivumelwano se-Europe samalungelo abantu – Inqaku 10 likhusela inkululeko yokuchaza; Inqaku le-11 likhusela indibano kunye nomanyano. INkundla yaseYurophu yamalungelo abantu iye yalawula kakhulu kumatyala abandakanya ukuqhankqalaza, ulawulo lwezibonelelo, inkululeko yolawulo, kunye nentetho yezopolitiko.
  • INdibano yaseMerika yaMany malunga namalungelo abantu – Inqaku 13 liqinisekisa inkululeko yokucinga nokuchaza; Inqaku le 15 likhusela ilungelo lendibano yoxolo. INkundla kunye neKhomishoni yeMelika isingatha izibongozo zabantu ngamanye amazwe.
  • IsiTshathi se-Afrika kuMalungelo abantu – Inqaku 9 likhusela ilungelo lokwamkela nokusasaza ulwazi; Inqaku 11 likhusela ilungelo lokuhlanganisa ngokukhululekileyo. IKhomishini yaseAfrika yamalungelo abantu nawabantu ithetha ngokuchasana.

Le nkqubo yengingqi inika amathuba abantu okufuna okusesikweni xa iinkqubo zezomthetho zesizwe zingaphumeleli. Zikwayila isiseko solawulo lwezizwe ngezizwe kunye nengcinezelo koorhulumente.

Iinkqubo neengxaki

Kwezi nkulungwane yama - 21, ukusetyenziswa kwamalungelo endibano nokuchaza izinto kuye kwatshintshwa ngobugcisa, kodwa kwanokoyikiswa ziindlela ezintsha zokuhlola, zokuhlola iinkcubeko nokungalingani kwabantu.

Ixesha Lamanani: Ukuxilongwa Kwabantu Bezopolitiko Nezithuthi

I-Platforms njenge Facebook, Twitter, kunye ne-Telegram ziye zanciphisa ngokuphawulekayo ixabiso lokulungelelanisa. Iiprojekthi ezinjenge- Arabib Spring, Ubomi Obumnyama Machithi[, kwaye [[FLT] [[FLT]] i-UMFOLT] i-UMFOLD [[4] I-UMFOMFO] isebenzisa i-UMALI-UM ukudibanisa imicimbi yentlalo-luvo, ukuhambisa iziganeko, kunye nenkxaso yezizwe ngezizwe. Noko ke, izixhobo zonxibelelwano zinceda oorhulumente ukuba baqhube uqhushululu, ukukhokelela kugonyamelo lwehlabathi. Izigqibo zobugrome ngokweedians: Imiba yodidi lokuqala lwe-D, xa besenza icandelo lomthetho-Advolurtic , kodwa i-Active, kodwa i-Acts.

Imiqathango kaRhulumente: Ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke luchasene neNdibano yamahla

Ukulungelelanisa ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke namalungelo endibano kulucelomngeni olungapheliyo. Ngexesha lesifo se-COVOVIDÍ19, oorhulumente abaninzi bamisela ukuvalwa komsebenzi wokuhlanganisa. Iinkundla ngokuqhelekileyo zaxhasa imiqathango emifutshane, ubungqina obusekelwe kodwa zabulala leyo yabonakala ibhalwe kwangaphambili okanye yabekelwa amaqela athile. Kulawulo olunegunya, njengeTshayina neRashiya, naluphi na uhlobo lwengqungquthela engachananga lusoloko ludityaniswa ngamandla. Naluphi na uhlobo lwedemokhrasi maxa wambi ludityaniswa noluxanduva olunzima. Iqoshanano oluthiweyo lungavumelani nomlinganiselo ofanelekileyo, nongalumele lungangenisemgxeko, kunye noluvo olunogaxeko lwe-UK. [FLT:]

Ukuhlangabezana Neengxaki Zokuthetha Nentiyo

Xa amaqela aneembono eziphikisanayo edibana, ingxwabangxwaba isenokuvela. UHlaliso Lokuqala lukhusela intetho yentiyo ngaphandle kokuba lufikelelwe yingcaciso yokuvuselela okanye izisongelo zokwenyaniso. Kunyaka ka-2017 Udibanise intlanganiso yasekunene [ kwi Charlottesville, Virginia, ingqubano ekhokelela kugonyamelo nokufa. Ukungquzulana okulandelayo kwabalaselisa ubunzima bokunqanda ezo ngxabano ngaphandle kokuchasana nokuthetha ngokukhululekile. Amazwe amaninzi, njengeJamani neKhanada, anemithetho enqanda intetho ethetha intiyo kunye nokukhanyelwa kobunjwa kobuzwe, ukhetho olubonisa amava embalini apho ukutsala umgca oninzi lwemibango zamalungelo abantu.

Ukufundwa Kwetyala Ngendibano Namazwi

Ukuhlolisisa iinkalo ezithile kunceda ekukhanyiseleni ukusebenza kwala malungelo.

IMbutho yaMalungelo aBantwana baseMerika (1954-1968)

Mhlawumbi owona mzekelo ubalulekileyo wendibano enokuthula kwimbali yase-U.S., iNtlanganiso yamaLungelo yangaphakathi yasebenzisa uthetho lwezikhundla zoluntu, ukuhlala phantsi kwe-incaso, kunye nokucel'iii. IMarch eWashington ye Jobs and Free [1933] yatsala abantu abangaphezu kwama-250,000 kwiSikhumbuzo seLincoln, imisela umgangatho woxolo, umyinge-o-oksi. Impumelelo yokudlulisa amatyala i-Rhulumente enesi, kodwa izigqibo zenkundla ezinjenge- ezithiweyo v. South Carolina [1963] iqinisekisa ukuba ukuqhankcana koxolo kwimpahla kawonke ikhuselwe kwintengo yomthetho ye-Ovilence I-1964 kunye nempumelelo yomthetho womthetho womthetho wonyaka ka-196666.

INtwasahlobo yama-Arabhu (2010-2012)

Ukuqalisa eTunisia, ukuqhankqalaza kwasasazeka kuMbindi Mpuma kunye naseMntla Afrika, kusetyenziswa ijelo loluntu ekuphepheni ukukhangelwa kwezoburhulumente. Ukuwa koozwilakhe eTunisia, eYiputa, naseLibya kwabonisa amandla okusebenza ngokumanyeneyo. Noko ke, umphumo waxube: iimfazwe zamakhaya, unikezelo lomkhosi, kunye nolawulo lobuzwilakhe obutsha kumazwe amaninzi. IArabhuan Spring ibonisa ukuba ngoxa indibano kunye namalungelo okuzichazayo kunokuthi kuwise ulawulo-demokhrasi, bona bodwa abanakuqinisekisa ukuguquka kwedemokhrasi. Ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zobugcisa kwadibaniselwano kwaziweyo kwaziwa kwabuya iziphumo zolawulo kunye nolawulo lolawulo lwamazwe amaninzi.

Black Lives Matter (2011-09)

Emva kokugwetywa kukaGeorge Zimmerman ngokubulawa kweTraevon Martin, iBLM yakhula yaba ngumbutho wehlabathi lonke emva kokubulawa kwamapolisa uMichael Brown, uGeorge Floyd, kunye nabanye. Ingvukelo enkulu ehlotyeni 2020/2020----obeyiyo elona likhulu kwimbali yase-U._____ukunyanzeliswa komthetho wokuphucula amapolisa kwizixeko ezininzi nakumazwe amaninzi. I-BLM ikwajongene nemingeni: izityholo zogonyamelo, ukujongo kwamapolisa, kunye neengxoxo zokuthoba amapolisa. Umbutho osetyenziswa kwentlangano ehloniphekileyo kunye noondaba-ndaba-ndaba-ndaba basekuhlaleni ubonakalisa izenzo zale mihla.

Ukukhusela Nokusebenzisa Amalungelo Akho

Ukwazi amalungelo akho asemthethweni linyathelo lokuqala lokuphumelela ekufumaneni imvume. Ngentla ziingcebiso ezisebenzisekayo kubantu ngabanye nakumaqela.

Yazi Imeko Yakho Yasemthethweni

Imithetho iyahluka ngokolawulo. E-United States, ziqhelanise neemfuno zemvume zasekuhlaleni, imithetho yengxolo, kunye nemiqathango kwimpahla kawonke-wonke. I-Libertials zesini saseMelika i-Union (ACLU) inikela ulawulo olucacileyo. I-Abrodude, khangela ukuba ilizwe liyigunyazise na i-ICPR na imithetho yamalungelo abantu. Ukubhala nayiphi na intsebenziswano nomthetho: ividiyo ebhaliweyo, buza ukuba ukhululekile yini ukushiya, kwaye awusayini tyiki amaxwebhu ngaphandle kwesiluleko esisemthethweni. Ikomiti yoluntu enika iinkcukacha ze-webhsayithi ye-webhsayithi yoluntu [[FLT]]

Izivumelwano Zendibano Yoxolo Nempumelelo

  • Lungisa ngokufanelekileyo: ukumiselwa komaqela, ukucetyiswa kweemfuno zonyango, kwaye unxibelelana neenjongo ezicacileyo nemithetho yehambo kwabathabatha inxaxheba.
  • Sebenzisa iziqhagamshelanisi zonxibelelwano ezininzi: Uxhomekeka hayi kuphela kwi intanethi yoluntu kodwa nakwi khowudi efihliweyo yokuthumela imiyalezo njenge impawu ukunqanda ukukhangelwa.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukufumana kwibala eliphikisanayo: Kunokuba ifune uhlalutyo lwembono eziphikisanayo, ezikhoyo ezinye iindlela ezinyanzelayo. Le ndlela iqinisa ixabiso lokuthetha ngokukhululekileyo ngeli lixa ulwa iingcamango eziyingozi.
  • Ukwazi abaphulaphuli bakho: Imiyalezo yeLei ye-injini ezakuvakala kuwonke-wonke, hayi nje abaxhasi abazinikeleyo. Okubonakalayo, uhambo loxolo lusoloko lufumana ulwazelelelo olungaphezulu kunezicwangciso zongquzulwano.

Ukusebenzisana namaBhunga Akhululekileyo

Amaqela anjenge ALU, Amnesty International [, amalungelo abantu Watch[[[FLT:], kunye [[FLT] ne Irekhodicromatic Foundation [[[FLTLT:7]] inikezela inkxaso esemthethweni, ugcino lwamashishini, kunye nokucwangcisa. Kumazwe amaninzi, banikela uqeqesho olusemthethweni lomqwalaseli ukwenzela ukulwa. Ukuxhasa le mibutho ngokwemali okanye njengeevolo yokuzithandela yomeleza indibano yezorhwebo kunye namalungelo eencwadi.

Isiphelo: Ukuhlala uphaphile njengeNtloko yeDemocratic

Ilungelo lokuhlanganisa nokuzichaza ngokukhululekileyo asikokuzikhusela. Kufuna ukhuseleko olusebenzayo lwabemi, iinkundla, kunye nebutho labantu. Imbali ibonisa ukuba oorhulumente badla ngokungenelela kwezi nkululeko ngexesha leengxaki, kwaye amalungelo akhuselekile kuphela xa abantu abaqhelekileyo besebenzisa kwaye bewafuna. Njengoko ubugcisa buphinda buvule isikwere sikawonke-wonke, imingeni emitsha, imingeni emitsha, uhlalutyo lwemithetho-algoric, ukurhoxisa iimpendulo ezintsha. Ngokuqonda iziseko ezisemthethweni, ukufunda kwimibutho yangaphambili, nokuqhelisa ubuchule boxolo, abantu ngabanye banokuba negalelo kwimpucuko echukumila. Umzabalazo wedemo-demokhrasi nentlanganiso ayipheli; isizukulwana ngasinye kufuneka siphinde sigqibe; i-astformation syntarence , systmentiummentalformation.