Table of Contents

Imali karhulumente imela isiseko semali yemisebenzi karhulumente yale mihla, nto leyo eyenza izigidi zabemi zixhomekeke kwimisebenzi yazo yonke imihla. Ukusuka ekulondolozeni iindlela neebhulorho ukuya ekuxhaseni izikolo nezibhedlele, ukuxhasa ngemali kawonke-wonke kuchaphazela phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi bentlalo-ntle. Ukuqonda indlela iinkqubo zikarhulumente ezixhaswa ngayo ngemali kunika ukuqonda okubalulekileyo ngolwalamano oluphakathi kwabaqeqeshi berhafu, amaziko karhulumente, kunye neenkonzo abanikela kuzo abantu kulo lonke ilizwe.

Yintoni Inkxaso Karhulumente?

Imali exhaswa nguwonke wonke ibhekisela kubuncwane bemali obunikezelwa ngamagunya karhulumente ukuxhasa iinkqubo, iinkonzo, kunye neeprojekthi zezibonelelo. Le mali ifumaneka ngokuyintloko kubarhafeli-ntengo kwaye isasazwa kwinkqubo entsonkothileyo yoqingqo-mali, ukuqulunqwa, kunye neenkqubo zolawulo ezilungiselelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba kuxhomekeke kwiindleko zikarhulumente.

Esona siseko salo, inkxaso-mali kawonke-wonke isebenza njengendlela oorhulumente abaphumeza ngayo iimbopheleleko zabo zomgaqo-siseko ukulungiselela intlalo-ntle yoluntu. Enoba kurhulumente, okanye kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni, ibonelela ngenkxaso karhulumente inceda oorhulumente baphumeze iinkonzo eziza kuba nzima okanye ezingenakukwazi ukulungiselela intlangano yabucala ngendlela elungeleleneyo okanye ngokulinganayo.

Ukuqonda le nkqubo kunceda abemi babe nenxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kwiinkqubo zedemokhrasi yaye abasemagunyeni abanyuliweyo baphendulelwe kwizigqibo zolwaphulo-mthetho.

Ingeniso karhulumente ephambili

Iinkqubo zikarhulumente zixhomekeke kwimijelo yengeniso eyahlukeneyo yokugcina imisebenzi nokuxhasa amanyathelo amatsha. Ukuxutywa kweemveliso zengeniso kuyahluka ngokwemigangatho karhulumente, kunye namagunya orhulumente, urhulumente, kunye nasekuhlaleni ngamnye uxhomekeke kwintsebenziswano eyahlukeneyo yerhafu nakweminye imithombo yengeniso.

Irhafu

Irhafu ehlawulwayo imela enye yemithombo emikhulu yengeniso karhulumente wesizwe noorhulumente abaninzi bephondo. Irhafu yengeniso nganye ihlawulwa ngemivuzo, ingeniso, ingeniso yotyalo-mali, nezinye iintlobo zengeniso yomntu ngamnye. Inkqubo yerhafu yemali yequmrhu isebenza kwisakhiwo esinenkqubela, oko kukuthi abanikeli bahlawula ipesenti engaphezulu yengeniso yabo kwirhafu.

Irhafu yerhafu efunyanwa ngamacandelo asekuhlaleni iyatshintshwa rhoqo ngomthetho, yaye imithetho yerhafu iquka intlawulo, iityala, kunye nokungahlawulwa kwerhafu okuchaphazela inani labantu neentsapho ezihlawula ngayo ekugqibeleni. Irhafu yengeniso karhulumente iyahluka kakhulu, amanye amazwe engayiniki rhafu nayiphi na ingeniso ngoxa amanye anemibutho yerhafu elungeleleneyo okanye ebhataleleyo.

Irhafu

Irhafu ehlawulwayo ihlawulwa kwingeniso yeshishini kwaye imela omnye umthombo wengeniso ephambili kwimisebenzi karhulumente. Urhulumente umisela irhafu yengeniso yenkampani kwingeniso yenkampani, ngoxa amazwe amaninzi eqokelela irhafu yenkampani ngexabiso elahlukeneyo. Le rhafu inegalelo ekuxhaseni iinkqubo zikarhulumente ngoxa ikwasebenza njengesixhobo somgaqo-nkqubo wezoqoqosho.

Kusekho impikiswano eqhubekayo ngokuphathelele irhafu, ukhuphiswano lwehlabathi lonke nokulungelelana phakathi kokukhuthaza ushishino nokuvelisa ingeniso eyaneleyo kuwonke wonke.

Irhafu Ethengiswayo Nenkcitho

Iirhafu ezithengwayo zisetyenziswa ekuthengeni iimpahla neenkonzo. Urhulumente noorhulumente basekuhlaleni baxhomekeke kakhulu kwingeniso yerhafu, nangona intlawulo kunye nokungahlawulwa korhwebo kungafani kakhulu kwiimeko ezisemagunyeni. Amanye amazwe akhetha ukutya okanye amayeza agunyazisiweyo kwirhafu yentengiso, ngoxa amanye ehlawula irhafu kwintengiso eninzi.

Iirhafu ezithe ngqo zerhafu ezibalwayo zezorhwebo zempahla efana nepetroli, icuba, utywala nezinto zobunewunewu. Le rhafu isebenza kwiinjongo ezimbini: ukuvelisa ingeniso nokudambisa ukusetyenziswa kwemveliso esenokuba neziphumo ezingalunganga kwintlalo okanye kwimekobume. Ngokomzekelo, irhafu yegasoline, ixhasa izibonelelo zezithuthi ngoxa zikwaphembelela ukuziphatha kokuqhuba.

Irhafu Yempahla

Iirhafu zempahla zingumthombo oyintloko wengeniso kurhulumente wasekuhlaleni, kuquka ubalo-mali, oomasipala, nezikolo. Le rhafu ithathwa ngokusekelwe kwixabiso lezindlu, kwezinye iindawo, kwimpahla enjengezithuthi okanye izixhobo zoshishino.

Ingeniso yerhafu yempahla eqhele ukuquka izikolo zikarhulumente, amapolisa namasebe omlilo, iipaki kunye nezibonelelo zokuzonwabisa, kunye nokugcinwa kwezakhiwo zasekuhlaleni. Irhafu yepropati kunye neendlela zokuhlola izinto zahluka ngokwendawo, kwaye imimandla emininzi inikela ukukhululwa okanye ihla kancinane kubemi abakhulileyo, amagqala, okanye izinto ezisetyenziselwa iinjongo ezithile ezifana nezolimo okanye ukulondolozwa kwembali.

Ukuhlawula Irhafu

Ukubhata irhafu kuqokelelwe kwimiqathango ye-inshorensi ethile yentlalo, ingakumbi i-Social Security neMedicares kumgangatho wesizwe. Le rhafu iqokelelwa kubaqeshi nabasebenzi, ngamnye enikela ngepesenti yemivuzo efikelela kumasuntswana athile engeniso.

Ngokungafaniyo neerhafu zengeniso eqhelekileyo, irhafu ehlawulwayo inikezelwa kwiinkqubo ezithile kwaye ayikho kwimisebenzi karhulumente jikelele. Esi sakhiwo senkxaso-mali sinikezelweyo sinceda ukuqinisekisa ukugcinwa kweenkqubo ze-inshorensi zentlalo ixesha elide, nangona utshintsho lwamanani abantu kunye noothunywashe bezoqoqosho luqhubeka luphakamisa imibuzo ngekamva elingeyomfuneko yeenkqubo zenkxaso-mali.

Iimpuku, Iintle, Neminye Imibandela

Ngaphandle kwerhafu, oorhulumente bangenisa ingeniso ngeendleko ezahlukeneyo nangeendleko zeenkonzo ezithile. Ezi ziquka irhafu zokuhlawula abaqhubi neengcaphephe, iindleko zokwakha noshishino, iimali zenkundla, iihlawulo nezohlwayo, kunye neendleko zomsebenzi zeenkonzo ezifana neendlela ezihlawulwayo, ezothutho zikawonke-wonke, kunye nezokuzonwabisa.

Abanye oorhulumente bavelisa ingeniso kwimithombo yendalo, njenge-oyile kunye negesi, ukuthengiswa kwamaplanga kumazwe kawonke-wonke, okanye amalungelo aweminerali. Ingeniso yemali yemali yengqesho karhulumente nezinye ingeniso zemali inika ingeniso eyongezelelekileyo kwezinye iindawo.

Inkqubo Yoqingqo-mali Olumanyeneyo

Inkqubo yoqingqo-mali yesizwe isebenza kunyaka wokonga ophakathi konyaka osusela kuOktobha 1 ukusa kuSeptemba 30, efuna ukulungelelaniswa okunzulu phakathi kwamasebe karhulumente aphetheyo nawamagunya owiso-mthetho.

Isicelo sohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali sobuMongameli

Umongameli unikela isicelo soqingqo-mali esinenkcukacha kwiKhomishini yoMvulo wokuqala ngoFebruwari. Olu xwebhu lunentsingiselo luchaza izinto eziza kuqala kulawulo kunye nezicelo zengeniso zonyaka ozayo wonyaka wemali.

Amasebe omanyano aqalisa ukulungiselela uqingqo-mali olulandelayo phantse kamsinya nje emva kokuba uMongameli ethumele olokugqibela kwiBhunga, i-Ofisi Yolawulo noHlahlelo loLawulo ngokusemthethweni iqala inkqubo ngokuthumela ukhokelo kumasebe alawulayo kwintwasahlobo. Eli xesha lide livumela abameli ukuba bahlolisise ngenyameko iimfuno zabo baze bavelise ugwebo olunenkcukacha kwizicelo zabo zemali.

Isicelo soqingqo-mali somongameli sisebenza njengendawo yokuqala kwiingxubusho zombutho, nangona iBhunga linganyanzelwanga luncomelo lomongameli kwaye lisoloko lenza iinguqu ezinkulu ukubonisa ezona zibalulekileyo zemithetho.

Isisombululo sohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali lweKhomishini

Akukho nxalenye yomthetho emisela uqingqo-mali lwaminyaka le; kunoko, iKhomishini yenza izigqibo zerhafu nemali ngokwezenzo ezahlukeneyo zomthetho. UMthetho woHlahlo-mali lweNkxaso ka-1964 umisela inkqubo yangaphakathi ebizwa ngokuba sisigqibo soqingqo-mali sombutho weBhunga lokuqulunqa nokunyanzelisa icebo elipheleleyo nyaka ngamnye lokusebenza kumthetho woqingqo-mali.

Umiselo lwesigqibo soqingqo-mali lumisela imigangatho yokusebenzisa imali jikelele kwaye lunika isiseko seesigqibo ezilandelayo.

Ingxelo ehambisana nesisombululo soqingqo-mali iquka ithebhile ebizwa ngokuba ngu "302 (a)" efuna ukuchithwa kwemali ebekwe ngokwemisebenzi kwisigqibo soqingqo-mali ize isasazwe yikomiti eququzelela intlanganiso endaweni yoko, neetafile zendlu nendlu yendlu yendlu, ezohlukayo ekubeni ulawulo lwekomiti lwahluka phakathi kwamagumbi amabini.

IiMpawu zoKhangelo

IBhunga limiselwe ukwenza isisombululo soqingqo-mali kunye namatyala ali-12 emali yonyaka ngamnye wemali karhulumente.

Inkqubo yokucalucalucalulo ibandakanya uhlolo oluneenkcukacha ngeekomiti ezizizo ezihlola izicelo ezikhethekileyo zombutho, ezimamela namagosa, zenze izigqibo malunga nemigangatho yemali ukwenzela iinkqubo nganye. Emva kokwamkela isigqibo soqingqo-mali, iBhunga liqwalasela iindleko zemali zonyaka, ezixhasa iinkqubo ezigunyazisa ukuphuma konyaka ozayo.

Nangona kungekho sisohlwayo sokuphoswa kwexesha loqingqo-mali, le nkqubo ifanele icace, ide inikezele isicelo soqingqo-mali ekuqaleni kukaFebruwari kunye neNgqungquthela ekhusela imali nguOct 1, kodwa eqhelisela, iphothiwe kukulibazisa nokuphikisana.

Izigqibo Eziqhubekayo Nokucinywa Kukarhulumente

Xa iKhomishini ingaphumeleli ukugqithisa amatyala okuphendulana ngokuqalisa konyaka wesityalo, kufuneka idlulise izigqibo eziqhubekayo ukulondoloza imisebenzi karhulumente. La manyathelo okwexeshana enkxaso-mali agcina ukusetyenziswa kwemali kumgangatho ongaphambili de kufakwe izicelo zonyaka opheleleyo.

Inkqubo yezicelo zeFY26 yantsonkotha ngothotho lwezigqibo eziqhubekayo, amarhe okupheliswa kweNtloko, ukuvalwa kwe-Greyista, ukuvalwa kwe-Congression longress, nokuvalwa koorhulumente kweentsuku ezingama-34. Ukuphazamiseka okunjalo kungenza ukuba amasebe karhulumente nemibutho nabantu abaxhomekeke kwiinkqubo zikarhulumente.

Ukuba iKhomishini iyasilela ukugqithisa amatyala ahlawulweyo okanye isigqibo esiqhubekayo, amasebe karhulumente achaphazelekayo kufuneka avale imisebenzi engeyomfuneko, abasebenzi abahlalisayo kunye neenkonzo zokumisa de iphinde ihlaziywe.

Iintlobo zemali esetyenziswa ngurhulumente

Iindleko zikarhulumente zikwicandelo elahlukileyo, nganye ilawulwa yimithetho neenkqubo ezahlukeneyo. Ukuqonda ezi ntlobo kubalulekile ekuqondeni indlela imali karhulumente eyabelwe ngayo nelawulwa ngayo.

Ukusebenzisa Imali Ekrelekrele

Ukusebenzisa imali ngobukrelekrele kuquka iinkqubo ezifumana iingxelo zonyaka ezivela kwiiNgqungquthela.

Iinkqubo eziqwalaselweyo zinezabelo ezimiselwe ngonyaka ezimisela umgangatho opheleleyo wemali ezinokunikela ngayo kulo nyaka-mali. Ingqungquthela ilawula ngokuthe ngqo ukusetyenziswa kwemali eqingqiweyo ngokwenkqubo yonyaka yokucazululwa, ivumela abenzi bemithetho ukuba balungelelanise inkxaso-mali ngokusekelwe kwizinto eziza kuqala kunye neemeko zomgangatho ophezulu.

Ukuchitha imali eqikelelwayo kubangela ukuba imali epheleleyo yesithathu yemali karhulumente isetyenziswe, nangona eli nani liye lancipha ngokuhamba kwexesha njengoko iinkqubo zokuchitha imali ezinyanzelekileyo zikhula.

Ukusebenzisa Imali Eqhelekileyo

Ukusetyenziswa kwemali, okukwabizwa ngokuba yimali echithwa ngqo okanye esemthethweni, iinkqubo zemali apho ingeniso nemigangatho eyingenelo isekwa ngomthetho osisigxina kunokuba imiselwe rhoqo ngonyaka. Iinkqubo zokusetyenziswa kwemali ezingundoqo ziquka uKhuseleko loLuntu, iMedicare, iMedicaid kunye nenkqubo yeNkcubeko yeNcubeko.

Inkqubo yokulawula ukusetyenziswa kwemali enyanzelekileyo ayisebenzi kakuhle ukulawula inkcitho ebangelwa yimithetho ekhoyo, njengoko utshintsho kumgangatho wokusebenzisa imali ngokuthe ngqo lufuna ukumiswa komthetho omtsha oza kutshintsha indlela yokusebenzisa imali elungele ukusetyenziswa kwemali kunye nentlawulo yocwangciso oluyingenelo.

Ukusetyenziswa kwemali ngoku kumela ukusetyenziswa kwemali karhulumente yaye kuyaqhubeka kukhula njengoko inani labemi linyuka kunye neendleko zonyango. Ukulawula ukusetyenziswa kwemali efunekayo kufuna utshintsho kucwangciso lomthetho, olunokuba lucelomngeni lwezobupolitika olunikwa ukuthandwa kweenkqubo ezininzi ezifanelekileyo.

Umdla Kwityala Lesizwe

Urhulumente wesizwe kufuneka ahlawule inzala kwimali ayibolekile ukuhlawula iindleko zexesha elidlulileyo. Imali yomdla imela isabelo esikhulayo semali karhulumente yaye inqunyulwa ngokomlinganiselo wetyala lesizwe nenzala exhaphakileyo kunokuba ibe zizigqibo zezicelo zonyaka ngamnye.

Njengoko ityala lesizwe liye lakhula kwaye inzala itshintsha-tshintsha, intlawulo yenzala ithatha inxalenye ekhulayo yoqingqo-mali lwesizwe, enokuba yimiqathango ekhoyo yokuphelisa izinto eziza kuqala. Olu didi lokusebenzisa imali ngokusisiseko alunyanzelekile, njengoko urhulumente enyanzelekile ukuba enze ezi ndleko kubabambi-mali.

Ukuzimela nokuboleka urhulumente

Xa imali echithwa ngurhulumente ingaphezulu kwengeniso yonyaka onikiweyo, ilahleko ebangelwa yimali yoqingqo-mali kufuneka ihlawulwa ngokuboleka. Urhulumente wengingqi uboleka imali ngokukhupha iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zemali, kuquka iimali zeTreasure, amaphetshana, kunye namatyala.

Abanikeli beemali bathengwa ngabantu ngabanye, imibutho, oorhulumente bamanye amazwe, kunye neFederal Reserve.

Ukuboleka urhulumente kuvumela ukuba kubekho ulungelelwano ekulawuleni inkqubo yemali, kunceda ukusetyenziswa kwemali ngexesha lokudodobala kwezoqoqosho okanye kongxamiseko yesizwe ngaphandle kokunyusa irhafu ngoko nangoko. Noko ke, iintsilelo ezizingisileyo zikhokelela ekuqokeleleni amatyala esizwe, nto leyo ebangela iingxaki zexesha elide eziquka intlawulo yenzala ephezulu kunye neengxaki ezinokwenzeka kwiinketho yenkqubo yexesha elizayo.

Ingxoxo engomlinganiselo ofanelekileyo wetyala likarhulumente ibandakanya ukuqwalasela izinto ezidibeneyo: imfuneko yotyalo - mali noncedo lukawonke - wonke, inkxalabo ngokulondolozwa kwemali, imiphumo yezoqoqosho yokuboleka irhafu nokuboleka, nemibuzo elinganayo ngokudlulisa iimbopheleleko zamatyala kubaqeshi berhafu bexesha elizayo.

Ulwalamano oluNcedayo

Imali kawonke-wonke ayihambi nje kuphela ukusuka kwabarhafu ukuya kurhulumente kodwa ikwahamba phakathi kwemigangatho eyahlukeneyo karhulumente. Oku kufuduswa koorhulumente kudlala indima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yorhulumente waseMerika.

Iminikelo yomanyano eMasikweni naseMhlabeni

Urhulumente unika urhulumente inkxaso eninzi kwimali karhulumente nakoorhulumente basekuhlaleni ngeenkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokubonelela ngeenkonzo.

Inkxaso-mali eManyano ilungiselela iinkqubo eziquka iinkqubo zeMbango yoNyaka yoLuntu neNkqutyana yeNkcubeko yeNkcubeko, iJaji kunye neNkqubo yokuHlanganisa iNgxelo yeMicimbi yeMbali, iNkqubo yeSigqeba soRhulumente u-Alien Arce, iNkqubo ye-Criminal Alcionation Iproject i-Proging yeNkqumrhu loLungu-Pronomey, kunye neByrne Memorial Justice Grant Grant.

Izibonelelo zomanyano zikho ngeendlela ezininzi. Izibonelelo ezizizo zinika inkxaso-mali yeenjongo ezikhethekileyo nezicacisiweyo ezineemfuno zikarhulumente ezineenkcukacha. Izibonelelo zinika ubuchule obungakumbi, zivumela urhulumente noorhulumente basekuhlaleni ukuba bamisele indlela yokusebenzisa imali kwimimandla ebanzi yenkqubo. IFormula inika inkxaso esekelwe kwimiqathango emiselwe kwangaphambili efana nabemi okanye amanani obuhlwempu, ngoxa ukhuphiswano lufuna izicelo kunye nemali esekelwe kwiprojekthi.

Uncedo lukaRhulumente koorhulumente basekuhlaleni

Kwakhona oorhulumente banika oorhulumente imali ephawulekayo, ingakumbi ukuze bafumane imfundo. Uncedo lukarhulumente lunceda ukulingana kwemithombo yemali kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ezihlala abantu abanemigangatho eyahlukeneyo yerhafu, luqinisekisa ukuba abemi abakumazwe angenazityebi bayakwazi ukufumana iinkonzo zikawonke-wonke ezaneleyo.

Iindlela zokusasaza uncedo lwezizwe ziyahluka-hluka kakhulu, zibonisa izinto eziza kuqala kumazwe ahlukeneyo neentanda-bulumko zobupolitika. Amanye amazwe axhasa oorhulumente basekuhlaleni, ngoxa amanye elindele ukuba iindawo zixhomekeke kakhulu kwingeniso yawo.

Imali ekhethekileyo enenjongo nengeniso enikezelweyo

Oorhulumente abaninzi bamisela imali ekhethekileyo esetyenziselwa iinjongo ezithile, yaye le mali ifumaneka kwimithombo emiselweyo yaye inokusetyenziswa kwimisebenzi egunyazisiweyo.

Umzekelo, ingeniso yemali yezothutho ifumaneka kwirhafu yepetroli nakwimirhumo yezithuthi kunye nemali yolwakhiwo nogcino-mali esetyenziswa kwiindlela zohola wendlela. Imali yemfundo isenokufumana ingeniso enikezelweyo yelottery okanye ezinye imithombo ezichaziweyo zengeniso. Le nkxaso inika ukuzinza nokuxelwa kwangaphambili kweenkqubo ezibalulekileyo ngoxa kuthintelwa ukuguquka komthetho ukuze kuthunyelwe izibonelelo.

Ukubonelela ngenkxaso kawonke-wonke kwiingingqi ezinkulu zocwangciso

Ukuqonda indlela imali exhaswa nguwonke wonke exhasa ngayo iinkalo ezithile zocwangciso kuya kusinceda sibone indlela eziluncedo ngayo izigqibo zikarhulumente.

Ukubonelela ngeNkxaso yeDSD

Imfundo yenye yezona ndawo zikhulu zemali karhulumente, ingakumbi kumgangatho karhulumente nakummandla wasekuhlaleni. Izikolo zikarhulumente zifumana inkxaso-mali ngerhafu yempahla yasekuhlaleni, uncedo lukarhulumente nangemali ehlawulwa ngurhulumente.

Ukudityaniswa kwemithombo yemali kuyahluka-hluka kakhulu kwiingingqi zephondo nakwezikolo. Amanye amaphondo anikela ngemali yesikolo ngoncedo lukarhulumente, ngoxa amanye exhomekeke kakhulu kwirhafu yempahla yasekuhlaleni. Oku kunokubangela umahluko omkhulu kwimali echithwayo phakathi kobutyebi namahlwempu.

Inkxaso-mali yemfundo yomanyano, ngoxa imele inxalenye encinane yokuchitha imali yonke, ixhasa iinkqubo ezibalulekileyo eziquka ukunceda abafundi abasweleyo, iinkonzo zemfundo ezikhethekileyo, iinkqubo zokufumana inkxaso-mali yesikolo, kunye noncedo lwezemfundo oluphezulu. Iinkqubo zakutshanje zemfundo ziquka ulwandiso lwee-$5M kudweliso lomntwana nophuhliso lwenkqubo ye-R2,831 yezigidi zezigidi kunye nolwandiso lwe-$85M lweNqalo Yokuqala yeHead ye-R372,000 yezigidi zezigidi ze-$.357.

Imali yezonyango

Unyango lumela indawo ekhula ngokukhawuleza yenkcitho karhulumente, eqhutywa ziinkqubo kuquka iMedicare, iMedicaid, kunye neNkqubo yeInshorensi yempilo yabantwana. IMedicare ibonelela nge-inshorensi yempilo yabalupheleyo kunye nabantu abathile abakhubazekileyo, ngokuxhaswa ngemali ngerhafu ehlawulwayo kunye nerhafu.

Inkqubo kaMedicaid, inkqubo edityanisiweyo yesizwe sesizwe, ibonelela ngenkcazo yonyango kubantu ngabanye abafumana imali encinane kunye neentsapho. Urhulumente unqongophele urhulumente uMedicaid uchitha imali eninzi ngexabiso elahlukeneyo, namazwe ahlwempuzekileyo afumana iipesenti ezilinganayo zorhulumente.

Iinkqubo zonyango lukawonke-wonke, uphando lwezamayeza oluvela kumaqumrhu anjengeNational Institutes of Health, kunye noqeqesho lwabezonyango lwabasebenzi lukwafumana inkxaso-mali kawonke-wonke. Isifo se-COVID-19 sibalaselisa ukubaluleka okubalulekileyo kwezibonelelo zonyango loluntu kunye nokuxhotyiswa kwemali ngongxamiseko.

Ingeniso

Inkxaso-mali yezothutho, amanzi nezixhobo zokulahla amanzi, iinkqubo zokunika amandla kunye neenkqubo zothungelwano. Ezi ngeniso zibalulekile ukuze kubekho ukhuphiswano nomgangatho wobomi kodwa zisoloko zijongene neengxaki zemali ngenxa yokukhuphisana koqingqo-mali.

Inkxaso-mali yezothutho ifumana kwimithombo enikezelweyo equka irhafu yepetroli kunye neendleko zezithuthi, ezongezelelwe yingeniso jikelele nokuboleka. Iinkqubo zamanzi nenkunkuma zixhaswa ngemali ngemirhumo yomsebenzisi nangemirhumo, urhulumente kunye norhulumente exhasa inkqubela-phambili

Umthetho wezibonelelo wakutshanje uye walungiselela inkxaso-mali entsha epheleleyo yeendlela, iibhulorho, ezothutho, i-intanethi ebanzi, izithuthi ezibiza izithuthi zombane, kunye neeprojekthi zokuzinzisa imozulu, ezimela utyalo-mali lukawonke-wonke olubalulekileyo ekuphuculeni iinkqubo zesiseko sobuhlaziyo saseMerika.

Iinkonzo zoNtlalo kunye neenkqubo zenethwekhi yoKhuseleko

Inkxaso-mali karhulumente ixhasa uludwe lweenkonzo zoluntu kunye neenkqubo zokukhusela ezilungiselelwe ukunceda abantu abasengozini nokukhuthaza ukhuseleko lwezoqoqosho.

Inkqubo yoncedo lweNtshono-ntle yoMthatho-ntle inika uncedo lokutya kwizigidi zabantu baseMerika abafumana imali ephantsi. Iinkqubo zoncedo lwezindlu zinceda iintsapho ukuba zifumane indawo yokuhlala ekhuselekileyo ngezixhobo zokuqinisekisa, izindlu zikawonke-wonke, kunye nenkxaso kuphuhliso lwezindlu ezingabizi mali. Iintsapho ezifuna uncedo lwexeshana zinika uncedo lwemali kunye neenkonzo zomsebenzi kwiintsapho ezinabantwana.

Ezi nkqubo zisebenza njengezizinzisi ezizenzekelayo ebudeni bokudodobala kwezoqoqosho, njengoko inani labantu abangasebenzi lisanda yaye lincipha ngexesha lokukhula kwezoqoqosho.

Ukhuseleko Loluntu Nokusesikweni

Ukunyanzeliswa komthetho, iinkundla, ukulungiswa, kunye neenkonzo zongxamiseko zimela iindawo ezibalulekileyo zokuchitha imali kawonke-wonke, ingakumbi kumgangatho karhulumente nakummandla wasekuhlaleni.

Imigudu yoncedo yorhulumente kunye nokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke yasekuhlaleni ngokunika iinkqubo zokuxhasa amapolisa oluntu, ukuthintelwa kolwaphulo-mthetho, iinkonzo zamaxhoba, kunye nenkqubo yokulawula imicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho. Ulawulo lwexesha likaxakeka kunye nokusabela kwintlekele kukwafuna utyalo-mali olubalulekileyo lukawonke-wonke, ngoncedo lwamaqumrhu olukhoyo lweentlekele ezinkulu ezigqitha urhulumente kunye nobuchule basekuhlaleni.

Ukusetyenziswa kohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali nokuphendula

Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba imali kawonke wonke isetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo nangempumelelo kufuneka uphando oluqatha noxanduva.

Ulawulo lomthetho

Amaqumrhu agunyazisa umthetho kuwo onke amanqanaba okuziphatha korhulumente kolawulo lwamasebe aphetheyo neenkqubo. Oku kujongwa kubandakanya ukuchongwa koqingqo-mali, uhlolo lwenkqubo, uphando lokungalungisi okanye ukuqhatha, kunye nohlolo lwemibutho esetyenziswayo.

Iikomiti zeKhonklamfa ziqulunqa iinkundla kunye namagosa esebe ukuze zihlole iinjongo zokusetyenziswa kwemali kunye neeziphumo zocwangciso. Iindlu zowiso-mthetho namabhunga asekuhlaleni enza imisebenzi efanayo yokuvelela, zihlola indlela abameli abayisebenzisa ngayo imali efanelekileyo nokuba iinkqubo ziphumeze iziphumo ezicetyiweyo.

Uphicotho-zincwadi novavanyo

Ababali-mali abazimeleyo bahlolisisa iingxelo zemali zikarhulumente kunye nemisebenzi yenkqubo ukuqinisekisa ukuthobela imithetho nemimiselo. I-Ofisi ye-Akhawunti yoRhulumente isebenza njengophicotho-zincwadi novavanyo lwengalo yeBhunga, ukuqhuba izifundo zeenkqubo zorhulumente nokucebisa ukuphuculwa.

Ababali-mali besizwe kunye nemisebenzi yophicotho-zincwadi lwasekuhlaleni yenza indima efanayo nakweminye imigangatho karhulumente. Olu xwebhu lunceda ekuboneni inkunkuma, ubuqhetseba, nokuxhatshazwa ngoxa lubalaselisa amathuba okuphucula inkqubo nokusebenza kwayo.

Ukufumaneka okucace gca kunye nokufikelela koluntu

Ubugcisa bezi mini buye banceda abantu bafumane ulwazi lwemali. IiWebsite ezifana neUSAsniting.gov zinika iinkcukacha ezineenkcukacha zemali esetyenziswa ngurhulumente, zivumela abemi ukuba balandelele indlela ezisetyenziswa ngayo ii-dola zerhafu. Urhulumente noorhulumente abaninzi basekuhlaleni bagcina ii-portast ezibonisa intelekelelo ezifanayo.

Amanyathelo oqingqo - mali avulel ’ umngeni akhuthaza ukudityaniswa koqingqo - mali lwabemi, enza amaxwebhu oqingqo - mali afikeleleke ngakumbi naqondakalayo.

Iingxaki Ekuxhaseni Imali

Iinkqubo zemali zikarhulumente zijamelana nocelomngeni oluninzi olubangela ukuba umgudu wokwenza oovimba abaneleyo kwiinkonzo zikarhulumente ube nzima ngoxa ukulondoloza imali.

Ingeniso

Ingeniso karhulumente iyaguquguquka ngokweemeko zezoqoqosho, nto leyo ebangela ukungaqiniseki koqingqo-mali. Ukuhla kwemali nokuqokelelwa kwerhafu ngexesha lokudodobala kwezoqoqosho, ukunyanzelisa izigqibo ezinzima ngokusetyenziswa kwemali echithwayo okanye ukusetyenziswa kwezinqongopheleyo. Ukuphumelela kwezoqoqosho kunokubangela intsalela yengeniso, kodwa ukuthembela kwingeniso yengeniso yexeshana ehlala ihleli kwimiqathango yoqingqo-mali yexesha elizayo kunokubangela iingxaki zoqingqo-mali.

Ezinye imithombo yengeniso zitshintshatshintsha kakhulu. Ngokomzekelo, irhafu yekomkhulu ingafumaneka ngokusekelwe kurhwebo lwemali. I-oyile nerhasi zixhomekeke kumaxabiso ezinto ezinokutshintsha ngokukhawuleza.

Iingcinezelo Ezinde Zexesha Elide

Utyekelo lobomi babantu, ingakumbi abantu abalupheleyo, ludala iingcinezelo zexesha elide zoxinzelelo lwemali njengenkcitho yempilo kunye neendleko zocwangciso lokuhlala umhlala-phantsi zikhula ngokukhawuleza kunengeniso. Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kusenokufuna utyalo-mali lukawonke-wonke oluninzi olulungelelanisa nokuzinziswa kogcino-mali kunye neemfuno zemali.

Ugcino olunetyala lwezibonelelo ludala ulwando olukhulayo lolungiso olufunekayo nolwabasebenzi abafunekayo. Intengiso yabasebenzi boluntu imele ithathe inxaxheba kwimiqathango emide ekufuneka ixhaswe njengoko ezinye iingcinezelo zoqingqo-mali zisanda.

Uxinezeleko Olubangelwa Yimali Esetyenziswa Karhulumente

Iingcinezelo zoqingqo-mali ezikhoyo zingakhokelela ekunciphiseni uncedo kurhulumente nakoorhulumente basekuhlaleni, zinyanzelisa ukhetho olunzima malunga nomgangatho wenkonzo okanye ukwanda kwerhafu yasekuhlaleni. Imiqathango engagunyaziswanga, apho urhulumente abeka imigangatho ephezulu kwiimfuno ngaphandle kokubonelela ngemali eyaneleyo, urhulumente noqingqo-mali lwasekuhlaleni.

Ukutshintsha kwezoqoqosho namanani abantu kuchaphazela imimandla eyahlukeneyo, ekubeni ezinye iindawo zikhula zize ziphumelele ngoxa ezinye zijongene noxinezeleko noxinezeleko. Oku kwenza imigudu enzima ukuqinisekisa iinkonzo zikawonke-wonke ezaneleyo kulo lonke uluntu.

Uxinezeleko Lwezobupolitika

Ukwenziwa kwepesentisan kunye norhulumente owahlulekileyo kunokwenza kube nzima ukufikelela kwisivumelwano kuhlahlo-lwabiwo-mali oluphambili kunye nenkqubo yokungaqiniseki. Inkqubo yoqingqo-mali yesizwe iphawulwa ngokukhula kukungaqiniseki kunye neengxoxo eziphikisanayo zokuchitha izinto eziphambili kunye nentsilelo. Ukuvalwa korhulumente kunye nohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali lokugqibela kudala ukungaqiniseki nokungafezeki.

Iintshukumisa zezobupolitika zexeshana zisenokungqubana nokungalondolozi okuzinzileyo, njengoko amagosa anyuliweyo ejamelene nengcinezelo yokwandisa imali okanye ukusika iirhafu ngaphandle kokuthetha ngokungabi nakulinganiswa koqingqo-mali oluphantsi kwesakhiwo.

Ukuhlaziywa kweNgxowa-mali kaRhulumente

Oorhulumente bazama iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokulungisa iingxaki zemali baze baphucule ukulondolozwa kwemali.

Uhlahlo-lwabiwo-mali olusekelwe kumsebenzi

Uhlahlelo olusekelwe ekusebenzeni koqingqo-mali olunxulumene neenkqubo zenkxaso-mali, ukugxininisa iziphumo zeziphumo kunezinto ezingeyonto ezingeyongenelelo. Le ndlela ifuna ukuba kwenziwe okucacileyo kunye nohlolo oluthe rhoqo lokuba iinkqubo ziphumeze iinjongo ezicetyiweyo.

Ngeli xesha ingqiqo inomtsalane, ukusetyenziswa koqingqo-mali olusekelwe kubuchule bokwenza umsebenzi, kubandakanya iingxaki eziquka ubunzima bokulinganisa iziphumo zezinye iinkqubo, ixesha eliphantsi phakathi kwenkcitho neziphumo, kunye nempembelelo yoonobangela bangaphandle kwinkqubo.

Umanyano

Umanyano lwamaqumrhu oluntu oluzimeleyo olusebenzisa iqumrhu loluntu kunye nobuchule beeprojekthi zezibonelelo kunye nokunikezelwa kweenkonzo. La malungiselelo angakhawulezisa ukugqitywa kweprojekthi kwaye adlulisele iingozi ezithile kumaqabane azimeleyo, nangona ekwaphakamisa imibuzo malunga nokuphendula koluntu kunye nexabiso lexesha elide.

Ubuhlobo obuphumelelayo bufuna ukuba kwenziwe isivumelwano esifanelekileyo, kuqhubeke kusenziwa ulwalathiso, kuze kucace ukuba ubani ufanele abeke iimbopheleleko neengozi phakathi kwamaqabane kawonke wonke nawabucala.

Ezinye iimvelaphi zengeniso

Amanye amagunya ahlola imithombo emitsha yengeniso eyongezelelekileyo kwirhafu yesithethe. Le misebenzi iquka ukuxinana kwengeniso yendlela, irhafu yekharbon okanye iinkqubo ze-capteand, irhafu yogcino-lwazi kwiinkonzo zamanani, ukwenziwa ngokomthetho kunye nerhafu yemisebenzi eyayingavumelekanga ngaphambili.

Imithombo nganye yengeniso echaseneyo ibandakanya ukuthengiselana ngokulinganayo, ukuhambela phambili kwezoqoqosho, ukuntsonkotha kolawulo, nokungafezeki kwezobupolitika. Kufuneka uhlalutyo locoselelo ukuze kuhlolwe enoba imithombo emitsha yengeniso ingabonelela ngemali exhaswayo na ngoxa kuncitshiswa iziphumo ezingezizo.

Indima Yabemi Kwizigqibo Zokuxhasa Uluntu

Kumazwe alawulwa ngedemokhrasi, abemi banendima ebalulekileyo ekuphembeleleni izigqibo zokuxhasa ngemali ngokhetho, ngokuqhatha, nangokuba nenxaxheba kwinkqubo yoqingqo - mali.

Ukuphendula

Unyulo lunika abemi amathuba okuba baphendule amagosa anyuliweyo kwizigqibo zokuhlawula ityala. Iziphumo zichaza iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuhlawula irhafu nokusebenzisa imali, kwaye abavoti bakhetha abameli ababeka izinto eziza kuqala kwindawo yokuqala ngokwemilinganiselo yabo.

Amanyathelo okuvota kwiimeko ezininzi avumela abemi ukuba bavote ngokuthe ngqo kwirhafu nangemali, ukususela esikolweni ukuya kwinkxaso-mali yesiseko ukuya kwimiqathango yerhafu. Ezi nkqubo zedemokhrasi zinika abemi impembelelo ekhawulezileyo kwiinkqubo zemali.

Ubungqina

Uqingqo-mali lukawonke-wonke, iiholo zeedolophu, kunye namaxesha okugqabaza avumela abemi ukuba bavakalise izimvo zokusebenzisa izinto eziza kuqala. Imibutho yoosomashishini isebenza ukuphembelela izigqibo zoqingqo-mali ngokuphathelele iiprojekthi ezithile okanye iinjongo zenkqubo.

Urhulumente unokukhuthaza ukuganana ngokuthethana, ngokufikelela kwiintlanganiso nokuqwalasela imibandela yoluntu.

Ukuqonda Iindleko Zorhwebo Loqingqo - mali

Ukuze ummi akwazi ukuhlawula imali eninzi, kufuneka azi ukuba ininzi imali ayichithayo okanye ayihlawuli, enoba isetyenziswa ngemali encinane ukuze kufunyanwe ezinye iinkqubo, irhafu ephakamileyo, ukuboleka imali eninzi okanye ukuhlawula irhafu.

Iindlela zoqingqo-mali zokubhala nokubhala zinceda abemi balapho baqonde indlela urhulumente asebenza ngayo, iindleko zeenkonzo nendlela eyahluke ngayo imiqathango echaphazelekayo echaphazela uluntu. Oku kunceda abantu bakwazi ukuthatha inxaxheba kwimicimbi yezolawulo-moya.

Ukukhangela Phambili: Ikamva Lokuxhasa Ngowonke - wonke

Ikamva lemali kawonke wonke liya kuphenjelelwa kukutshintsha kwamanani abantu, ubugcisa, inkqubela yezoqoqosho nokuzalisekisa amathemba abantu ngendima karhulumente.

Ukwaluphala kwamazwe amaninzi aphucukileyo kuya kunyusa imfuneko yokunyamekela impilo nokuthatha umhlala-phantsi ngoxa kusenokunciphisa ukwanda kwezoqoqosho nerhafu. Ukutshintsha kwemozulu kuya kufuna uluntu lukwazi ukutshintsha, lukwazi ukumelana nemeko, lukwazi nokutshintsha kucoceke.

Utshintsho lobugcisa lungavelisa amathuba amatsha engeniso ngerhafu yeenkonzo zemivo kunye nogcino-lwazi, ngoxa kuphazamisa ingeniso yemveli yemveli njengoko izithuthi zombane zichaphazela umsebenzi kwaye izithuthi zombane zinciphisa ukuqokelelwa kwerhafu yepetroli. Ubuchule bokwenza ubuchule kunye nogcino-lwazi lungaphucula ubuchule bukarhulumente kunye nolawulo lwerhafu.

Ukungalingani okukhulayo kuphakamisa imibuzo ngokuphathelele inkqubela yerhafu nokusasazwa kweengenelo zikawonke wonke.

Ukusingatha iingxaki zexesha elide kuza kufuna ukhetho olunzima ekusebenziseni izinto eziza kuqala, imithombo yengeniso, kunye nolungelelwano phakathi kweemfuno zangoku kunye nokulondolozwa kwekamva. Impumelelo iya kuxhomekeka kulawulo lwezopolitiko, ukuganana kwabantu ngolwazi, nokuvuma ukwenza urhwebo ekusukeleni usukelo olwahlukeneyo.

Isiphelo

Imali kawonke-wonke imela okungaphezulu kakhulu kunokusebenza ngobalo-mali − ibandakanya ukhetho lwengingqi olumanyeneyo malunga nezinto eziza kuqala, imilinganiselo, kunye nendima karhulumente ekukhuthazeni okulungileyo okuqhelekileyo. Ukuqonda indlela iinkqubo zikarhulumente ezixhaswa ngayo ngemali kunika abemi amandla okuba babe nenxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kwiinkqubo zedemokhrasi kwaye igcina amagosa anyuliweyo ephendule kwizigqibo.

Inkqubo entsonkothileyo yerhafu, uqingqo-mali, ukusetyenziswa kwemiqathango, kunye nokufuduswa kweenkonzo zikarhulumente ezisetyenziswa yimali yoluntu kubonisa iinkulungwane zendaleko ngokuphendula kwiimfuno neemeko ezitshintshileyo. Ngoxa le nkqubo ijongene neengxaki ezibalulekileyo, ukusuka kwi-PNCS ukuya kwingcinezelo yexesha elide kwimiqathango yezopolitiko, iyaqhubeka inika ubuncwane obufunekayo kwimisebenzi ebalulekileyo karhulumente.

Njengabemi, abahlawuleli nabaxhamli beenkonzo zikawonke-wonke, sonke sinomnqamlezo wokuqinisekisa ukuba iinkqubo zenkxaso-mali zikawonke-wonke zisebenza ngokunempumelelo nangokulinganayo. Oku kufuna ulwazelelelo oluqhubekayo kwiinkqubo zoqingqo-mali, ukuvuma ukurhwebelana ngemisebenzi enzima, nokuzibophelela ekulondolozeni imali kunye nokuzigcina kotyalo olufanelekileyo.

Abo bafuna ukufunda okungakumbi ngeenkqubo zoqingqo-mali zezwe elingurhulumente kunye nenkcitho, u-SUSAGUV inkqubo yohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali yezwe inika ulwazi olufikelelekayo, ngelixa inikezela ngoluvo lohlahlo-lwabiwo-mali. gov[ inikela iinkcukacha ezineenkcukacha ngendlela ezisetyenziswa ngayo iimali zemali. [[FLT:]] [FLT]] [4] Inxulumanisa kuhlahlo lohlahlolo lwemali [[FLT]] kunye neengxaki ze-figlkt] inikezela ngohlahlolo lwemibatho, kunye nohlahlolo lwetyala Ingxelo yengxelo yengxelo yemali ekwinkqubo yolawulo lwezwelonke-fiki.

Ngokuqonda inkxaso-mali kawonke-wonke .ukuthi ingeniso karhulumente ivele, indlela uqingqo-mali oluphuhliswa ngayo noluvunywayo, nendlela imali ehlawulwa ngayo kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo, kwaye abantu abanokuqonda kakuhle okunokwenzeka kunye nemiqathango yesenzo sikarhulumente. Oku kuqonda kuyila isiseko sokuthabatha inxaxheba ngolwazi kwincoko yedemokhrasi eqhubekayo engokuthelekisana kwethu ngekamva.