Table of Contents

Amalungiselelo karhulumente wasekuhlaleni asebenza njengesiseko solawulo-demokhrasi kuluntu jikelele ehlabathini. La maziko avala umsantsa phakathi kwabemi norhulumente wabo, anikela iinkonzo eziyimfuneko kwaye enza izigqibo ezichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ubomi bemihla ngemihla. Unyulo luseyinkqubo ephambili abahlali abakhetha ngayo abameli babo baze balungise ulawulo lwabantu babo. Ukuqonda indlela oorhulumente basekuhlaleni abalungelelanisiweyo ngayo, indlela abasebenza ngayo unyulo, nendlela abasebenza ngayo, nendima edlalwa ngamagosa anyuliweyo ukuze aphumelele ekuthatheleni inxaxheba kwezentlalo-ntle nezivumelwano zoluntu.

Izakhiwo Zahlukahlukeneyo Zorhulumente Wasekuhlaleni Ehlabathini Lonke

I-United States inesinye sezona ziko zolawulo lwasekuhlaleni ezintsonkothileyo nolwahlukeneyo ehlabathini ezinomahluko omkhulu wobume kunye nomsebenzi kungekuphela nje ukusuka kurhulumente ukuya kumazwe, kodwa ngaphakathi kumazwe, kodwa kwanangaphakathi. Oku kuntsonkotha kubonisa ukuba izakhiwo zikarhulumente wasekuhlaleni zahluka ngokuphawulekayo kwiingingqi ezahlukeneyo nakumazwe, akhiwe zizithethe zembali, imigangatho esemthethweni, kunye neemfuno zoluntu.

Iintlobo Eziphambili Zombutho Worhulumente Wasekuhlaleni

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni baquka ubalo-mali, oomasipala, iilokishi, kunye nezithili ezikhethekileyo, nganye ineembopheleleko ezahlukeneyo kunye nenkcazo yeendawo. Ezi ntlobo ezahlukeneyo zamaqela karhulumente zisebenza ngokumanyeneyo kodwa zisebenza iinjongo ezingafaniyo phakathi kolawulo lwasekuhlaleni.

Oorhulumente bamaphondo bachazwa njengoorhulumente beenjongo jikelele abanikela iinkonzo kummandla obanzi welizwe osoloko uquka oomasipala kunye nezithili ezikhethekileyo. EUnited States, ubalo lwamazwe luhamba ngamagama ahlukeneyo kumaphondo athile. ELouisiana, babizwa ngokuba zii-paruwa kwaye eAlaska, babizwa ngokuba zii-boroughs. I-Countinees zisebenza njengezixhobo zokulawula urhulumente ngoxa zinikela iinkonzo ezingqalileyo kubemi.

Oomasipala bachazwa njengesixeko, idolophu okanye idolophana enezikhundla ezizimeleyo norhulumente wasekuhlaleni. La maqumrhu adla ngokuba nenkululeko engaphezulu kunaleyo ikhoyo ekumiseleni izakhiwo neenkqubo zawo. Oorhulumente bajolise ingqalelo ekunikezeleni iinkonzo kumaziko aphezulu abemi kwaye basoloko besebenzisana ngokungqalileyo nabemi kwimicimbi yemihla ngemihla.

Imimandla ekhethekileyo ineengingqi ezizimeleyo ezinenjongo elinganiselweyo ngokuqhelekileyo ezijolise kwinkonzo ethile enjengamanzi nenkqubo yogutyulo. La maqela karhulumente akhethekileyo avumela abantu ukuba bathethe ngeemfuno ezithile ezinokunqumla imida yesithethe sikamasipala okanye iphondo, njengenkqubo yezothutho, ulawulo lwamanzi, okanye iinkonzo zokukhusela umlilo.

Izithuthi kunye namagunya karhulumente wasekuhlaleni

Uhlolo lwaMabhinqa lweZizwe Ezimanyeneyo lwafumanisa ukuba kumazwe ali- 111 anorhulumente wasekuhlaleni, ama-48% anethala elinye, ama-3% anemiqolo emibini, i-15% inemiqolo emithathu, kunye ne-3% ineethala ezine. Olu tshintsho lubonisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokulinganisela ukuzilawula kwasekuhlaleni ngokusebenza kakuhle nokusebenzisana.

Iqela likarhulumente wasekuhlaleni liquka iqumrhu elinebala elicuthayo (elinobuchule), elidla ngokunyulwa ligosa jikelele, elinamandla okwenza izigqibo, kuquka amandla okukhupha iziphumo zemithetho, kuludwe lwezimo zoluntu, kunye nequmrhu eliphetheyo, elinyuliweyo, njengekomiti elawulayo okanye usodolophu olungiselela nowenza izigqibo zequmrhu elihlaziyiweyo. Esi sakhiwo sibini semithetho nemisebenzi yempangelo siqhelekile kwiinkqubo ezininzi zikarhulumente zasekuhlaleni ehlabathini lonke.

Iintlobo Eziqhelekileyo Zorhulumente kaMasipala

Phakathi koomasipala, kuye kwavela iintlobo ezahlukahlukeneyo zorhulumente, nganye ineembopheleleko ezahlukahlukeneyo phakathi kwamagosa anyuliweyo nabaphathi abangoogcisa.

Ifomu yemaya- equlunqile

Usibonda wesibonda solawulo ngumzekelo wokuqala karhulumente kamasipala eUnited States, apho usodolophu asebenza njengomphathi-mikhosi olawula imisebenzi yemihla ngemihla nolawulo lukarhulumente. Olu hlobo lungahlulwa lube "lunamandla" kunye "nolwahlulo lomphathi-dolophu obuthathaka", kuxhomekeke kumlinganiselo wegunya eliphezulu elinikwe usodolophu.

Kwinkqubo ezomeleleyo zosodolophu, usodolophu unegunya eliphawulekayo ekulungiseleleni uqingqo-mali, ekumiseni iintloko zesebe, nasekulawuleni izindululo zebhunga. Kwinkqubo ezibuthathaka zoosibonda, amandla olawulo asasazwa ngakumbi phakathi kwebhunga, usodolophu ngokuyintloko esebenza njengegosa lesithethe negosa eliphetheyo lebhunga.

Ifomu yomphathi weBhunga

OoMasipala banezakhiwo eziziintloko ezihlanu: iBhunga-Mayor (ezona ziqhelekileyo), iKhomishini, iNtlanganiso yeDolophu, kunye neNtlanganiso yoMmeli weBhunga loMphathi-Makariya. Ifomu yebhunga-Mongameli imela ukunduluka okubalulekileyo kwimodeli yesithethe yomphathi-dolophu ngokungenisa ulawulo lobugcisa kurhulumente wasekuhlaleni.

Usodolophu (okanye umphathi kwisixeko sebhunga elinomphathi-mantshi) ngumphathi-mikhosi oyintloko weli qumrhu, otyholwe ngokuphumeza iinkqubo ezimiselwe libhunga, eqinisekisa ukuba imithetho yasekuhlaleni iyanyanzeliswa, kwaye elawula imisebenzi yemibutho yemini ukuya kwemini, kuquka ulawulo lwabo bonke abaphathi abamiselayo kunye nabasebenzi ekusebenzeni imisebenzi yabo esemthethweni. Kwinkqubo yebhunga lomphathi-mikhosi, ibhunga elinyuliweyo limisela inkqubo ngelixa umphathi wesixeko oqeqeshiweyo eqhuba imisebenzi yolawulo.

Indlela yentlanganiso yedolophana

Uhlobo lwentlanganiso karhulumente wasedolophini lujongwa njengeyona ndlela igqibeleleyo yedemokhrasi, ngenxa yokuba ivumela bonke abavoti abafanelekileyo ukuba bafumane ilizwi kwizigqibo zenkqubo yasekuhlaleni, nangona lenziwa malunga nesihlanu ekhulwini soomasipala. Olu hlobo lwedemokhrasi oluthe ngqo lufumaneka ngokuqhelekileyo kuluntu oluncinane lwaseNew England apho lonke unyulo lunokuhlanganisana ukuze lwenze izigqibo ngokweqela.

Kwintlanganiso yedolophu emele idolophu, abavoti bakhetha inani elikhulu labemi ukuba babamele kwiintlanganiso zedolophu, apho kuphela banokuvota, kwaye olu hlobo lorhulumente lufumaneka kwisixeko esingaphantsi kwe-1%, phantse kuomasipala abancinane, abatsha. Olu tshintsho luvumela iingenelo zokudibana kwedolophu ngeli xesha kuhlala abantu abaninzi.

Iintlobo Zengxubevange Nezahlukileyo

Uvavanyo lwamvanje lwesakhiwo sikarhulumente lubonisa ukuba ezintlobo zikarhulumente azifani kakhulu kunakuqala, ngenxa yenkangeleko yokudibanisa iimpawu zokwakha ukusuka kwezinye iintlobo zohlobo olunye, kwaye oku kudityaniswa kukwathiwe kwimpendulo zasekuhlaleni kwintlalo yentlalo, ubundili, kunye neenguqu zezobupolitika, kunye nolwahlulo oluqhelekileyo olwenzeka kwiintlobo ezimbini ezixhaphakileyo, uomatiloshe wesigqeba kunye nebhunga lebhunga.

Izakhiwo zoRhulumente wesiZwe

Oorhulumente bamaphondo, abasebenza kwiindawo ezibanzi zelizwe kunoomasipala, bakwasebenzisa izakhiwo ezahlukeneyo zentlangano ukuze balungelelanise imilinganiselo yolawulo oluphumelelayo.

Inkqubo yeKhomishini

Ezinye izibonelelo zorhulumente wephondo eziqhelekileyo ziquka inkqubo yeKhomishini, inkqubo yokwahlula-hlula iBhunga, inkqubo yeBhunga elinoLawulo oluPhezulu nenkqubo yeSiqendu. Inkqubo yogunyaziso yeyona ndlela yesithethe nesasasazayo yorhulumente wephondo, apho abakhomishinala abanyuliweyo basebenza kwimisebenzi yowiso-mthetho kunye neyolawulo.

Kwinkqubo yeKomishini yemveli (eyeyona ndlela iqhelekileyo), ubalo luxhomekeke kumphathi wezomthetho ukuphatha imisebenzi yolawulo lwemini ukuya kweyosuku. Oku kwahluka kwiinkqubo zangoku eziqeshe abalawuli abangookrwece belizwe ukulawula imisebenzi yephondo.

Inkqubo eNkulumbuso

Inkqubo yoNxulumaniso lweBhunga kulapho ibhunga elinyuliweyo limisela umlawuli ukuba aphathe imisebenzi yegunya ukulungiselela ukwahlulwa kwesakhiwo samandla, njengebhodi yabaphathi-mikhosi ne-CEO kwinkampani kawonke-wonke. Le ndlela yolawulo lobugcisa iye yaxhaphaka ngakumbi njengoko amagosa athathe iimbopheleleko ezintsonkothileyo zokunikezelwa kweenkonzo.

Inkqubo yesigqeba esinolawulo oluphezulu eqeqeshiweyo

IBhunga eliLawulweyo loLawulo oluPhezulu kulapho abavoti bekhetha ibhunga kunye nomphathi ophezulu. Le nkqubo inikela ingqwalaselo engqalileyo kumasebe owiso-mthetho nawamagunya aphezulu kunyulo, afana nefomu enamandla yomphathi-dolophu esetyenziswa kwizixeko ezininzi.

Inkqubo ye-Chwethezi

ILos Angeles County inenkqubo yeTshata, uhlobo olukhethekileyo lukarhulumente apho iBhodi yeSupervisers iphethe ulawulo oluphezulu, uwiso-mthetho, namanye amagunya okugweba, kunye namanye amagosa anyuliweyo kunye neentloko zamasebe, kwaye kwinkqubo yeSicatshulwa, urhulumente unika amagosa ubalo olungaphezulu lolawulo lwasekuhlaleni nolungoguquguqukayo ekulungelelaniseni oorhulumente bawo. Izakhiwo zamatshati zinenkululeko engakumbi yokuyila izakhiwo zikarhulumente wawo ngokuthelekiswa nobalo olusebenza phantsi komthetho jikelele.

Inkqubo e-Electoral kurhulumente wasekuhlaleni

Unyulo lusebenza njengenkqubo esisiseko yokuziphendulela ngedemokhrasi kurhulumente wasekuhlaleni. Iinkqubo neenkqubo ezikhethekileyo ezisetyenzisiweyo zinokuba nempembelelo enkulu kumelo nakwiziphumo zolawulo.

Unyulo lwexesha nobuninzi

Unyulo lwengingqi luyenzeka rhoqo ngexesha lokuqinisekisa ukuba uxanduva lwexesha luza kuthathelwa ingqalelo kwaye luvumele utshintsho loxolo lwamandla. Ixesha elikhethekileyo liyahluka ngokwamagunya nohlobo lwesikhundla. Oorhulumente abaninzi basekuhlaleni baba nonyulo rhoqo emva kweminyaka emibini ukuya kwemine, nangona ezinye iindawo zinokuba nobude obungafaniyo.

Amanye amagunya aba nonyulo lwengingqi ngokuhambelana norhulumente okanye nonyulo lwesizwe ukwandisa umvoti, ngelinye ixesha amanye acwangcise ngokwahlukeneyo ukuqwalasela ingqalelo kwimibandela yasekuhlaleni kunye nabavoti abaza kubhaptizwa. Unyulo olungekhoyo lunganciphisa impembelelo yemeko yezobupolitika yesizwe kwizizwe zasekuhlaleni kodwa ludla ngokuphumela ekubeni abathathi-nxaxheba abacuphi abasezantsi.

Iindlela zokudlulisela kunye neenkqubo

Indlela apho amavoti aphoswe khona kwaye ebalwa khona ukubalwa okubalulekileyo kweziphumo zonyulo kunye namava ovoti. Ezi zine ezingundoqo zeentlobo zokuvota/ukuvota /ubuninzi, uninzi, umgangatho oqingqiweyo, kunye nomelo lolungelelwaniso, kwaye lunika iingenelo ezikhethekileyo kunye nocelomngeni olubumba inxaxheba nomelo lukawonke-wonke.

Ukujija...

Kuhlobo lobuninzi, umvoti okwindawo yokuqala ufumana unyulo. Le yeyona ndlela yokuvota eqheleke kakhulu esetyenziswa kunyulo lwasekuhlaleni ngaphaya kweUnited States. Phantsi kobuninzi bovoto, umvotelwa angaphumelela ngobuninzi ukuba umhlaba wahlule abatshayeli abaninzi.

Ngoxa ukuvota okuninzi kucacile yaye kulula ukukuqonda, maxa wambi kunokuvelisa abo bangafaneki noninzi lwabavoti, ngokukodwa kwimimandla enabantu abaninzi abaza kubhaptizwa.

Ulwandiso Olukhulu

Unyulo olusetyenziswa kakhulu kunyulo lwasekuhlaleni, olufana nolomphathi-mikhosi, uninzi lwemiqathango yokuvota ifuna ukuba umntu afumane i-50% yamavoti ukuze aphumelele, kwaye ukuba akukho mtyunjwa ufikelela kulo mqobo, kuqhutywa unyulo olubalekayo. Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba umvoti ophumeleleyo unenkxaso ebanzi evela kunyulo-voti.

Inkqubo yokubaleka yileyo apho umvoti afumana khona uninzi lwevoti ukuba anyulwe, mhlawumbi kunyulo olubalekayo okanye kummandla wokugqibela wokuvota, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha oku kubhekiswa kuyo njengendlela yokuqinisekisa ukuba uphumelele kufuneka abe nevoti ezininzi.

Ukujija okuzinzileyo

Uvota olunendawo ephezulu lwenza abavoti bakwazi ukubeka izithuba zabo ezinokukhethwa ngendlela yokukhetha, kwaye ukuba akukho mvoti uninzi lwabakhethi abaphezulu, umvotelwa onenkxaso encinci iyasuswa, kwaye iibhola zabo zithenjiwe de omnye umvotelwa akhusele uninzi. Le ndlela ifumene udumo kwiminyaka yakutshanje njengendlela yokuqinisekisa ukuba inkoliso iyaxhasa ngeli xesha ithintela ixabiso kunye nokuntsonkotha konyulo olwahlukeneyo.

Uvota olunendawo ephezulu luvumela abavoti bachaze izinto ezikhethwayo ezidityanisiweyo kwaye banganciphisa ukupheliswa kwephulo elingalunganga, njengoko abavumi benokhuthazo lokubhenela kubaxhasi bentshaba yabo ukuze bafumane ivoti yesibini.

Iindlela Ezizezinye Zokurhweba

Uvotelo olugunyazisiweyo lusetyenziswa ngoku eFargo, eNorth Dakota nase St. Louis, Missouri. Phantsi kokuvunywa, abavoti bangavota abaninzi abaza kubhaptizwa njengoko befuna, kwaye lowo ungenelelayo ufumana imvume koyena uvoti baphumeleleyo.

Inkqubo ephambili eneziqu ezibini eziphezulu isetyenziswa ngoku kunyulo lwengqungquthela kunye nomgangatho karhulumente eWashington naseKhalifoniya kwaye ikwasetyenziswa kunyulo kwindlu yowiso-mthetho yeNebraska, iAlaska ngoku isebenzisa umahluko ophezulu-4 kwii-ofisi zesebe eliphetheyo nombuso, kwaye umphezulu 2 primmeries uyasetyenziswa nako kunyulo lwengingqi kunye nolukhethekileyo ngaphaya kweUnited States.

IPartisan vs. Iinfo zobuKhakacha

Unyulo lwengingqi lungavela, kunye nabatshayeli ababaleka phantsi kweelebhile zamatheko, okanye abangeyonxalenye yecali, apho abatshati bavela kwivoti ngaphandle kweqela. Olungenapartis luqhelekile kwii-ofisi zikamasipala, kwiibhodi zesikolo, nakwezinye iindawo zengingqi, ngokusekelwe kwingcamango yokuba imicimbi yasekuhlaleni ingaphaya kwemicimbi yeqela.

Noko ke, nakukhetho olungekho yinxalenye esemthethweni, amaqela ezobupolitika asenokudlala indima ngokuxhasa, ngokuxhasa iphulo, nangokuzilungiselela imigudu yokuvota. Ukuphumelela konyulo olungeyonxalenye ekunciphiseni impembelelo yokuphembelela abaguquli kusengumbandela wengxoxo eqhubekayo phakathi kwezazinzulu zezobupolitika noogqirha.

Kulwazi olukhulu

Ibhunga lesixeko linganyulwa kumgangatho omkhulu okanye ukusuka kwisithili esinye, okanye kumxube wezimbini. Kunyulo olukhulu kufuneka abathathi-nxaxheba baqhube isixeko okanye kwingingqi ngokubanzi, ngeli lixa unyulo olusekelwe kwisithili luhlula ulawulo lube yimimandla yelizwe, kunye nendawo nganye enyula ummeli wayo.

Kunyulo olukhulu lungakhuthaza abathathi-nxaxheba ukuba baqwalasele izilangazelelo zolawulo lonke kunokuba baqwalasele imimandla ethile. Noko ke, bangenza kube nzima ngakumbi kumazwe asezantsi asekuhlaleni ukunyula abameli abakhethiweyo. Unyulo lwesithili lunika umelo oluthe ngqo lwelizwe kodwa lungakhuthaza ukulawulwa kwemiba yegunya elibanzi

Iindima neembopheleleko zamagosa asekuhlaleni

Ukuqonda iindima neembopheleleko ezikhethekileyo zezikhundla ezahlukeneyo zokunyulwa kubalulekile kubavoti benze ukhetho olunolwazi nakumagosa asebenzisa igunya lawo ngokufanelekileyo.

Imisebenzi Yomthetho

Ibhunga linamandla okumisela imithetho nemigaqo, evisisana nomthetho karhulumente, elawula imicimbi yasekuhlaleni nekamasipala, ngokuqhelekileyo ngokumiswa kwamasiko nezigqibo. Eli gunya lowiso-mthetho libumba imbopheleleko engundoqo yamabhunga anyuliweyo namabhunga.

Amaqumrhu owiso-mthetho asekuhlaleni anegunya kuqingqo-mali, ukusetyenziswa komhlaba nokugcinwa kweendawo, irhafu yommandla, imigangatho yokunikezelwa kweenkonzo, kunye nemicimbi yokulawula. Ibhunga ligunyaziswe ukumisela imithetho elawula eyalo iinkqubo, kuquka iintlanganiso zikawonke-wonke kunye neendlebe. Le mithetho yemigaqo yomthetho yomthetho inceda ekuqinisekiseni ukuba mhlophe nokuthabatha inxaxheba ekuqulunqeni izigqibo zasekuhlaleni.

Imisebenzi YeWonga Eliphezulu

Usodolophu/mphathi ujongene nokuqesha nokudubula bonke amagosa amiselweyo nabasebenzi, phantsi, apho kuyimfuneko, kwimithetho ephathelele inkonzo yasekuhlaleni. Amagosa alawulayo ajongene nokuzalisekisa iinkqubo ezimiselwe liqumrhu lowiso-mthetho nokulawula imisebenzi yorhulumente yosuku nosuku.

Ukwahlulwa komsebenzi wowiso-mthetho nolawulo oluphezulu kubalulekile ukuze kulawuleke ngokunempumelelo. Ngokuhambelana nokwahlulwa kwamagunya emfundiso, ibhunga aligunyazi ukuphazamisana nolawulo lwesixeko okanye urhulumente wedolophu, kwaye amalungu ebhunga asenokunganikezi imiyalelo kwiintloko zamasebe okanye kwabanye abasebenzi beesebe.

Izikhundla Eziqhelekileyo

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni baneendawo ezahlukahlukeneyo zokukhetha, nganye ineembopheleleko ezikhethekileyo:

  • Amalungu eBhunga leDolophu okanye abaphathi-mikhosi: Akhonza njengequmrhu lowiso-mthetho kuomasipala, ukumisela imithetho, ulwamkelo loqingqo-mali, nokumisela umgaqo woluntu.
  • Abakhomisi abaququzeleli okanye abaPhambili: Umsebenzi njengebhodi yolawulo yobalo, ukongamela iinkonzo zephondo, uqingqo-mali lolwamkelo, kunye nokwenza izigqibo zenkqubo kwimimandla engadityaniswanga kunye neenkonzo zephondo lonke.
  • [[UMVULO:0] Abasebenzi: Bakhonza njengentloko yesigqeba kwiinkqubo zomphathi-mikhosi, okanye njengentloko yesithethe negosa elilawulayo lebhunga kwiinkqubo zebhunga-manager. Iimbopheleleko zohluka-hluka ngokuphawulekayo kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lorhulumente.
  • Amalungu ebhodi yezemfundo: Alawula izikolo zasekuhlaleni, amisela inkqubo yemfundo, avumela uqingqo-mali, abaqeshi, kwaye avelela ukunikezelwa kweenkonzo zemfundo zikawonke-wonke.
  • Amalungu eBhodi yeSithili: Ajonge iinkonzo ezikhethekileyo ezinjengesithili samanzi, isithili somlilo, isithili sethala leencwadi, okanye amagunya othutho, ibhekisa ingqalelo ekunikezelweni ngenkonzo ethile kwiindawo ezichaziweyo zomhlaba.
  • I-Clerks, abaTheli, kunye nabaphathi-mikhosi beMiqolo: isingatha imisebenzi ethile yolawulo efana nonyulo, iirekhodi zempahla, ukuqokelelwa kwerhafu, kunye neenkqubo ezisemthethweni, ukubonelela ngee-checks kunye nolwaluko phakathi korhulumente wengingqi.

Iinkonzo ezinikezelwa ngoorhulumente

Izigqibo ezenziwa ngamagosa asekuhlaleni anyuliweyo zichaphazela umgangatho neenkonzo ezibalulekileyo ezixhomekeke kubemi balapho yonke imihla.

ISebe likaMasipala weCore

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni balungelelaniswe kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni yaye ngokuqhelekileyo banemisebenzi emibini esisiseko: ukuhlangabezana neentswelo nokucombulula iingxaki zendalo yasekuhlaleni nokunikela iinkonzo ezisisiseko zobomi njengamanzi, ugutyulo, izitrato, umlilo, amapolisa, kunye nokhuseleko lwabemi.

Ukunikelwa kweenkonzo kubemi bazo kusenyangweni wemisebenzi karhulumente wasekuhlaleni, kuquka iinkonzo eziqhelekileyo ezinjengokusela amanzi nokuchitha inkunkuma, ukulahla ukuqokelelwa kwemali nokusetyenziswa kwenkunkuma, ukukhuselwa nokuthintelwa komlilo, ukuthuthwa nokuthintelwa, izitrato, ezokuzonwabisa nezokuzonwabisa, imicimbi yenkcubeko nemidlalo, imfundo nezikolo zikawonke wonke neenkonzo zabasweleyo.

Ukhuseleko

Amapolisa nokhuseleko lomlilo zimela iimbopheleleko zikarhulumente ezigxekwayo. Amagosa asekuhlaleni anyulweyo amisela imigangatho yemali, amisela iinkqubo zokunyanzelisa umthetho nokuphendula kongxamiseko, kwaye ajonge ukuphunyezwa kwamasebe okhuseleko lukawonke-wonke.

Iinkonzo zezonyango zexesha likaxakeka, ukulungiselela intlekele, kunye nolawulo lukaxakeka lukwawa phantsi kwemiqathango karhulumente wasekuhlaleni kwimimandla emininzi. Amagosa aqwalaselweyo kufuneka alungelelanise iimfuno zokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke kunye nezithintelo zoqingqo-mali kunye nolindelo loluntu lwemigangatho yenkonzo.

Imfundo Nemisebenzi Kawonke-wonke

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banomthwalo wokwakha nokugcina izibonelelo eziyimfuneko kuquka izitrato, iibhulorho, iinkqubo zamanzi, iinkqubo zokuchitha amanzi amdaka, kunye nolawulo lwamanzi obushushu.

Amagosa anezigqibo awenza izigqibo ezibukhali malunga nokuveliswa kwezibonelelo, izinto eziphambili, kunye nenkqubo yenkxaso-mali.

Ukucwangcisa nokuzingela

Umhlaba usebenzisa imithetho yokulawula kunye nokucwangcisa indlela yophuhliso loluntu. Amagosa asekuhlaleni anyulweyo ayaluvumela utshintsho lwamazwe, izahlulo ezincinane, kunye nezivumelwano zophuhliso ezilawula indlela abantu abakhula ngayo nabaguquka ngayo.

ezi zigqibo zilungelelanisa izilangazelelo ezikhuphisanayo eziquka amalungelo empahla, ubume bengingqi, ukukhuselwa kwemekobume, ukuphuhliswa kwezoqoqosho, nokunikezelwa kwezindlu. Ukucwangciswa nokubekwa kwezindlu kumela elinye lawona mandla abalulekileyo asetyenziswa ngurhulumente wasekuhlaleni.

Imizi Nokuzonwabisa

Iipaki, iindawo zokuzonwabisa, kunye nenkqubo zinegalelo ekuphuculeni ubomi bentlalo kunye nempilo kawonke-wonke.

Amagosa aqatshelweyo amisela inkcitho yemali ephambili yeepaki nezokuzonwabisa, alungelelanisa ezi nkonzo zobomi zifanelekileyo nezinye iimfuno ezicinezelekileyo. Ukufumana amathuba okuzonwabisa kungachaphazela iingenelo nexabiso lempahla

Imfundo

Nangona izakhiwo zemfundo zingafani, iindawo ezininzi zikhetha amalungu eebhodi zesikolo ajonge izikolo.

Imfundo imela eyona nxalenye inkulu yorhulumente wasekuhlaleni echitha imali kwimimandla emininzi. Unyulo lwebhodi yesikolo, nangona lusoloko luphantsi, lunempembelelo enzulu kumgangatho wemfundo kunye nobuncwane boluntu.

Uphuhliso lwezoqoqosho

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni benza indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuthazeni inkqubela yezoqoqosho ngokutsala ishishini nangemigudu yokuzinza, iinkqubo zokuphuhlisa umsebenzi, uphuhliso lwezibonelelo, kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yokulawula. Amagosa aqeqeshiweyo ayalwamkela izindululo zophuhliso lwezoqoqosho, ukuseka iinkqubo zobungane, nokudala iimeko zokuyila imisebenzi nokwanda kwezoqoqosho.

Ukusebenzisana kweSebe likarhulumente kunye nokuhambelana

Ulawulo lwale mihla lubandakanya intsebenziswano ukutyhubela imida elawulayo ukucombulula iingxaki zengingqi nokufikelela umlinganiselo wezoqoqosho.

Izivumelwano zenkonzo ezidityanisiweyo

Iinkonzo ezixhaphakileyo ezidityanisiweyo/ezixhatshazwayo ziquka phantse zonke iinkonzo zasekuhlaleni: iintolongo/izindlu zamakhaya ezihlala abantu, ukulahlwa komgubo, ukuvavanywa kwerhafu, ukulawulwa kwerhafu, ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi, ukulahlwa kwenkunkuma eqinileyo, ukusetyenziswa kwemililo yerhafu, ukuhlolwa kwerhafu, iincwadi, ukucinezelwa/ukukhutshwa komlilo, ukulawulwa kwemililo, ukulawulwa kwezilwanyana nezixhobo zokuzihlaziya, kunye nokufakwa kwemiqondiso yezithuthi/indawo yonxibelelwano yemoto.

La malungiselelo entsebenziswano avumela amagunya amancinane ukuba afikelele kwiinkonzo angenakukwazi ukunikezela ngokuzimela ngokwawo, ngeli xesha enza ukuba amagunya amakhulu afikelele uqoqosho lomlinganiselo.

Isalathisi somsebenzi wePhondo

Amaqumrhu karhulumente wasekuhlaleni e-U.S. adla ngokubumba "iikhompathimenti zoorhulumente", "iibhunga lengingqi yeMetropolitan", okanye "iingxoxo zoorhulumente" ezisebenza njengamasebe ocwangciso lwengingqi kwaye njengee-aumss kwimicimbi yephondo ebalulekileyo, kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo azinamandla ngokwelungu ngalinye.

Le mibutho yengingqi inceda ukulungelelanisa izinto kwimibandela efana nezothutho, ukukhuselwa kwemekobume, nokuphucuka kwezoqoqosho okunqumla imida kamasipala nemimandla, nangona ingenagunya lako ukulawula ngokuthe ngqo.

IsiQinisekiso kunye noDiam

Inani elincinane lemisebenzi karhulumente wasekuhlaleni elidityanisiweyo lifakelele imisebenzi emininzi yengingqi: Miami-Dade County, Florida; Nashville-Davidson County, Tennessee; San Francisco City ne County, California; Philadelphia City neCounty, Pennsylvania; kwaye, kutshanje, Louisville-Jefferson County, Kentucky.

Kunzima ukufikelela kwezi zivumelwano nangona zisenokukhokelela kwiinkonzo ezininzi kuba ziphikisana ngezobupolitika yaye zisongela amagosa asekuhlaleni, yaye ngaloo ndlela azichaphazeleka ngakumbi kwezobupolitika kunokulungisa izithethe nezakhiwo.

Ulwalamano Phakathi Korhulumente Wasekuhlaleni Nowaseburhulumenteni

Ukuqonda ulwalamano olusemthethweni phakathi koorhulumente belizwe noorhulumente kubalulekile ukuze siqonde umlinganiselo nemida yamagosa asekuhlaleni.

Umthetho we-Dillon

Ngokungafaniyo nolwalamano lorhulumente wase-U.S. norhulumente (apho amandla ahlulwa khona), oorhulumente bakamasipala abanawo amandla angaphaya koko banikwe kona ngamazwana abo, kwaye le mfundiso esemthethweni, ebizwa ngokuba nguLawulo lukaDillon, yasekwa nguJaji John Forrest Dillon ngonyaka wo1872.

Phantsi koLawulo lukaDillon, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bazizidalwa zikarhulumente kwaye banawo kuphela amandla anikwe ngokucacileyo ngumthetho karhulumente, achazwa ngokusuka kumandla agunyazisiweyo, okanye ayimfuneko ukuvakalisa iinjongo. Le mfundiso inyanzela ngokuphawulekayo ukuzimela ngokwasekuhlaleni kumazwe amaninzi.

Ulawulo Lwasekhaya

Xa isixeko sifikelela kumawaka amahlanu anabemi, singafaka isicelo sokufaka ivoti ukwenza "isixeko" kunye nokusebenza phantsi kolawulo lwasekhaya kwaye singakhetha uhlobo lwaso lukarhulumente, ngelinye ixesha isixeko sisebenza phantsi komthetho jikelele ogunyaziswe nguRhulumente kuphela.

Ummiselo wolawulo lwasekhaya kumgaqo-siseko karhulumente unika oorhulumente basekuhlaleni inkululeko engakumbi yokuthetha ngemicimbi yasekuhlaleni ngaphandle kwemvume karhulumente ekhethekileyo. Ulawulo lwamakhaya luhluka kakhulu phakathi kwamazwe, amanye enika amandla abanzi amanye agcine iindlela ezingqongqo.

IMicimbi yeRhulumente kunye nokuKhululwa

Urhulumente usoloko emisela oorhulumente basekuhlaleni imiqathango, efuna ukuba banikele iinkonzo ezithile okanye bafikelele imilinganiselo ethile, maxa wambi ngaphandle kokunikela inkxaso eyaneleyo. Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente zisenokulicinezela igunya lasekuhlaleni kwimimandla ethile yezomgaqo-siseko, zithintele oorhulumente basekuhlaleni ukuba bangalawuli kwimicimbi ethile.

Uxinezeleko phakathi kolawulo lukarhulumente nozimele-zibopho zasekuhlaleni luhlala lungumbandela oqhubekayo kulwalamano lwaseburhulumenteni, kunye neengxoxo ezingokulungelelana okufanelekileyo phakathi kobufanano borhulumente kunye nobubhetyebhetye basekuhlaleni.

Ubandakanyeko lwe-CPF noXwebhu

Idemokhrasi yasekuhlaleni ephumelelayo ixhomekeke kubemi abanolwazi nababandakanyekileyo kwiinkqubo zonyulo nolawulo.

Ucelomngeni Lokukhetha Isabelo Kukhetho Lwasekuhlaleni

Unyulo lweVoter kunyulo lwasekuhlaleni lusoloko lusilela ngokuphawulekayo ekuthabatheni inxaxheba kunyulo lwesizwe nolohlanga. Izinto ezininzi zifak' isandla ekuthobeni ukurhoxa okuquka ukukhutshelwa kwezixhobo zetheminali, ukuncitshiswa kwemali echithwayo, ukudinwa ngabavoti rhoqo, nokuncitshiswa kolwazi lukawonke-wonke lwemibango yasekuhlaleni kunye nabathathi-nxaxheba.

Unyulo olucinywe ngebhayisekile, olubanjwe ngokwahlukeneyo kukhuphiswano lwesizwe nolwesizwe, lusoloko lubona ibhastile esezantsi, ngamanye amaxesha kumasuntswana anye onyulo lwesithili esisodwa. Oku kuphakamisa imibuzo malunga nokumela kwamagosa anyuliweyo anyulwe ngamasuntswana amancinane okhetho olufanelekileyo.

Ubandakanyeko Olukhulayo Lwesitya

Iindlela ezahlukahlukeneyo zokukhetha zinokukhuthaza ukudibana korhulumente wasekuhlaleni kuquka iinkqubo zemfundo zabavoti, amajelo okuvota, ukuphuculwa kwemibandela yamajelo eendaba, ukwenza ubhaliso lovoti lube lula, ukuvota kwanda kwangethuba nokuvota, nokuhlanganiswa kweentsuku zonyulo ukuze kuncitshiswe ukudinwa kwabavoti.

Izixhobo zekhompyutha kunye nemigangatho yezonxibelelwano zinika oorhulumente basekuhlaleni amathuba amatsha okunxibelelana nabemi kunye namagosa abo anyuliweyo.

Ukuba Nenxaxheba Kuwonke Wonke Ngaphezu Kokuthandwa

Ukuganana kwebutho labantu ngokunempumelelo akupheleli ekuvotelweni ukuba kuquka ukubakho kwiintlanganiso zasekuhlaleni, ukuba nenxaxheba kwiibhodi nakwiintlanganiso, ukunxibelelana namagosa anyuliweyo, ukubandakanyeka kwimibutho yasekuhlaleni, nokuganana kwiinkqubo zocwangciso lwentlalo.

Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni umisele iindlela ezicwangcisiweyo zokungenisa ulwazi lukawonke-wonke kuquka iikomiti zokwalathisa abami, iinkqubo zoqingqo-mali, kunye neenkundla zoluntu. La mathuba avumela abemi ukuba baphembelele izigqibo zemigaqo phakathi konyulo baze banike amagalelo abalulekileyo kumagosa anyuliweyo.

Ucelomngeni Olulandelayo Kurhulumente Wasekuhlaleni

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bajamelana nocelomngeni oluninzi kule nkulungwane yama - 21 oluvavanya izithethe zokulawula yaye lufuna iindlela ezintsha zokuzilawula.

Iikona

Urhulumente wasekuhlaleni usebenza phantsi koxinzelelo olubalulekileyo lwemali ngenxa yemithombo yengeniso elinganiselweyo, irhafu emiselwe ngurhulumente kunye nokungahlawulwa kwerhafu, imiqathango engagunyaziswanga, ukunyuka kwamaxabiso abasebenzi neenkonzo, kunye nogcino-mali. Le mikhosi ithintela imali inzima kukhetho olumalunga nomgangatho wenkonzo kunye nezinto eziphambili.

Isifo se-COVOID-19 sabangela uxinezeleko olungakumbi koorhulumente abaninzi basekuhlaleni ngokunciphisa iingeniso kunye neendleko ezinyukayo, nto leyo ebalaselisa ukudodobala kwemali yasekuhlaleni kukuphazamiseka kwezoqoqosho.

Iinguqu Zomfanekiso

Ukutshintsha kwamanani abantu kuquka ukwaluphala, ukutshintsha kweenguqu, nokuyilwa kweentsapho kudinga ukuba oorhulumente basekuhlaleni balungise iinkonzo kunye neendlela zokulawula.

Ubuxhakaxhaka kunye nokuzinziswa

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni kufuneka basebenzise ubugcisa bale mihla ukuze baphucule indlela yokuhambisa iinkonzo nokukhusela iingozi zekhompyutha.

Ukuqhekeza amanani kuchaphazela ukunikezelwa kweenkonzo nokudityaniswa kwebutho labantu, ekubeni kungengabo bonke abemi abanokukwazi ukufikelela kwiinkonzo ze - Internet nenkcazelo elinganayo.

Ukutshintsha Kwemozulu Nokuzinzisa

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni baya bemelana neziphumo zemozulu ezimandundu, ukunyuka komgangatho wolwandle, imbalela, kunye nomngcipheko womlilo wequmrhu lokwakha. Ukwakha izakhiwo kufuna ukuveliswa kwemali okubalulekileyo kunye nokucwangciswa kwexesha elide, okudla ngokugqitha kumandla omntu ngamnye.

Ukufumaneka kwezindlu

Uluntu oluninzi lujamelene neengxaki zezindlu ezifanelekileyo oorhulumente basekuhlaleni abamele bazilungise ngokulungisa uhlaziyo, iinkqubo zezindlu ezinokufikeleleka, kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yelizwe.

Uqheliselo olulunge kakhulu loLawulo lwasekuhlaleni olusebenzayo

Uphando namava aye achaza iindlela eziliqela ezifak ’ isandla ekusebenzeni kakuhle kukarhulumente wasekuhlaleni nasekuphenduleni ngedemokhrasi.

Ukubonakala Okucacileyo Nokuvuleka Korhulumente

Imisebenzi karhulumente ecacileyo yenza abantu bathembeke kwaye ikwazi ukuphendula. Eyona misebenzi iphambili iquka iingxelo zikawonke-wonke ezifikelelekayo, ukusetyenziswa nokugcinwa kweentlanganiso zikawonke-wonke, unxibelelwano olucacileyo nolufike ngexesha elifanelekileyo lwezigqibo zikarhulumente, ukutyhilwa kolwazi, neewebhsayithi zikarhulumente ezisebenzisa uluntu.

Isicwangciso

Ucwangciso lwexesha elide lunceda oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bamisele izinto eziza kuqala, banike oovimba izinto ngokunempumelelo, balinganisele inkqubela kwinjongo yoluntu. Abahlali abasebenzisa ucwangciso olucwangcisiweyo baphucula ukuthenga nokuqinisekisa ukuba amaxabiso oluntu

Imilinganiselo yokusebenza

Umlinganiselo wendlela yokusebenza yokusebenza kwenkonzo unceda ukwenziwa kwesigqibo sogcino-lwazi noxanduva loxanduva. Umlinganiselo womsebenzi wokupapasha uvumela abemi ukuba bavavanye ukuphumelela kukarhulumente namagosa anyuliweyo ukuchonga iindawo zokuphucula.

Ulawulo loogcisa

Ukusebenzisa abalawuli abaqeqeshiweyo abalawula imisebenzi yemini ukuya kweyokusebenza kuvumela amagosa anyuliweyo anikele ingqalelo ekwenzeni inkqubo ngeli xesha eqinisekisa ukuphunyezwa ngokufanelekileyo. Iimanyano zolawulo lobuchule zinika uqeqesho, ukuqhelisela okungcono, kunye nemilinganiselo yokuziphatha yabalawuli borhulumente basekuhlaleni.

Ulawulo olunobuchule

Ukubandakanyeka kwababandakanyeki beemeko ezahlukahlukeneyo ekucombululeni iingxaki nokwenza izigqibo kungavelisa iziphumo ezingcono nenkxaso yoluntu eyomeleleyo.

Ikamva Lonyulo Nolawulo Lorhulumente Wasekuhlaleni

Izakhiwo zikarhulumente wasekuhlaleni neenkqubo zonyulo ziyaqhubeka ziguquka xa iimeko zitshintsha yaye zivela iingxaki.

Utshintsho Olubalaseleyo

Ukuqhubeka kuvavanywa ngezinye iindlela zokuvota, kuquka ukuvota okumiselwe umda kunye nokuvota, kungaphinda kusetyenziswe ngendlela unyulo lwasekuhlaleni. Olu tshintsho lujolise ekwandiseni ulwaneliseko lomvoti, ukucutha iphulo elingalunganga, nokuqinisekisa ukuba amagosa anyuliweyo anenkxaso ebanzi.

Imigudu yokwandisa umvoti ngokuvota iposi, ukuvota kwasekuqaleni, nokubhalisa kwangoko kuyaqhubeka kuguquka. Ubugcisa bunganceda ukuba kubekho iindlela ezintsha zokuvota, nangona ukhuseleko nokufumaneka kufuneka kuqwalaselwe ngenyameko.

Izicwangciso zokwakha

Ezinye iindawo zihlola ulawulo olutsha olubonisa kakuhle iimfuno zale mihla, kuquka iindlela zokuhambisa iinkonzo kwingingqi, ukukhuthaza intsebenziswano phakathi kwesebe, kunye neentlobo zikarhulumente eziguquliweyo ezidibanisa iimodeli zesithethe.

Ulawulo-melo lwamanani

Ubugcisa bunika amathuba okukhuthaza inkqubo yedemokhrasi ngokusebenzisa iinkqubo zikawonke-wonke zokugqabaza, iiholo zedolophu zekhompyutha, imigangatho yoqingqo-mali ekwandiseni uhlahlo-lwabiwo-mali, nokuphucula ulwazi lukarhulumente. Noko ke, ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukhuseleko lunokufumaneka ngokulinganayo nokulondolozwa kusemngciphekweni.

Ukulingana nokulingana

Ukuqwalasela ukulingana nokufakwa korhulumente wasekuhlaleni kugxininisa ekuqinisekiseni ukuba onke amalungu oluntu anelizwi elilawulayo nelifikelela kwiinkonzo. Oku kuquka ukuxilonga iinkqubo zokhetho, iinkqubo zokumiselwa, kunye nokuhanjiswa kweenkonzo ngesilanga esilinganayo.

Imithombo Yokufunda Okungakumbi Ngorhulumente Wasekuhlaleni

Abemi banomdla wokuyiqonda ngakumbi imicimbi karhulumente wasekuhlaleni baze bangenele ngakumbi ekufumaneni izinto ezininzi.

Izalathiso zoogcisa

Imibutho enjenge uManyano lwesizwe lweCities, iSixeko seManyano soLawulo lweMasipala sezizwe ngezizwe, iNational Association of Counies, kunye nemikhosi kamasipala karhulumente inikela uphando, uqeqesho, kunye nolwazi ngorhulumente wasekuhlaleni. Le mibutho idla ngokupapasha iingxelo, iingxelo, iinkuthazo, kunye nezikhokelo ezingcono ezifumaneka kuluntu ngokubanzi.

Ii-Website zikarhulumente namaxwebhu

Ii-website zikarhulumente wasekuhlaleni zinika abahlali ithuba lokufumana iintlanganiso nemizuzu, uqingqo-mali, imithetho, izicwangciso ezibanzi, kunye nenkcazelo eqhagamshelana namagosa anyuliweyo. Ngoku imimandla emininzi ingena okanye ividiyo yovimba yeentlanganiso zikawonke-wonke, ivumela abemi ukuba bagcine urhulumente esebenzayo.

IZiko loPhicotho-zincwadi noPhicotho-zincwadi

Uphando olungekho mthethweni kunye neziko lophando luhlolisisa urhulumente wasekuhlaleni luze lupapashe izinto ezifunyenweyo zokulawula, iinkqubo zonyulo, kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo kawonke-wonke. Ezi zixhobo zinokunikela ulwazi olunzulu ngendlela urhulumente wasekuhlaleni asebenza ngayo nobungqina bokuba ziziphi ezona ndlela ziphumelelayo.

Ijelo leendaba zasekuhlaleni

Phezu kwazo nje iingxaki ezijamelana namajelo ondaba, amaphephandaba, izitishi zikamabonwakude, namajelo eendaba asebenzisa ielektroniki aqhubeka ethetha ngorhulumente wasekuhlaleni.

Imibutho yoLuntu

Imibutho yePivic, amaqela asekuhlaleni namaqela axhasa urhulumente asekuhlaleni adla ngokunikela inkcazelo ngorhulumente wasekuhlaleni namathuba okuganana.

Isiphelo: Ukubaluleka Kokuqonda Urhulumente Wasekuhlaleni

Ulawulo lwezolawulo-demokhrasi lwasekuhlaleni nokhetho lwakha isiseko solawulo lwedemokhrasi kuluntu jikelele. Nangona iindlela ezizizo zahluka-hlukeneyo kwiimida, imigaqo esisiseko yokumela, ukuphendula, nokunikezelwa kweenkonzo ihlala ihleli. Unyulo lunika inkqubo ephambili abahlali abakhetha ngayo iinkokeli zabo baze baphembelele inkqele indlela yoluntu lwabo.

Ukuqonda indlela oorhulumente basekuhlaleni abalungelelaniswe ngayo, indlela abasebenza ngayo unyulo, neendima abanokuzenza amagosa anyuliweyo azenzayo kunika abemi amandla okuba babe nenxaxheba ngokunempumelelo kubomi babantu.

Njengoko oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bejamelene neengxaki eziquka ukunqandwa kwemiqathango, iinguqu zamanani, ukuphazamiseka kwezobugcisa, nokutshintsha kwemozulu, abemi abanolwazi nababo bathembisene ngayo baba yimfuneko nangakumbi. Ngokuqonda izakhiwo zikarhulumente wasekuhlaleni kunye nokuba nenxaxheba kunyulo, abemi balapho bayakwazi ukunceda abantu abanolwamkelo, abaphumelelayo, nabanokulingana.

Umahluko weentlobo zikarhulumente wasekuhlaleni ubonisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokulinganisela umelo, ukuphumelela, nokuziphendulela. Akukho sakhiwo sinye sisebenza kakuhle kuzo zonke imimandla, kwaye amagunya amaninzi ayaqhubeka elungelelanisa amalungiselelo awo okulawula ukuze ahlangabezane neemfuno ezitshintshayo. Le ndaleko iqhubekayo ibonisa amandla olawulo-lwazi lwasekuhlaleni nokubaluleka kokuzibophelela kwabemi ekubumbeni amaqumrhu karhulumente.

Enoba ngokhetho, ngokuya kwiintlanganiso zikawonke-wonke, ngokusebenza kwiibhodi zobuvangeli, okanye ngokusuka nje ahlale exelelwe ngeembambano zasekuhlaleni, wonke ummi unamathuba okuba nenxaxheba kulawulo lwasekuhlaleni. Oku kuthabatha inxaxheba komeleza idemokhrasi, kuphucula ukusebenza korhulumente, kwaye kwakha uluntu olomeleleyo. Ukuqonda izakhiwo zikarhulumente zasekuhlaleni ngonyulo akuyonkqubo yemfundo nje kuphela kodwa sisiseko esisebenzayo somanyano olusebenzayo lwabemi kunye nolwasekuhlaleni.

Kubo bafuna ukufunda okungakumbi ngorhulumente wasekuhlaleni, eyona njongo ingcono kukuqalisa kwewebhsayithi karhulumente wasekuhlaleni, enika inkcazelo ngamagosa anyuliweyo, ucwangciso lweentlanganiso, nendlela yokungena kwibhunga lesixeko okanye intlanganiso yequmrhu lephondo inikela uluvo lobuqu ngendlela urhulumente wasekuhlaleni asebenza ngayo kunye nemibandela ejongene nengingqi. Ukufikelela ekunyulweni kwamagosa ngemibuzo okanye imibandela enxulumene norhulumente wasekuhlaleni kunceda ukwakha unxibelelwano kwaye kubonise ukufumaneka kukarhulumente wasekuhlaleni.

Njengomgangatho karhulumente osondelelene nabantu, urhulumente wasekuhlaleni unika amathuba angqalileyo empembelelo yabemi nokuthabatha inxaxheba. Ngokuqonda indlela ezi ziko eziyilwa ngayo nendlela eziyilwa ngayo, abahlali bayakwazi ukuncedisa ngokunempumelelo kurhulumente wabo baze bancedise kwimpumelelo yoluntu lwabo. Urhwebo lwexesha nomgudu wokuqonda urhulumente wasekuhlaleni unika iingenelo kwiinkonzo ezingcono, ulawulo olungakumbi, kunye namaziko olawulo lwedemokhrasi anamandla.