Table of Contents

Ukwazisa: Indima Ehlala Ihleli Yezikolo Zezobupolitika Kulawulo - melo

Amaqela ezobupolitika aphakathi kwamaziko aziwayo ekulawuleni kwedemokhrasi, ukanti umgangatho wawo opheleleyo wempembelelo udla ngokuqondwa kakubi. Awangoothunywashe abacholacholi nje kuphela; bayimibutho entsonkothileyo ebangela intabalala, ingxoxo kawonke-wonke, iinkokeli ezifuna ukuthotyelwa, kwaye iguqulela phambili kwimigaqo-nkqubo. Ukususela kwimihla yokuqala yokuququzelelwa kwemibutho yanamhlanje yemibutho yezogcino-lwazi, amaqela athe aqhelane notshintsho kumajelo eendaba, umthetho, nebutho labantu. Ukuqonda oko kwenziwa ngamaqela ezobupolitika, iinguqu-nkqubo yezopolitiki, nesizathu sokuba kubalulekile kubemi abafuna ukubandakanyeka ngokunentsingiselo kwinkqubo yabo yezobupolitika. Oku kuhlolisisa imvelaphi, imisebenzi engundoqo, izakhiwo, imiqobo, ii-okhemistordians, iimstiki zexesha elizayo, imingeni yezopolitiki.

Ziyintoni Iimbutho Zezobupolitika?

Ngokulula, iqela lezobupolitika liyiqela elilungelelanisiweyo labantu abanobudlelane ngendlela ibutho labantu elifanele lilawulwa ngayo kwaye abafuna ukufikelela olo sukelo ngokuphumelela ekulawuleni urhulumente ngonyulo. Ngoxa iinkcazo zahluka ngokwelizwe, onke amaqela aneenkalo ezithile ezichazayo:

  • Ulungelelwaniso lwe-Idumedial: Imikhosi yenzeke ngokweseti yemigaqo yezopolitiko — nokuba ihlala ihleli, iyakhululeka, iyazibonelelo, iyalatha, iyabuhlanga okanye iluhlaza. Le ngcamango inika isiseko esidityanisiweyo sezikhundla zenkqubo.
  • Isikhundla esiphezulu se- sobungangamsha obuthe ngqo obuthi: ngokungafaniyo namaqela abantu abanomdla okanye intsebenziswano, amaqela azimisele ukubeka amalungu awo kwiofisi kawonke-wonke. Oku kujoliswe kuko kuqhubela phambili iindlela zabo, ukunikezela, kunye nokuthumela imiyalezo.
  • Izakhiwo zokwahlula-hlula: Imikhosi inee-hierives zangaphakathi — izahluko zasekuhlaleni, iikomiti zengingqi, iindibano zesizwe — ezilungelelanisa imisebenzi kwaye zilawule ungquzulwano.
  • [[UMTL:0] Isiphelo sexesha: Izivumelwano zihlala zingaphaya kwamaphulo okanye unyulo. Zikho ngokuqhubekayo ezivumela ukwakha ulwazi oluqulunqweyo nogcino-lwazi lophawu.

Ezi mpawu zokwahlula amaqela kwamanye abadlali bezobupolitika. Umzekelo, iqela eliphembelelayo lingayiphembelela inkqubo kodwa alibanyangeli; umbutho wokuqhankqalaza usenokufuna utshintsho kodwa kunqabile ukuzama ukulawula ngqo. Amatheko afumana isithuba esikhethekileyo njengezithuthi eziphambili zokuguqulela uluvo lukawonke-wonke kwizenzo zowiso-mthetho nezolawulo.

Indaleko Yeziganeko Zezobupolitika

Iqela lale mihla lezobupolitika lavela ngokuthe ngcembe. Kwiiriphabliki zamandulo ezinjenge-Athene neRome, amaqela akhiwe kufutshane neenkokeli eziphambili, kodwa ayelulwelwe yaye engenambutho esisigxina. Ukuzalwa kwalo maqela ngokwendlela aphila ngayo kudla ngokulandelelwa kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesixhenxe neyeshumi elinesibhozo, xa iinkqubo zepalamente eBritane nase United States zabona ukusekwa kwamaqela asebenzisanayo afana neWhigns neTories (Britain) kunye namaFederalist kunye neDemocratic Reblicans (United States). La maqela okuqala aye enziwe aphambili, ejongelwane, equququlukwano kusetyenziswa ingqungquthelane, kunokuba aqhutywe kwingquthelane.

Inkulungwane ye-19 yazisa amaqela asekelwe kwinani elikhulu njengeqela eliphambili. EUnited States, iDandra Jackson’s Democratic Party yavelisa izingqungquthela zengca, inkxaso-mali, namaphephandaba azimeleyo. EYurophu, amaqela e-socialism anjengeGerman Social Democratic Party akha imibutho eqinileyo yamalungu kunye namaqumrhu, ii-accol, namaphephandaba. Inkulungwane yama-20 yakubona ukunyuka kwamaqela abambisa zonke iintlobo ezingquzulaneyo, yaye kamva, amaqela eenqwelo-mafutha athelelana nesizwe, exhomekeke kwinkxaso-mali nesixhobo sokufikelela kolwazi. Namhlanje ubugcisa bemichini butshintsha amaqela amaqela ahlukeneyo, nto leyo ebangela unxibelelwano oluthe ngqo nabavoti kunye nokunciphisa indima yamasebe asekuhlaleni.

Kwimeko enzulu yembali, bona i Encyclopedia yeFilosofi ungeno kumaqela ezobupolitika.

Imisebenzi YeziNtlanganiso Zezobupolitika Kwinkqubo Yedemokhrasi

Amaqela ezobupolitika enza imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo enceda idemokhrasi isebenze kakuhle.

Umelo neNkxaso

Izahlulo zisebenza njengendlela yokuhambisa imigangatho phakathi kwabemi nelizwe. Zidibanisa izilangazelelo ezahlukeneyo zezigidi zabantu kwiimpahla zenkqubo ezidityanisiweyo. Ngaphandle kwamaqela, abavoti bangajongana noludwe oludidayo lwabantu abaza kubhaptizwa bengenawo amathemba okulawula ngokudibeneyo. Ngokwamkela amaqonga neengcamango, amaqela anika abavoti isiqinisekiso sokuqikelela indlela abaza kuziphatha ngayo abaza kubhalisa. Lo mmeli uqinisekisa ukuba amazwi aphantsi — amaqela amaqela esizwe, amakhaya, imibutho yempangelo, izinyuko, abasebenzi, abasebenzi bemeko-mente — anokufumana ikhaya lento yezobupolitika kunye nenyanzelo yabo yokuthetha ngenkxaso.

Ulungiso lomgaqo-nkqubo kunye nocwangciso lwe-Agenda

Kulawulo-melo lwale mihla, amaqela ayi-enjini eziphambili zokuphuhliswa kwenkqubo. Iqela elicinga ngeetanki, amasebe ophando, kunye neengcali eziququzelelweyo zivelisa izindululo ezineenkcukacha kuzo zonke izinto ukususela ekuhlaziyweni kwezonyango ukuya kwiinkqubo zangaphandle. Xa iqela liphumelela igunya, ukubonakala kwalo okanye iqonga likhokela imigaqo yemithetho-mthetho. Oku akuthethi ukuba amaqela alawula zonke iinkcukacha — oorhulumente abalungelelanisiweyo kwiinkqubo ezininzi bafuna ukulalanisa — kodwa bamisela umgaqo obanzi. Umzekelo, iqela ledemokhrasi liya kuphuhlisa ulwando lwentlalo, ngoxa iqela elithelelayo liza kugxininisa ukunqunyulwa kwerhafu kunye nokukhutshwa kwemithetho. Lo mthetho unika ukhetho olunentsingiselo phakathi kweekamva ezahlukileyo.

Ukubuyiselwa Nokuhlaziywa Kwezobupolitika

Imikhosi yamaqela ichaza kwaye iqeqeshe iinkokeli zexesha elizayo kuwo onke amanqanaba karhulumente. Abaxhasi beqela lasekuhlaleni badla ngokuqala njengabasebenzi abasebenza kwingingqi yengingqi okanye amalungu amaphiko olutsha, bafunde ubuchule bokuthetha esidlangalaleni, ukunxibelelana kunye nolawulo lwephulo. Ekuhambeni kwexesha banokuba ngabathathi-nxaxheba kwibhodi yesikolo, kwibhunga lesixeko, kwindlu yowiso-mthetho, kwaye ekugqibeleni kwisebe lesizwe. Le mibhobho iyanceda ekuqinisekiseni ukuba abantu abangenayo kurhulumente babe namava athile ezobupolitika kunye nenkxaso yentlangano. Ngaphezu koko, amaqela anxulumana nabantu kwizithethe zedemokhrasi — ukulalanisa, ukwakha imicimbi yesizwe, kunye nentlonelo yenkqubo yesizwe.

Ukwenziwa kwembutho yeVoter kunye nokusetyenziswa kwePhondo

Enye yemisebenzi ebonakalayo yamaqela kukuvota abantu. Ngaphakathi kwemijelo yemivalo ehamba ngesango, iibhanki zomnxeba, iiposi ezithe ngqo, izibhengezo, kunye nokuphuma ngenqwelo-moya, amaqela asebenza ukunyusa unyuselo phakathi kwabaxhasi bawo. Kwidemokhrasi abaninzi, umvoti uthathelwa inxaxheba ngokunamandla okunxulumene namandla eqela. Iintlanganiso zikwabandakanya abemi phakathi konyulo phakathi kweziganeko zasekuhlaleni, ingxubusho, kunye ne-intanethi, ukuxhasa umdla wezopolitili ngaphaya kwexesha lephulo.

Ukuphendula nokulawula

Izahlulo zinikela inkqubo yokubamba amagosa anyuliweyo aphendule. Amaqela enkcaso ahlolisisa izenzo zikarhulumente, abhenca iimpazamo, kwaye anika ezinye iindlela. Kulo qela lilawulayo, amaqela angaphakathi kunye nokhuphiswano lokhokelo lungahlola igunya lenkokeli. Ngexesha lonyulo, amavoti agweba ukusebenza kweqela elinegunya kwaye angakwazi “ukulahla ingxwabangxwaba ukuba anelisekile. Lo msebenzi wokuphendula ubalulekile kurhulumente onegunya. Ngaphandle kwamaqela, abavoti beya kuba nobunzima ekuhloleni imbopheleleko edityaniweyo ngenxa yokuba ibiya kuba yinxalenye yenkoliso elawulayo.

Umsebenzi wento encinci Icandelo lobuProthelist: Yisifundo seNjingalwazi yeNkcubeko yeTendencies yeDemocracy yaNgoku nge-Robert Michels ()) ihlola uxinezeleko phakathi komelo lwedemokhrasi kunye ne-oligarchy yentlangano, umbhalo wodidi olukhoyo ngaphaya kwe [[FLT:] Coogle Books.

Ukubaluleka Kwemibutho Yezobupolitika Elawula Ulawulo Lwedemokhrasi

Ngaphandle kwendima yabo esebenzayo, amaqela abalulekile ukuze kubekho impilo nokuzinza kwenkqubo yedemokhrasi.

Ukukhetha Ukutshintsha Izixhobo Zokuthutha Igesi

Kubantu abaninzi, abantsonkothileyo, akukho mvoti unokufumana ulwazi olupheleleyo ngalo lonke umba kunye nomvoti. Umvoti oxhasa imbonakalo yeqela jikelele angathemba ukuba abavoti bayo, ngokwe-avareji, bazakuvota ngokungqinelana nezo ndlela. Oku kubaluleke ngakumbi kunyulo olusezantsi lwenkcazelo, olufana nentlanga zasekuhlaleni okanye imilo yezomthetho, apho iirelathisi zeqela zisoloko zithembekile. Ngaphandle kwamaqela, uvotensiza iyakuzama ukudibanisa amaxabiso awo nezo zikhankanyiweyo.

Ukuphelisa Ukuqina Kwezobupolitika Neenguqu Ezilungeleleneyo

Iqela lithumela ungquzulwano lwezopolitiko kukhuphiswano olumiselwe iziko. Kunokuthatha izitrato, amaqela aphikisanayo alwela amavoti. Oku kunciphisa ubungozi bogonyamelo okanye utshintsho. Kwaneentlalo ezahlulwe ngokunzulu — ezifana nasemva komvotelwa waseMntla Ireland okanye eMzantsi Afrika — zisebenzise amalungiselelo asekelwe kwiqela axhasa uzinzo. Kwakhona amacandelo aqinisekisa ukuguquka kolawulo olucwangcisiweyo: xa iqela elichasayo liphumelela unyulo, urhulumente ophumayo wamkela iziphumo ngenxa yokuba bobabini bamkela imithetho yomdlalo. Oku kuthunyelwa koxolo kumandla kunguphawu lokulawula izikhundla ezizinzileyo.

Isivumelwano esikhuthazayo se-CPF nekomkhulu lentlalo

Izibonelelo zilungiselela ukuba abemi basebenze ngaphaya kokhetho. Zidala amaqumrhu oluntu, amathuba okuzithandela, kunye nezithuba zokuxoxa ngezopolitiko. Abantu abaninzi, bajoyina iqela linyathelo lokuqala lokuya kwisenzo sobuProfethi, enoba kukuxhasa, ukuqokelela okanye ukubhatala. Oku kwenza ukuba abemi batshate bathatyathwe inxaxheba ephezulu kwimimandla engeyoyamaPhondo. URobert Putnam ubizwa ngokuba “likomkhulu lentlalo” — ukuthemba, ukuququzelela, kunye nokudibanisa iingxaki. Ingitya nengithanga elinamandla lisoloko inemibutho elinenxaxheba kwimimandla engangowayo i-i-Athemillinethi.

Ukukhuthaza Ulawulo Olunempumelelo Nomthetho

Xa sele enegunya, amaqela anceda ekucwangciseni umatshini karhulumente. Kwinkqubo zepalamente, iqela elininzi (okanye umnqophiso) liyila ikhathemethi lize liqinisekise ukuba ummiselo wayo wemithetho uphunyezwe. Ingqeqesho yeqela — ulindelo lokuba amalungu avote neqela lawo kwityala elingundoqo — luvumela inkqubo yokwenza inkqubo edityanisiweyo. Ngaphandle kwamaqela, iintsebenziswano zendlu yowiso-mthetho zinokuba kukuqokelelwa okungalungelekiyo kwezantlukwano, ziyenza ingabi nakukwazi ukuphumelela uqingqo-lwabiwo-mali, okanye ukuphendula kwiimeko ezimanqamlezileyo. Oku akuthethi ukuba amaqela asoloko ephumelela — amacandelo angaphakathi kunye ne-gridrock eyenzeka — kodwa zinika izibonelelo ezisisiseko zezenzo zeqela.

Iintlobo Zemibhiyozo Yezobupolitika: Ukwahlukahlukana Kweengcamango Neyamahlelo

Ukuqonda ezi ntlobo kunceda kucacise isizathu sokuba amaqela ahluke kumazwe awahlukahlukeneyo.

Imikhosi emikhulu nemincinane

Amaqela amakhulu, anjenge Democrates kunye neRepublicans eUnited States okanye i-Conservatives kunye ne-Loudour eUnited Kingdom, alawula ukhuphiswano lwabanyulwa. Anamalungu amakhulu, amaqumrhu amakhulu axhasa intsebenziswano emali, kunye nethuba lokwenene lokuphumelela. Amaqela amancinane, maxa wambi abizwa ngokuba ngamaqela esithathu, asebenza kwiimbambano ezisemida. Angajolisa kwimbambano enciphileyo (umz., iParti yeGreen on bumeism), amele umdla wengingqi (umz., iScottish National Party), okanye avukelel'ams , iPigatenti). Amaqela amancinane anganqandanelo kuphela kodwa angaphembele ngemibandela emikhulu.

Icala elinye kunye neMithendeleko yeMidlalo

Amaqela ajongene nocoselelo olunye, ajongane neqonga elibanzi. Imizekelo iquka iPhondo Lezentengiso kwiU.S. (elithi ngokwembali likhuthaza ukuvalwa kotywala) okanye amaqela angoku achasene nokonakala. Amaqela enkcubeko, ngokwahlukileyo, anikela iimbono zehlabathi ezibanzi. Amaqela oMarx-Lenin, amaqela akwizikhundla zethala leencwadi, namaqela onqulo onke anikela ukhokelo kuludwe olubanzi lwemibandela, ukusuka kwimithetho yezoqoqosho ukuya kumthetho wentsapho kwimicimbi yasemzini. Oku akuthethi ukuba amaqela amaqela angenamincithanga; asuka nje anike usukelo olunye kwezinye.

Imisitho yokubhabha

Ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, amaqela amaninzi aphambili aguqulwa aba “aphela” imibutho eyandisa isibheno sayo sokutsala abavoti kwiingingqi zodidi kunye neengcambu zengqondo. Kunokuba aququzelele ukhuphiswano lwedemokhrasi, anenjongo yokwandisa amavoti ngokulungisa iindawo zawo. Amaqela amaqela ahambayo ahambela phambili: asebenzisana nabaxhathisi ukuze akhusele inkxaso karhulumente, ukufikelela koondaba, namalungelo asemthethweni abangela ukuba atyhafe amaqela amatsha ngaphandle kokhuphiswano. Oku kunciphisa ukhuphiswano lwedemokhrasi kwaye kunyusa inkxalabo ngohlobo “lwe-demokhrasi. Iqela lenqwelo moya laphuhliswa nguKats noMir (1995) kwaye ahlala enempembelelo.

Idili elikhulu lichasene neMisa esekelwe kwiMisa

Amaqela e-Elite, aqhelekile ngenkulungwane ye-18 neye-19, ayekhokelwa ngababalulekileyo — ngabemi be-ofesi-mhlaba, abarhwebi, amagqwetha — ababexhasa amaphulo okuxhasa ngezinto zobuqu. Ayengenamfuneko yamalungu. Amaqela asekelwe kwiMisa, avela ngokukhula kwe-suffgence, ukwakha imibutho emikhulu yamalungu emali exhaswa ngemali ngemali ngemali ehlawulwa yimali nangeminikelo emincinane. Amaqela amaninzi asekuhlaleni aseYurophu akwidemokhrasi abonisa lo mzekelo. Namhlanje, ubugcisa bezobugcisa bezobugcisa bunceda umzekelo wesithathu: “iprofestionstal-operator" iqela elixhomekeke kubacebisi, kwimiquququ, kwimishinari, nakuqela elikhulu labanikelayo kunemitshicinelo.

Ubugcisa obudumileyo bunikezelwa nguMaurice Duverger kwi- Icandelo lobuProtalic: Umbutho Wabo noMsebenzi Kwilizwe Langoku (1954]), obufumaneka ngaphaya [ JOR.

Indima Yemibhiyozo Yezobupolitika Kukhetho Nakuphulo

Unyulo yibala lemidlalo apho amaqela akhuphisana khona ukuze afumane igunya, yaye ukubandakanyeka kwawo kuchaphazela lonke icandelo lenkqubo.

Ukhetho

Iintlanganiso zigqiba ukuba ngubani oza kusebenza phantsi kwebhanile yazo. Le nkqubo yokukhetha yahluka kakhulu: amaprimrive avaliweyo kwamanye amazwe ase-U.S., avule amabala kwezinye, afake iindibano kwiqela elikhulu laseYurophu, okanye avumelwe ziikomiti zamaqela. Le ndlela inokuba negalelo kakhulu. Ii-Primerimo zinganika abaxhasi abaxhasi bengca kodwa zitsala abagqebayo, ngelinye ixesha iinkqubo eziphezulu ezidla ngokuvelisa izihluzo eziphakathi. Abagcini besango baphuma ngaphandle kwemisebenzi engasebenziyo okanye abavalazamkeli, kodwa ulawulo lwabo lungatsala abaxhasi abaphambili.

Ukubhaka-bhaka nokukhulisa iNgxowa-mali

Amaphulo onyulo anamhlanje abiza imali eninzi kwaye antsonkothileyo. Amaphulo onyulo anika abatsha - ntliziyo abasebenzi, ukuvotelwa, ukuveliswa kwamajelo eendaba, kunye nenkxaso engokwasemthethweni. Alungelelanisa amaqumrhu amatsha - ntliziyo kwaye aqhube amaphulo afanayo eeofisi ezininzi. Ngokufuthi iikomiti zeqela lesizwe zinyusa zize zichithe imali eninzi, zijongene nemithetho yezemali. Kumazwe amaninzi, amaqela afumana inkxaso kawonke-wonke kwimisebenzi yephulo, nto leyo enceda umgangatho wokudlala. Kodwa indima yabasebenzi abazizityebi abanikelayo kunye nee-PAC eziphezulu eU.S.

Ukufikelela kweQumrhu neDiagno

Izahlulo zivelisa ubuninzi obukhulu benkcazelo kubavoti: iincwadana zeqonga, amaphepha abhaliweyo ajongene nabatshati, izibhengezo zokuhlasela, izibhengezo zentlanganiso, kunye nenkcazelo yezentlalo-ntlalo. Zikwabandakanyeka kunxibelelwano olungqalileyo lomvoti, olubonisa ukuba luyasebenza ekunyuseni izibonda. Ngokwazisa abavoti ngezibonda, amaqela anceda abemi benze ukhetho olufundisayo. Kwangaxeshanye, ukubhengeza amaphulo angafanelekanga kunye nokungachananga zingxaki ezingapheliyo. Imibutho yeqela ingenza njengabagcini bamasango ukuze bafumane iingxelo ezichanile, kodwa iinjongo zabo zisenokungasoloko zivumelana ngokuchanabileyo.

Ukujongana Nocelomngeni Lokhetho Nomthetho

Ngeli xesha ulawulo lonyulo luzimele, amaqela ajonga iindawo zokuhlola ukuphanda okungahambi kakuhle. Kumazwe amaninzi, abameli beqela (ababizwa ngokuba “abagcini-mali bengqushu”) bavumelekile ukuba bagcine ubalo lwevoti. Emva konyulo, amaqela aphulukana novavanyo asenokufumana iziphumo kwinkundla okanye kuluvo lukawonke-wonke, ukuqhatha okanye iimpazamo. Oku kujongwa kwamaqela eencwadi okugunyazisa ukuchongwa komjekelo lwentambo xa kungekho sizathu. Unyulo lomongameli wase-2020.S. lwabona iingxaki ezininzi zeqela lamaqela athintelwayo, ukukhuthaza ukuphendula nokuthembeka.

Iingxaki Zezobupolitika Ezijamelene Nemithendeleko Yale Mihla

Phezu kwako nje ukuphakama kwawo, amaqela ezobupolitika ajamelana nemimoya emininzi esongela ukubaluleka kwawo nempumelelo yawo.

Ukwenziwa kwenzululwazi ngenzululwazi ngemizimba

Kulawulo-lawulo-mpuku oluninzi, umgama ophakathi kwesasekhohlo nesasekunene uphangalele. E-United States, ukhetho lwabaququzeleli luye lwadala phantse ezimbini ngokwahlukene ngokupheleleyo kwemeko-bume yolwazi kunye neembono zenkqubo. Oku kudityaniswa kwemimandla ehlukeneyo kukhokelela kwiqhina lowiso-mthetho, njengoko ulalanisa kujongwa njengokungcatsha. Kukwanyusa ukuchaphazeleka — ukungakhathaleli nokungathembani kwelinye icala — okungaphelisa imilinganiselo yokuhlonela idemokhrasi. Iinjongo zombini kunye nokuquluzela i-antellianti ngokusebenzisa utshaba ngaphandle kweqela njengesixhobo sokuzingela.

Uncamathelo Olungaqondakaliyo Lwamalungu

Abantu abambalwa ngoku bangenelela amaqela ezobupolitika kunaphakathi kwenkulungwane yama-20. EYurophu, amanani aphakathi asuka phantse kwi 5% yonyulo kuma-1960 ukuya ngezantsi kwe-2% namhlanje. EUnited States, inani labantu abazimelayo liye lanyuka ngokuphandle. Oku kunciphisa amandla amaqela okuganana nokhuphiswano oluvela kwiingca kwaye kuwenza athembeke ngakumbi kubanikeli abazizityebi okanye kwinkxaso yorhulumente.

Udimazeko lukawonke-wonke kunye nokuthunyelwa kwecandelo

Amahlazo orhwaphilizo, amanyala, amadinga aphulweyo, kunye nokungafezeki kobuchule kuye kwabangela ukungathembani okunzulu kwabantu ngamaqela. Kumazwe amaninzi, abavoti bajonga amaqela njengaziqhubi abaxhamli-mali nangabachukumiyo. Oku kuye kwabangela ukuba kubekho imibutho elwa nolwakhiwo oluchasene “nokumiselwa” kwaye ithembisa ukudlula oomatshini beqela. Ngoxa ezo ntshukumo zidla ngokuyila amaqela abo, bathi zimela uhlobo olucacileyo lwedemokhrasi. Isiphumo sexesha elide singaba kukukhukuliseka komthetho kunye nozinzo lweziko lwequmrhu.

Ukuqhelaniswa Nobugcisa Nezobugcisa

Amaqonga amanani aphazamise uthungelwano lwamaqela aqhelekileyo. Ngoku ayakwazi ukuthetha ngqo nabavoti ngokudlula kwi-Twitter, i-Facebook, okanye i-Tik Tok, edlula iziqhagamshelanisi zeqela. Oku kunika amandla abezobupolitika ngabanye kwaye kunokwenza ukuba amaqela angakwazi ukudibanisa izibhengezo. Ukufakwa kwemicro - zibhengezo kuvumela amaphulo okuthungelana imiyalezo namaqela anciphileyo, aphakamise imicimbi yezakho yobuqu kunye nenkxaso. Okwangoku, amagumbi esandi kunye nokurhoxisa kolwazi kwenza kube nzima kakhulu kumaqela ukwakha izibakala. Ukutshintsha kufuneka amaqela afake kugcino-data kunye nokuthembeka kogcino-lwazi lobunyani.

Urhwebo - mhlaba Neenkqubo Zokusebenza Kwabantu Ezitshintshayo

Ukxubeko, urhwebo, kunye notshintsho lwenkcubeko luye lwalungisa kwakhona ii-cleaves zezobupolitika. Ucalucalulo lodidi oludala olusekelwe kudidi oludala (abasebenzi v. abanikazi) ngokwenxenye luthathelwe indawo lulwahlulo olutsha lwenkcubeko (cosmopolitan v. communitan). Iintlanganiso eziye zahluleka ukuvumelana nemeko zisenokulahlekelwa zizinto ezingundoqo. Umzekelo, amaqela akwisiko-lekloko-leldari azama ngokuzinzisa kwiqela elinobuluhlaza-collar aguqukela kumaqela asekunene. Kwangaxeshanye, izizukulwana ezincinane zityekele ekutyekeleni ukutshintsha kwemozulu, zidala amathuba okuzinziwa kwamaqela aluhlaza nanenkqubela.

Kuhlalutyo olubanzi lwale mikhwa, bona Ingxelo yeZiko lophando lwePew malunga nemibutho yeqela (2024).

Imicimbi Yezobupolitika KwiziKhundla Zolawulo Nezamagraneti

Kulawulo - melo olungqongqo okanye oluyimichiza, amaqela adla ngokusebenza imisebenzi eyahlukahlukeneyo — ngokuqhelekileyo njengezixhobo zokulawula kunokuba akhuphisane.

IKhadisi yeHegemonic neMimandla yeQela elinye

Kumazwe anjengeTshayina, iVietnam, neMntla Korea, iqela elinye lilawula wonke umsebenzi wezopolitiko. Amaqela enkcaso avaliwe okanye aphenjelelwa mandla. Iqela elilawulayo lidibene kakhulu nezixhobo zikarhulumente, lilawula umkhosi, iinkundla, amajelo eendaba, nezoqoqosho. Izicelo zigcinwa kodwa azikho. Umsebenzi weqela kukuqinisekisa umanyano oluphezulu, ukuhlanganisana kwabantu, kunye nokuvumelana kwemiqathango. Nangona kungekho demokhrasi, la maqela asoloko enezigidi zamalungu nezakhiwo ezintabalala.

Izixhobo Ezincinane Ezingangeni Manzi Zokhuphiswano Olulinganiselweyo

Amanye amazwe avumela amaqela amaninzi kodwa aqinisekisa ukuba iqela elilawulayo lingaze lilahleke. Imizekelo iquka iRashiya phantsi kwe-United Russia, iHungary phantsi kweFidesz, kunye neVenezuela phantsi kweUnited Socialist Party. Iqela elincinane lisebenzisa ubuncwane besizwe, ulawulo lolawulo lolawulo lolawulo lolawulo-ndaba, ukungcuthekiswa okusemthethweni, kunye nokusetyenziswa kolawulo olusemthethweni ukuze kulondolozwe ulawulo. Amaqela enkcaso akhona kodwa ajongene nezithintelo ezinzima. Ezi nkqubo ezinjalo, amaqela axhasa ulawulo lwe-demon, nangona enikela indlela ethile yokuchasana.

Izabelo njengemiThetho yoTshintshiso

Kumazwe athoba udemo-demokhrasi, amaqela anokuba ngabameli botshintsho kulawulo olungqongqo. Ngokulungiselela ukuchaswa kolawulo kunye nokuqukunjelwa kwee-pads, amaqela adala iimeko zonyulo olukhululekileyo. Noko ke, anokuba zizithuthi zokuba abalawuli be-autocrates bagcine igunya — oko kubizwa ngokuba “bubuzwilakhe bolawulo-mpala.” Ukuqonda ukuziphatha kweqela kumbandela ongengolawulo-demokhrasi kuyanceda kucacisa isizathu sokuba idemokhrasi maxa lisilele ukuqina.

Ikamva Lemibhiyozo Yezobupolitika

Yintoni eza kwenzeka kwimimandla eyahlukahlukeneyo yezobupolitika?

Inxaxheba yamanani kunye nelungu elikwi - Internet

Iintlobo ezintsha zolungiselelo lweqela ziyavela. IParti yePirate kunye ne-Five Star Movement zalinga amaqonga kwi-intanethi ukwenzela ukwenza izigqibo zangaphakathi, zivumela amalungu ukuba avote kwinkqubo kunye nokukhetha okumelwe kuthathwe ngokungqalileyo. La “maqela adityanisiweyo” ajolise ekunciphiseni i-oligarchy kunye nokwandisa inxaxheba, kodwa kwakhona ajongene nocelomngeni lokhuseleko, ukuxhathisa, kunye nokucingisiswa okusezantsi. Amaqela amaqela angundoqo amkela ezinye zezi zixhobo, edala izakhiwo ze-projective.

Iimali Nezitya Zokukhetha

Amaqela amaninzi ayamkela izilawuli ezivulekileyo okanye iingxoxo ezibophelelayo namalungu. Oku kunika impembelelo enkulu kubavoti-culha-dekhi nakwiifayile zokuvota, kodwa kungabenza buthathaka ukhokelo lweqela kunye nokukhuthaza ubukho bengingqi. Intsingiselo “yokuthoba” ulawulo lwangaphakathi lwe-athom lusabela kwimfuno yoluntu ukubonakala okungakumbi kodwa lunganciphisa ukusebenza.

Urhulumente wogcino-lwazi kunye neenkqubo zecandelo elininzi

Kwinkqubo ezininzi zepalamente, ixesha likarhulumente omnye liphelile. Oorhulumente bezentengiselwano baxhaphakile, bafuna amaqela anxibelelana ngokumanyeneyo. Oku kungavelisa inkqubo ezinzileyo, engokwabantu bonke, kodwa kwakhona kusenokungaqiniseki — abavoti basenokutyhola iqabane elibi elisebenzisanayo kwizigqibo ezingathandwayo. Amathala eencwadi kufuneka abe nobuchule obungakumbi ekuqiniseni umanyano nonxibelelwano kwiindawo ezingqongileyo ezidityanisiweyo, eziziiiindawo ezininzi.

Izahlulo kunye nePopulist echasene nokuhlaliswa

Amaqela epopulist aye athumela umsindo kawonke-wonke kwimpumelelo yonyulo. Imingeni yawo esunguliweyo yamaqela ukusingatha izikhalazo ezimalunga nokungalingani kwezoqoqosho, ukufuduka, kunye nokutshintsha kwenkcubeko. Amanye amaqela asunguliweyo aye amkela iindlela zompuluko okanye iinkqubo zompumpu odityanisiweyo. Impembelelo ende yexesha isenokuba kukulawula iinkqubo zeqela, njengoko amaqela akwisithethe asekhohlo ekhuphisana “nee-vs. breast”.

Kumbono ongaphambili, Inqaku le Institution elikwindawo yamanani (2023) linika uluvo ngendlela ubugcisa obubuyisela ngayo utshintsho.

Isiphelo: Isizathu Sokuba Imibhiyozo Yezobupolitika Ibaluleke Nanamhlanje

Amaqela ezobupolitika akude namaziko agqibeleleyo. Angonakaliswa, athatyathwe kakubi, adityaniswe, ahlulwe kubantu abaqhelekileyo. Kodwa akukho ndlela ithile iye yangqineka isebenza ngokulinganayo ekulungiseleleni ukuthatha inxaxheba kobuninzi, ukuseka inkqubo engqinelanayo, nokuqinisekisa ukuthunyelwa koxolo kolawulo lwamandla. Iintlanganiso zisemgangathweni wokuguqulela okuziintlawulo, iza kusasaza izigidi zabemi kwizigqibo zikarhulumente ezicwangcisiweyo. Njengokuba ubugcisa busanda ukusukela ekuphoxeleni ipopulism — imbopheleleko ikho kubemi, abaguquli, kunye neenkokeli zeqela lokuqinisa imisebenzi yedemokhrasi ngexesha lokwenza imisebenzi yabo yolawulo-demokhrasi. Ukuqonda amaqela ezobupolitika akuyo nje inkqubo yemfundo yokufundisa; kuyafuneka ukuba akhusele kwaye ahlaziye idemokhrasi.