Isiseko solawulo lwemali olukwiqondo lobuRhulumente

Amasebe emali — ukusuka kumabhanki oluntu kunye namaqumrhu anokutyala imali kunye neemali zokuboleka imali.

Injongo Yolungelelwaniso Lwesizwe

Amasebe eenkonzo zemali alawula amaziko emali ukuze aphumeze iinjongo ezintathu ezingundoqo: ukukhusela abathengi, ukugcina ukhuseleko nokulunga kwamaziko ngamanye, nokugcina intembelo kawonke-wonke kwinkqubo yemali. Urhulumente ngamnye unemithetho nemimiselo yakhe, kodwa iinjongo ezisisiseko aziguquguquki. Abalawuli baqinisekisa ukuba amaziko asebenza ngokunyaniseka, ngokukhanya, nangezinto ezaneleyo zokuthintela ukulahlekelwa. Bakwasebenza ukuthintela ukurhoxisa imali, ukuqhatha, kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho lwezemali oluyingozi kubantu.

Ukulungelelanisa Ukhuseleko Nokungahlali

Abalawuli belizwe kufuneka bafake ulungelelwano phakathi kobuveleli obungqongqo nokuvumela utshintsho. Umzekelo, iibhanki ezininzi ezithengiswe ngurhulumente kunye nababoleki abangengobango bamali banika imveliso ezinokungagqunywa yimithetho yengingqi yelizwe ngokupheleleyo, njengemali-mboleko encinci yeplatfomu ebolekisa ngoontanga. Amasebe elizwe avavanya ezi mveliso ngesiseko setyala, avumela ezo zidibana nemigangatho esemthethweni kwaye akhusela abathengi kwezo zingabikho. Esi sisizathu esinye sokuba umthetho wesizwe unyamezele njengokuba igunya lesizwe likhula.

Ilicens kunye noTshado: Indlela yokungena yokusebenza

Akukho sibonelelo semali sisebenza kwimeko ngaphandle kokuba sifumane ilayisensi okanye umgaqo-siseko kwisebe likarhulumente elifanelekileyo. Le nkqubo sisixhobo esiphambili sokuvavanya abadlali abangalunganga. Abacebisi kufuneka banikezele iiplani zeshishini ezineenkcukacha, iingxelo zemali, iziphumo zemvelaphi kumnini-ofisi, kunye nesiqinisekiso sekomkhulu elaneleyo. Isebe lesizwe lihlola zonke izinto kwaye lingaqhuba udliwano-ndlebe okanye ukutyelelwa kwesiza. Ukuba umfaki-sicelo uhlangabezana neemfuno, isebe linika irentengiso yelayisensi/* kodwa elo layisensi liza ngemeko eziqhubekayo.

Imizobo kaRhulumente yeeBhanki

Iibhanki zingakhetha irekhodi karhulumente esuka kwi-Ofisi yeComptaller of the Lage (OCC) okanye irejitha yorhulumente esuka kwisebe lebhanki lasekhaya. Iibhanki zikarhulumente zikhokelwa kakhulu ngabalawuli bakarhulumente, nangona zikwaphantsi kolawulo lweFederal Deposit Information Corporation (FDIC) ukuba zithwala i-inshorensi. Njenge-2024, malunga nama-70% e-U.S.

Ukungangeni rhabaxa

Amaqumrhu angenabanki . .afana neenkampani zemali, ababoleki bemali, abaqokeleli bamatyala, kunye nee-aspeciers zemali zifuna iilayisensi zikarhulumente. Urhulumente ngamnye unemithetho yakhe enika imvume, ngokufuthi equka ukudibanisa iimfuno, iimvavanyo ezifanelekileyo zenethi, kunye nokuthobela imithetho yokukhusela abathengi. I-National Multlivestate Licensing Sy (NMLS) inceda ukuqukuqela le nkqubo yeenkampani ezisebenza kumazwe amaninzi, kodwa igunya lokugqibela lixhomekeke kumphathi-gosal.

Uludwe lweeNkcukacha oluBanzi oluBalulekileyo:

Ukufumana iphepha-mvume kukuphela kwesiqalo. Amasebe karhulumente aqhuba uvavanyo oluthe rhoqo lwamaziko awalawulayo. Olu vavanyo luyenzeka kumjikelezo we-12 ukuya ku-24 yeenyanga kwaye lugquma zonke iinkalo zemisebenzi: ubunjani bempahla, ulawulo, ubuchule bokufumana, ulwenziso, kunye nolwazi lomngcipheko wemarike (ngokufunyanisiweyo njengomlinganiselo weCAMLS). Abahloli bahlola kwakhona ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho yokukhusela abathengi, iinkqubo zokulwa kwemali (AML), kunye neemfuno zokubolekisa ezifanelekileyo.

Uhlolo-lolongo logcino-lwazi kunye nohlalutyo logcino-lwazi

Ukongeza kuvavanyo olukwiziqinisekiso, abalawuli bombuso basebenzisa izixhobo zokuhlola. Iziko zefayile ngokwekota yeengxelo zemali ezivumela amasebe ukuba alandele iziphumo zesiqhelo kwaye aphawule iiflegi ezibomvu kwangoko. Umzekelo, isikhonkwane esingalindelekanga kwimali-mboleko okanye ukuhla kwezilinganiselo ezinkulu kubangela ukuba ujongwa ngokusondeleyo. Le ndlela yogcino-lwazi-lwazi inceda abalawuli bagxininise kwimibutho ebangela umngcipheko ophezulu, ngelixa inika amaziko asebenzisana nokhuseleko oluphezulu.

Ubuxhakaxhaka kunye nokukhutshwa kwe-Cyberratic

Njengoko iinkonzo zemali zisiba ngamanani angakumbi, amasebe karhulumente aye ongeza iIT kunye novavanyo lwezokhuseleko lwekhompyutha. Ahlola ukuba iziko linokhuseleko oluqinileyo ekuthinteleni ukuqhekezwa, ukuphulwa kogcino-lwazi, kunye nezixhobo zokuhlawulela. Amanye amazwe, njengeNew York, aye akhupha imimiselo yawo yokungalingani nekhompyutha emisela imilinganiselo yezinto ezigqunyiweyo. Ezi mfuneko zingaphaya kolwalathiso lorhulumente kwaye zibonisa ukubaluleka okukhulayo komngcipheko wekhompyutha kwimiqathango yemali.

Ukhuseleko Nendlela Yokusingatha Izikhalazo Yabaguli

Amasebe karhulumente adla ngokujika kuqala abathengi xa benengxaki nesebe lezemali. Enoba ngumrhumo ongafanelekanga, impazamo yokulungisa imali, okanye ukuqhatha okurhanelwayo, abalawuli bakarhulumente banegunya lokuphanda nokucombulula izikhalazo. Amaziko amaninzi karhulumente agcina abathengi, izikhalo ze-intanethi, kunye neenkonzo zokubonisa intlawulo. Bangayalela ukuba imigaqo ilungiswe, okanye bachaze amatyala enyathelo elisemthethweni.

Ukunyanzelwa kweMithetho ePhakathi kaRhulumente

Urhulumente ngamnye unemithetho yakhe yezemali. Umzekelo, iSercistein Financial Protection Law yaseKhalifoniya inika iSebe lezeMpilo nezoKhuselo lwezeNtlalo-mali (DFPI) amandla abanzi okuthintela izenzo zokuxhaphaza. ITexas inemimiselo ethile elawula ikhaya ngokulinganayo. ISebe leMali le-Financial Service (DFS) laseNew York laziwa ngezenzo zobundlobongela ezichasene noobhanki ezichasene nokugweba okanye ezisilela ukunikela ingxelo yomsebenzi okrokredelayo. Abalawuli be-Rhulumente basebenzisa le mithetho ukuqinisekisa ukuba amaziko afanele aphendule ngendlela emithetho yesebe lasekuhlaleni enokuba ingagungqini.

Ulwahlulo neCFPB

Amasebe ephondo asoloko esebenza kunye neConsumer Financial Protection Bureau. Ngovavanyo lwamalungu, ukwabelana ngolwazi, kunye nokunyanzelisa ukugcinwa komthetho, abalawuli borhulumente kunye norhulumente bayayiphepha imigudu yokukhuphela izicelo ngexesha beqinisekisa ulawulo olubanzi. CFB ixhomekeke kwii-arhente zikarhulumente ukuchonga imibandela, kwaye abameli besizwe bangenelwa kugcino-data kunye nobuncwane belizwe lonke.

Izenzo zonyanzelo nezithuba

Xa isibonelelo semali sophula umthetho okanye sibandakanyeka kuqheliselo olukhuselekileyo, amasebe karhulumente anoludwe lwezixhobo zokunyanzelisa. Angayeka kunye nemiyalelo yokunyanzelisa, amisele imiyalelo yezohlwayo, afune izicwangciso zemali, alungise okanye ashenxise amalayisensi, kwaye ashenxise abaphathi-mikhosi okanye abaphathi-mikhosi. Kwimeko ezimandundu, abalawuli bangayibeka iprojekthi ekhathazekileyo phantsi kokulungisa okanye bacwangcise ukuthengiswa kwayo kumntu ophikisiweyo ngempilo engcono. Le misebenzi yenzelwe ukunqanda ukungaphumeleli okunokuphazamisa abagcini-mali kunye noqoqoshongo.

Imizekelo enokunyanzeliswa

Ngo-2023, iNew York DFS yahlawulisa ibhanki enkulu yamazwe ngamazwe i-R150 ezigidi ngenxa yokusilela ukugcina ulawulo olufanelekileyo lwe-AML. I-DFPI yaseKhalifoniya ithathe izenzo zonyanzelo ngokuchasene nababoleki bemini yokuhlawula inzala engekho mthethweni. ISebe le-Texas leBranning livale imisebenzi yokuhlola ityala. Le mizekelo ibonisa ukuba abalawuli borhulumente bakulungele ukusebenzisa igunya labo ukukhusela abathengi nokugcina intembelo yabo.

Ukuva Nokubhenela Kwendlebe

Iziko linelungelo lenkqubo efunekayo. Ngaphambi kokuba ilayisensi irhoxisiwe okanye kufakwe inhlawulo, umlawuli kufuneka anike isaziso nethuba lokuchongwa. Amazwe amaninzi aneejaji zomthetho zolawulo okanye amagosa aphulaphuli ajonge ezi zindululo. Izibheno zingaya kwiinkundla zephondo. Esi siseko somthetho siqinisekisa ukuba izenzo zokunyanzelisa zilungile kwaye zisekelwe kubungqina.

Ummiselo woMgaqo-nkqubo weSizwe: ISicwangciso-Msebenzi

Inkqubo yokubhalisa iibhanki ezibini idla ngokuqondwa njengendawo yokhuphiswano phakathi kwabaphathi-mikhosi bakarhulumente kunye norhulumente. Ngokuqhelekileyo, bayaphelelisana. Amagunya omanyano amisela imilinganiselo yelizwe lonke ukwenzela ikomkhulu, i-inshorensi, kunye nomngcipheko wenkqubo. Amagunya esizwe ayayivumela le milinganiselo ngokweemeko zasekuhlaleni kwaye aphathe amaqumrhu angenako ukufikelela `njengemali ebolekisiweyo neebhanki ezingengangeni. Lo mbutho udala ukhuseleko olulayisholweyo olubanzi nolunzulu.

Iingenelo Zokubuyiselwa Kolawulo

  • Ulwazi lwengingqi: lwamaphondo aqonda iimeko zezoqoqosho, iimfuno zabathengi, kunye noqheliselo lwezoshishino kumazwe awo.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukungaguquguquki: Amazwe angalinga ngemithetho emitsha, enjengendawo yokufaka iintwala ezinamaphiko, kwaye alungelelanise ngokukhawuleza kuvela komngcipheko.
  • [[UMTL: 0] ukusebenza:[ kumaqumrhu amancinci, ukuqhubana nomlawuli worhulumente kudla ngokusabela kakhulu kwaye kulula kunokwenza umbutho worhulumente.

Iingxaki Zokulungelelana

Enye into ephazamisayo kulawulo lukarhulumente kukuguquguquka. Umboleki wendlu yendlu nomsebenzi kumazwana angama-20 kufuneka ahambelane neeseti ezingama-20 ezahlukeneyo zemithetho, ezinokunyusa amaxabiso kunye nokuntsonkotha. Ukunika idilesi, Conference of State Bank Supervisors (CSBS)[FL:1] usebenza ukudibanisa imimiselo enqamleza imithetho yemodeli kunye nezivumelwano zezivumelwano. I-NMLS yenye yempumelelo kulo mgudu womanyano.

Ingxamiseko yolawulo lwemeko engundoqo

Nangona lonke ilizwe linolawulo lwalo lwemali, amaziko amaninzi anempembelelo ngokukhethekileyo ngenxa yobukhulu belizwe lawo okanye indlela aqalisa ngayo:

  • [[NKQUBO: 0] Isebe leMali loKhuselo nokhuselweyo (DFPI): Ijonga iibhanki zelizwe, amaqhina okuthenga, kunye noluhlu olubanzi lweenkonzo zemali ezingeyomilo.
  • Isebe lephondo leNew York leeNkonzo zeMali (DFS):[FT:1] ilawula zombini iibhanki ne-inshorensi. Idume ngesenzo sogonyamelo ekuthunyelweni imali, ivunywa ngokwaphulwa, kunye ne-ibbersecure.
  • [[FLT: 0] Isebe leBhanki: Ijolise kwibhanki esetyenziswa ngurhulumente kunye neenkampani zokuthembana. ITexas inenethwekhi enkulu yeebhanki zoluntu ezixhomekeke kulawulo lukarhulumente.
  • Florida Office of Financial Regate (OFR):[ Inyusa amaqumrhu emali, kunye neenkampani zendlu yokurhweba kunye neenkampani zemali, kwilizwe elinabemi abaninzi abathatha umhlala-phantsi abasengozini yokuqhatha.

Aba basemaqulwini basebenzisa amakhulukhulu amagqwetha namagcisa nabahlalutyi abasebenza ukugcina iimarike zemali zikhuselekile kubathengi nakumashishini.

Ucelomngeni Lokujamelana Nabalawuli Belizwe

Isebe likarhulumente lijamelana nocelomngeni oluninzi oluqhubekayo olufuna ukulungelelanisa okuqhubekayo:

Izixhobo ze-Fintech nezobugcisa

Unyuko lweenkampani ze-pintech, ii-crypocurrecture, kunye namaqonga ahlawulela imali amanani athe afiphaza imigca phakathi kogcino-mali kunye nobugcisa. Abalawuli belizwe kufuneka bagqibe ukuba imveliso entsha “yishishini lenkonzo yemali” efuna ilayisensi okanye inkonzo yobugcisa engahambi. Amanye amazwe ayile irhafu okanye iibhokisi zemali ezikhethekileyo ukukhuthaza ukusungula izinto ezintsha ngexesha lolawulo. Abanye baye bathatha indlela engqongqo, ingakumbi malunga nempahla yamanani, ukunqanda ubuqhetseba.

Izilondolozi Zikavimba

Amasebe amaninzi karhulumente asebenza ngoqingqo-mali olulinganiselweyo kunye nabasebenzi. Xa intlekele igaleleka ngezantsi njengokunyuka kwezikhalazo ngababolekisi bemali kubafundi okanye umzekelo wokuboleka imali ngokuxhaphaza `abangazama ukuphendula ngokukhawuleza. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, amanye amazwe aye aqalisa ukuhlawula iindleko zokuhlawula iindleko zovavanyo, kodwa imali iyaqhubeka ingumbandela oqhubekayo.

I-Arbirage yokuLawulwa

Amanye amaziko azama ukuphepha ulawulo lukarhulumente ngokufumana umgaqo-siseko wezwe okanye ngokusebenza kumaphondo ngemithetho elula. Oku “kujongana nomzantsi” kungabangela amasebe karhulumente anyanzelise ukonakalisa imigangatho yawo. Ukuphikisana noku, imibutho enjenge [[FLT: 0] National Association of Consumer Constendivections (NACA) ityhala imithetho yemodeli ebeka umgangatho wokukhusela abathengi kwiimeko ezinqamlezileyo.

Ikamva Lokulungelelaniswa Kwemali KukaRhulumente

Umthetho wesizwe usenokuba ngobhejekayo ngeendlela ezininzi. Okokuqala, ubugcisa buzakwenza uvavanyo oluninzi logcino-lwazi oluqhutywa ngedesimali, ukusebenzisa ubuchule obungeyoyamvelo ukukhangela ii-anomalie. Okwesibini, ulawulo oluninzi lunokufumana imithetho ebanzi kunye ne-computersting mithetho efana neyo yaseKhalifoniya neNew York. Okwesithathu, umgca phakathi kwebhanki norhwebo uza kuqhubeka ufiphaza njengoko iinkampani ezinkulu zobugcisa zinikela iinkonzo zemali, zikhuthaza iimpendulo ezintsha zokulawula. Amasebe karhulumente ayakuhlala kwimigca yangaphambili yezi nguqulelo kuba asondelenento ezi zinto ezichaphazelekayo.

Amathuba Abafundi Nabafundisi

Ukuqonda umgaqo-siseko wemali wesizwe kunika abafundi izifundo ezixabisekileyo. Kubonisa indlela abameli bakarhulumente abalungelelanisa ngayo ukukhula kwezoqoqosho nokhuseleko lwabathengi, indlela umthetho ohambelana ngayo nezigqibo ezintsha, nendlela abalawuli abaphambili abazenza ngayo izigqibo ezibalulekileyo. Abafundisi-bafundisi bangasebenzisa iimeko zokwenene kwiiwebhsayithi zomaziko karhulumente ukubonisa impembelelo esebenzisekayo yomthetho kubomi bemihla ngemihla. Ngokufana nomthetho ohlawulwayo onika inzala ephezulu okanye ukuqhekezwa kwekhompyutha okuphucula ukhuseleko logcino-lwazi.

Isiphelo

Amasebe karhulumente ayimfuneko kodwa ngokufuthi atyeshelwe amaziko eentsika zenkqubo yemali yase-U.Ayayifunisisa, ahlole, aze anyanzelise imithetho yamawaka eebhanki kunye namaziko angenamabhodlo achaphazela phantse yonke imizi yaseMerika. Umsebenzi wawo uthintela ukungaphumeleli, umise ubuqhetseba, kwaye unika abathengi indawo yokuhamba xa kukho into engalunganga. Ngoxa abalawuli bezolawulo besizwe betsalela ingqalelo engakumbi, ngabalawuli borhulumente abaphatha ulawulo lwemini-yo nangoko balawula intabalala yemibutho yemali. Njengoko ishishini lezezimali liqhubeka lisenza izinto, la masebe aya kuqinisekisa ukuba iimarikente ezihlala ziqinile, zilungile, zithembekile, kwaye zithembekile. Abafundi-otitshala-mthetho, bafunda iwindow yolawulo lwezorhulumente banika urhulumente ukuba ulungelelamngenise.