Irhuluneli imi njengegunya eliphakamileyo eliphakamileyo kwimida yolawulo kumaphondo namangingqi, ichaza umsantsa phakathi kolawulo lwengingqi norhulumente wesizwe. Ukuba inyulwe ngevoti edumileyo okanye imiselwe ligunya elisembindini, irhuluneli iphethe isikhundla esikhethekileyo esidibanisa ulawulo lwezobupolitika, ulawulo, kunye nomsebenzi wezolawulo. Umlinganiselo wale ndima uyahluka kakhulu kumazwe nakumaziko ezobupolitika, kodwa umsebenzi ongundoqo uhlala uthe tyelele: ukumisela imithetho, ukulawula oovimba babantu, nokumela izilangazelelo zikawonke-wonke-wonke, kunye nokumela izilangazelelo zommandla. Esi sikhokelo sinika ukuphuhlisa iimbopheleleko zezobupolitika, amandla, kunye nemiqathango yemiqathango yezo, inika ukuqondwa okusisiseko kwabo batsha kumxholo.

Imvelaphi YomGaqo-siseko kunye Nenkqubo Yendaleko Yomlawuli

Ingcamango yerhuluneli inemvelaphi enzulu engokwembali, isuka kubalawuli bamathanga abatyunjwe ngabalawuli baseYurophu ukuya kubalawuli abanobungangamsha abanoxanduva lwedemokhrasi banamhlanje. EUnited States, isikhundla serhuluneli sinye semibutho emidala yezobupolitika, emisela ubumongameli. Iirhuluneli zangaphambili zekoloni zaba negunya elikhulu, ngokufuthi zikhonza ngokonwabisa uKumkani, kwaye igunya labo lalingumthombo oyintloko wokhuphiswano olukhokelela kwiNguqulelo yaseMerika.

Ithuba lasemva kokuzimela kwabekho utshintsho lwamabomu. Umgaqo-siseko wombuso wangaphambili, owenzela amagunya obukhosi, odale iirhuluneli ezibuthathaka ezinamandla alinganiselweyo, onika amagunya amaninzi kwizindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente. Kwinkambo yeenkulungwane ze-19 kunye neze-20, noko ke, utshintsho oluthe lwabakho ngokuthe ngcembe. Ukuguqulwa kokumiswa kwemithetho-siseko ebekwe kude, okushenxiswa kwemiqathango yexesha kwezinye iimeko, kwaye wanika abalawuli amandla eveto, eqinisa indima yabo njengesebe lesithathu lelizwe. Le ndaleko ibonisa ukutshintsha kolwazi lolawulo, apho isigqeba-mthetho-mpatho-mthetho onamandla ibonwa njengokuyimfuneko ekulawuleni nokusebenza kakuhle kwemeko yemeko yengozi.

Namhlanje, irhuluneli isebenza kwisiseko esintsonkothileyo esichazwa ngumgaqo-siseko wesizwe, osebenza njengomthetho ophakamileyo wephondo. Olu xwebhu luchaza amandla akhethekileyo, imisebenzi, kunye nezithintelo zesikhundla, imisela inkqubo yokuhlola kunye nokulungelelana nxamnye nendlu yowiso-mthetho nejaji. Ukuqonda esi siseko somgaqo-siseko kubalulekile ekuqondeni igunya elisemthethweni lerhuluneli.

Igunya Leentambo Neembopheleleko ZoRhuluneli

Iimbopheleleko zerhuluneli zibanzi kwaye zijikelele, zichaphazela phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi bukawonke-wonke ngaphakathi kwiphondo. Le misebenzi idla ngokubekwa ngokwahlulwa ngokweenkqubo zolawulo, zowiso-mthetho, kunye nezokugweba, ukubonakalisa ukwahlulwa kwamandla kumgangatho worhulumente.

Amandla oMthetho

Enye yezona nkalo zibonakalayo zendima yerhuluneli kukudibana kwayo nendlu yowiso-mthetho. IRhuluneli inempembelelo ebalulekileyo kucwangciso lowiso-mthetho nakwinkqubo yokwenziwa komthetho. Amandla angundoqo owiso-mthetho aquka:

  • Umbuso weDilesi yeRhulumente: Unikezelwe ekuqaleni kwentlanganiso yowiso-mthetho, le ntetho ichaza izinto eziza kuqala zerhuluneli, iingcebiso ezicetyiweyo, kunye nombono wekamva lelizwe. Imisela indlela yonyaka wezopolitiko kwaye ingenza uluntu luxhaswe ngemigaqo ethile.
  • Igunya le Veto: Kumaphondo amaninzi, irhuluneli ingawukhupha umthetho odluliswe yindibano kunye ne-senate. Amanye amatyala anika irhuluneli i-odwa ilungu lomgca ``````''''', ivumela ukuba iwalahle amalungiselelo akhethekileyo enkqubo ngaphandle kokukhupha umthetho wonke. Oku kusisisixhobo esinamandla.
  • Igunya logwebo: Irhuluneli inguxanduva yokuyila nokunika indlu yowiso-mthetho uqingqo-mali olucetyiweyo. Olu xwebhu luyingxelo ebanzi yezinto eziphambili zemali zikarhulumente, inkcitho yemali kwimfundo, ukhuseleko lwempilo, izibonelelo, kunye nokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke.
  • Ukukhupha iZiqendu ezikhethekileyo: Xa kuvela imicimbi engxamisekileyo engenakulinda kwintlanganiso yowiso-mthetho elandelayo, irhuluneli inegunya lokubiza indlu yowiso-mthetho kwintlanganiso eyodwa, icwangcisa ucwangciso olukhethekileyo lwentlanganiso.

Amandla wanika igunya

Njengentloko yesebe eliphetheyo lelizwe, irhuluneli ijongene nokuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho karhulumente iphunyezwa ngokuthembeka. Oku kubandakanya izixhobo ezinkulu zolawulo.

Isivumelwano kunye nokukhutshwa: Irhuluneli emisela iintloko zamasebe amakhulu orhulumente kunye namasebe, njengonobhala weSizwe, uGeneral weAttorney (kwamanye amazwe), abaLawuli bezothutho, uKhuselo lwendawo, kunye neNkonzo yezempilo. Aba bamiselwe benza ikhathematini yerhuluneli kwaye banomthwalo wokusebenzisa inkqubo. Amandla okususa ngaphantsi kokusebenza okanye amagosa olonakalisayo sisisixhobo esingundoqo sokuziphendulela

Imiyalelo ephunyeziweyo: IGavera-mikhosi ephetheyo ingakhupha imiyalelo yokwalathisa imisebenzi yabameli borhulumente, idala imikhosi yomsebenzi, okanye idilesi yongxamiseko. Ngelixesha lemiyalelo ithwala amandla omthetho, baphantsi kocelomngeni olungokwasemthethweni kunye nolawulo lwemithetho. Eli gunya liba likhulu kakhulu ngexesha lobunzima, livumela ukwenza ngokukhawuleza ngaphandle kokulinda ulwamkelo lwemithetho.

Umkhosi womkhosi wesizwe, oquka uKhuselo lwesizwe kunye nawo nawuphi na umkhosi womkhosi womkhosi: Irhuluneli isebenza njenge yomyaleli-kwintloko [ yomkhosi wesizwe, oquka umkhosi wesizwe kunye nawo nawaphi na amandla okhuselo lwelizwe. Ngamaxesha entlekele yendalo, isiphithiphithiphithiphithi-phithi, okanye ungxamiseko lwempilo kawonke-wonke, irhuluneli ingamisa ezi zinto zibonelela abemi kwaye igcine ucwangco. Amapolisa kunye nomkhosi wolwandle udlalo lwelizwe luye luwe phantsi kweso sempu.

Amandla Okugweba

Ibamba linamandla ahlukileyo adibana nesebe lejaji, ngokuyintloko anxulumene nokugquma. La mandla asebenza njengokhangelo kwijaji kwaye anika isivalo sokhuseleko kwinkqubo yokugweba.

  • [[UMTL:0] Irhuluneli inganika uxolelo olupheleleyo, olukhulula umntu kulwaphulo-mthetho lubuyisele amalungelo abo, njengamalungelo okuvota okanye okuphatha uwonke-wonke.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Uqukuqelo: Eli gunya livumela irhuluneli ukuba inciphise isigwebo sesaphuli-mthetho. Alilucimi ulweyiseko kodwa linciphisa isohlwayo.
  • IiReprieves: Ulibaziseko lokwexeshana ekuphumezeni isivakalisi, ngokufuthi esinikwa ukuvumela uhlolo oluthe lwasemthethweni okanye ukuva okugqithisileyo.

Kumazwe amaninzi, amandla erhuluneli asetyenziswa ekunconyeni ibhodi yokukhulula okanye ugunyaziso, enika umaleko owongezelelweyo wohlolo nobuchule.

Ukusikelwa Imilinganiselo Nokuxilongwa Kwamandla Okugalela

Ngaphandle kwegunya labo elibalulekileyo, abalawuli abanamandla onke. Inkqubo eyomeleleyo yokuhlola kunye nolungelelwano iqinisekisa ukuba amandla abo asetyenziswa kwimida yomGaqo-siseko kwaye asabela ekuthandeni kwabantu namanye amasebe karhulumente.

Indlu yowiso-mthetho yesizwe [ inika uvavanyo olukhawulezileyo. Ingawugqitha umphetho werhuluneli kunye nesithathu sesithathu okanye isininzi esi-3 se-ftith kwimimandla emininzi. Indlu yowiso-mthetho ikwalawula "amandla epakethe," ibambe igunya lokugqibela kurhulumente ngokuchitha imali. Ingasikhaba izicelo zoqingqo-mali zerhuluneli, iinkqubo ze-defunid, kwaye iqhubele uphengululo kwisebe eliphetheyo. Ngaphezu koko, phantse lonke ilizwe, i-console inamandla okungakhuphi nakususa irhuluneli ye "ulwaphulo-mthetho eziphezulu kwaye idedel' ezinye izenzo ezichazwe ngumthetho.

isalathisi somthetho sisebenza njengolunye uvavanyo olubalulekileyo. Iinkundla zingabetha imiyalelo yegunya eliphetheyo eligqitha igunya lerhuluneli okanye elophula umthetho okanye umthetho worhulumente. Zingalawula kwakhona kumgaqo-siseko wemithetho etyikitywe yirhuluneli. Olu hlolo lwezomthetho luqinisekisa ukuba irhuluneli isebenza ngaphakathi kwesiseko esisemthethweni.

imida yexesha elifutshane luvavanyo olungqalileyo ekunyusweni kwegunya. Kumazwe amaninzi, abalawuli balinganiselwe kumabinzana amabini alandelelanayo, ukunyanzelisa ukuguqulwa kokhokelo rhoqo. Kumanye amazwe, njengoMexico, abalawuli bathintelwa ngokwemithetho-siseko ukuba bangaphinde bakhethe. Uluvo lukawonke-wonke kunye namajelo eendaba asebenza njengendlela engacwangciswanga mvume kodwa enamandla, agcina iirhuluneli zinobutyala kubanyuli. Irhulu eliphulukana nokuthemba kukawonke wonke lisenokukufumanisa kunzima ukuqhubela phambili imimiselo yemithetho.

Ulawulo Lusengxakini Nakulawulo

Indima yerhuluneli ivavanywa ngokukhawulezileyo ngexesha lentlekele. Iintlekele zemvelo ezifana neenkanyamba, imililo, izikhukula, neenyikima zomhlaba zifuna ukuba kusetyenziswe ngokukhawuleza kwaye kugqitywe inyathelo elingunozala wolawulo oluphezulu. Ubuchule berhuluneli bokulungelelanisa amaqumrhu karhulumente, ukuthumela i-National Guard, ukucela uncedo lukarhulumente (kuquka isindululo sentlekele), kwaye kunxibelelana noluntu ngokucacileyo kubaluleke ekusindiseni ubomi nempahla.

Isifo se-COVID-19 sagxininisa imbopheleleko enkulu kunye nokujongwa kweerhuluneli. Babekwimida ephambili yempilo kawonke-wonke, benza izigqibo ezinzima malunga nokutshixwa, ukuvalwa kwesikolo, izigunya zokufihla isigqubuthelo, kunye nokuvalwa kwezoqoqosho. Eli ngxaki labalaselisa indima ebalulekileyo yabalawuli bakarhulumente kwinkqubo karhulumente, ngokufuthi esebenza njengendawo yokuqala yonxibelelwano lwabemi ngexesha likaxakeka. Isifo sikwabonisa imida yamandla okulawula, njengokuba imiyalelo yempilo ijongene neengxaki ezisemthethweni kunye nokungavumelani okubalulekileyo kwezobupolitika.

Ngapha koko, abalawuli bakwindawo ephambili kwinkqubela-phambili yexesha elide yorhulumente. Basebenza njengegosa eliyintloko lophuhliso lwezoqoqosho, besebenzela ukutsala amashishini amatsha, ukuxhasa amashishini akhoyo, nokukhuthaza abasebenzi abanamava. Bamisela indlela yokuqhuba inkqubo yemfundo, ukususela kubantwana beselula ukuya kwiiyunivesithi zikarhulumente. Kwixesha lokukhula kwemimandla yezobupolitika, indima yerhuluneli njengengangenisi kunye nolwakhiwo lwesivumelwano ibaluleke kakhulu kunanini nangaphambili.

IRhuluneli Kwinkqubo Yomanyano (Ingqalelo ye-USA)

EUnited States, irhuluneli isebenza kwinkqubo entsonkothileyo yesizwe, yabelana ngegunya norhulumente wesizwe. Olu lwalamano lunamandla yaye ludla ngokukhuphisana. Uxanduva olungundoqo lwerhuluneli kukuxhasa izilangazelelo zikarhulumente eWashington, D.C. Oku kungabandakanya iBhunga elikhuthazayo, ukudibana neentloko zorhulumente, nokuxoxa noMongameli.

Icandelo lemali elinika inkxaso-mali elibalulekileyo kuninzi loqingqo-mali lukarhulumente. IRhuluneli kufuneka zigqibe ukuba zifanele zamkele na izimali zorhulumente zolwandiso lweenkqubo ezifana noMthetho we-Medicaid onokuKhathalela, ngokufuthi zivavanya iinzuzo zemali nxamnye neemeko zenkqubo ezidityaniswe ngurhulumente wesizwe. Le misebenzi inamandla yenza ingxubusho eqhubekayo ngokulungelelanisa amandla phakathi koorhulumente norhulumente worhulumente.

Kwakhona iiRhuluneli zisebenza njenge "iinkcubeko zedemokhrasi," njengoko iJaji uLouis Brandeis ichazwe ngokubanzi. Amazwe angalinga iinkqubo zobugcisa zonyango lwempilo, umgaqo wokusingqongileyo, imfundo, kunye nobulungisa bolwaphulo-mthetho. Xa luphumelela, olu vavanyo lomgangatho karhulumente lungaba yimizekelo yomgaqo-siseko. Ngokuchasene noko, iijaji zidla ngokukhokela imingeni esemthethweni nxamnye nemigaqo-siseko eziyijonga njengokugqitha imiqathango yemithetho-siseko okanye ukonzakalisa izilangazelelo zikarhulumente.

Ukuba Ngumlawuli: Unyulo Neemfaneleko

Indlela yokuba yirhuluneli ibandakanya iphulo elinzima lezobupolitika. Ngoxa iimfaneleko ezithile zihluka ngokwesizwe nakwelizwe, kukho iimfuno eziqhelekileyo. Kwi-U.S., uninzi lwamazwe lufuna ukuba irhuluneli ibe neminyaka engama-30 ubuncinane, ummi wase-U.S. ngexesha elithile (ngokufuthi iminyaka engama-5-10), kunye nommi weli lizwe eliqela leminyaka phambi konyulo.

Inkqubo yonyulo yeyona nto ibalulekileyo. Amaphulo kufuneka kuqala akhusele ukutyunjwa kweqela lawo, ngokuqhelekileyo ngonyulo oluphambili. Oku kulandelwa liphulo lonyulo jikelele olukhuphisanayo, olufuna ukuqokelelwa okubalulekileyo, ubuchule bokwenza unyulo, kunye nombutho woonobumba bengca. Ixesha lephulo lithuba lokuba abatshabhisi bachaze umbono wabo ngemeko kwaye banxulumane nabavoti kwimibandela ebaluleke kakhulu kubo. Kwamanye amazwe, unyulo lweziququ zonyulo loonontlalo lwequzelelo luba bagcinwa kude, lwahlukene nonyulo loonobumba bobungameli, olunokukhokelela ekunyulweni okusezantsi kodwa luvumele iingxoxo zezopolitiko zilawule imicimbi yezopolitiko.

Indlela yezoburhulumente yolawulo yahlukile. Abalawuli abaninzi banamava phambi kokuba babe ngabamisi-mthetho besizwe, iijaji-njengerejistar, okanye iijaji zephondo. Abanye bavela kwishishini, kumthetho, okanye kwezinye iimvelaphi zezobugcisa. Umsonto oqhelekileyo ngamandla okwazi ukwakha umnqongo-siseko ophangaleleyo wenkxaso kwaye ngokunempumelelo ulawule umbutho omkhulu, ontsonkothileyo. Ukujongwa ngokunzulu kumhlaba wonyulo, izinto ezifana neBallottepedia inikeza iinkcukacha zembali nezonyulo zangoku.

Iirhuluneli Ehlabathini Lonke

Ngelixesha igama elithi "governor" liqheleke kakhulu ukunxulunyaniswa neUnited States, indima ikhona kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zwenibanzi, nganye ijikwe ngumongo wayo wezopolitiko kunye nomgaqo-siseko.

Indiya: eIndiya, irhuluneli iyintloko yomgaqo-siseko karhulumente, ityunjwe nguMongameli waseIndiya ngecebiso likarhulumente osembindini. Le yindima yesithethe, ngamandla olawulo oluphezulu olokwenene abekwe kwiNkokeli eyintloko nakwiBhunga labaPhathiswa. Irhuluneli isebenza njengoqhagamshelwano phakathi korhulumente norhulumente wesizwe, kwaye inegunya lokugcina iityala zobukhongozelo lukaMongameli.

Mexico: Abalawuli baseMexico, abaziwa ngokuba igobernadores, ngabaphathi abaphezulu abanamandla abanyuliweyo. Bakhonza igama elinye, elingavuselelwanga kwakhona leminyaka emithandathu. Umgaqo-siseko waseMexico ubanika igunya elibalulekileyo kukhuseleko lukarhulumente, imfundo, kunye nenkqubela phambili yezoqoqosho. I-Contitutional Rrevolution (PRIN) engokwembali, ilawula ezi ndawo, kodwa izobupolitika zaseMexico ziye zaba nokhuphikiswana kwishumi leminyaka.

Indima imelwe yi-Lieutenant Gunyar, etyunjwe yiRhuluneli Jikelele yaseKhanada ngecebiso loMphathi-mikhosi weNkulumbuso. NjengeRhuluneli Jikelele kumgangatho karhulumente, i-Lieutenant Guant ikwindima ephambili, emela iBhunu kwiphondo. Bavumela ulawulo lwephondo, iintlanganiso zephondo, ezivulekileyo, kwaye benza imisebenzi yemicimbi, kodwa isebenza kwicebiso lephondo lomphathi-mikhosi kunye nekhabhinethi.

. Indima inempembelelo enkulu, kwaye unyulo lwabaphathi belizwe lase-Nigeria lunyulwa kwiintloko zamazwe angama-36. Banamandla abalulekileyo okulawula ulawulo lolawulo, ukhuseleko, kunye nenkqubo.

Le mizekelo ibonisa ububanzi bamandla e-ibhurnator, ukusuka kumasiko angqongqo ukuya kumgangatho ophezulu. Umsonto oqhelekileyo kukumela iqumrhu lengingqi kwisakhiwo esikhulu sesizwe.

Isiphelo: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukho Komphathi

Isikhundla serhuluneli sihlala sesinye sezona zinto zibalulekileyo kulawulo lwangoku. Njengegosa eliphezulu elinyuliweyo kurhulumente okanye kummandla, irhuluneli ihlala ekungqubaniseni inkqubo, izobupolitika, kunye nolawulo. Baguqulela izithembiso kwiimeko zoqingqo-mali eziphambili, baphendule kwiimeko ezingxamisekileyo ezivavanya ukhokelo lwabo, kwaye bamela izilangazelelo zabantu babo kwisigaba sesizwe. Le ndima ifuna umxube onqabileyo wobuchule bezobupolitika, ubuchule bolawulo, kunye nokuphendula kwabantu ngokubanzi.

Ukuqonda amandla kunye nokusikelwa umda kwale ofisi kubalulekile kubemi abanolwazi. Njengoko amatyala eqhubeka esingatha iingxaki ezinzima zokwenza utshintsho lwemozulu olulungelelaniswa nobuchule bokungalingani kwezoqoqosho kulawulo lwezobugcisa obuvelayo. Indima yerhuluneli njengengxaki yokuzinzisa, inkokeli, kunye nentloko yesigqeba iza kukhula ngokubaluleke kakhulu. Irhuluneli ayingomongameli weqonga likarhulumente, kodwa yisikhundla esahlukileyo esinembali etyebileyo nekamva elibalulekileyo kukwakhiwa kolawulo lwedemokhrasi.