Imigudu yokulwa nezenzo zobuphekula ixhomekeke kwizixhobo ezifike ngexesha elifanelekileyo nezichanekileyo zokukhusela nokuphelisa iinkqubo zabanqolobi. Ngoxa iimpawu zobulumko kunye nogcino-lwazi zisenza indima ebalulekileyo, ubukrelekrele bomntu buhlala bungenakutshintshwa. Iindlela ezimbini ezisebenzayo zobuntlola babantu kukusetyenziswa kwezibonelelo kunye nemisebenzi engaphantsi kwemisebenzi. Ezi ndlela zivumela abasemagunyeni ukuba bafumane iindawo ezisitheleyo, baqokelele ulwazi ebelungahlala lufihliwe, kwaye bakhe amatyala akhokelela ekumangalelweni. Kodwa, ziphakamisa nemilinganiselo enzulu yokuziphatha, esemthethweni, kunye nemibuzo esebenzayo. Eli nqaku linikela uvavanyo olukhawulezi zibonelelo, iinkcazelo, iindlela zabo, iinzuzo, imingeni, imingeni, kunye neezicelo zeli hlabathi.

Ukubaluleka Okufanelekileyo Kobuntlola Bomntu Ekumelaneni Nobunqolobi

I-grogrisi yanamhlanje ephikisana ne-oktheriko ixhomekeke kumxube wobugcisa nobuntlola babantu. Ubuchule bobugcisa buquka ukuthintelwa konxibelelwano, ukulandelelwa kwemali, kunye nogcino-lwazi lokuhlola. Kodwa amaqela amaphekula asoloko eqhelanisa ngokusebenzisa ukuvulwa kombhalo ofihlakeleyo, unxibelelwano olungekho intanethi, kunye nemilinganiselo yokhuseleko eqingqiweyo elinganisela ukuqokelelwa kobugcisa. Ubuchule bomntu (HUMINT) buzalisa izithuba ezingundoqo. Ii-informations kunye nabaphathi-majoni abangaphantsi komhlaba bangazifaka ngokwabo ngokwabo ngaphakathi kwezixhobo zamaphekula, iinjongo, kunye nengqiqo yokwenene ekucebiseni, ukuxhasa, ukuqokelelwa, kunye nokwakhiwa kweseli. Ngokutsho kwe- umanyano lobugrand [FT:1], i-HMINT ibaluleke kakhulu kwiqela lolwazi, iinjongo, kunye nezinto ezingenakusetyenziswa ngobugcisa.

Imithombo yomntu isenokunika imiqondiso yesilumkiso yohlaselo olukufuphi, ibangela ukuphazamiseka, kwaye inceda ukuphawula abantu abasenokuba bathe bachaphazeleka. Ngaphandle kwabameli nabameli abangaphantsi kwe-iintshi, amaqumrhu obulumko axhomekeke phantse ngokupheleleyo kwingqwalasela yangaphandle kunye nothungelwano oluthintelweyo, olunokulibaziseka okanye olungaphelelanga. Ixabiso elisebenzayo lale nkqubo ngoko ke lisemgangathweni ekuzingeniseni ngokuzinzisa ubuphene.

IiInformatants: Iinkcazelo, ukuzimisela, kunye nezizathu

Ngubani Oba Yi - Informant?

I-Informant isenokuba ngamalungu eqela labanqolobi, izinxulumani, amalungu entsapho, okanye abantu abaye bazibonela ngawabo amangqina okukrokreleka. Abangoomphathi abangoogcisa; bangabantu abasebenzisana ngezizathu ezahlukahlukeneyo. Kwiziphene, ababhengezi badla ngokusuka kwizinto eziphila ngendalo. Basenokuba bangabathathi-nxaxheba kwizenzo zokusebenzisana, okanye banokuthatyathwa kwimibutho echanekileyo kufuphi nezixhobo zabanqolobi.

Ukubuyiselwa nokuphatha

Ukunika isibhengezo ingcebiso yenkqubo elula. Amasebe okuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho isebenza kakuhle akhangela abantu abanokufikelela kubukrelekrele obunokusebenza nabanokuthenjwa ukuba banike inkcazelo ethembekileyo. Iindlela eziqhelekileyo zokufumana inkxaso-mali, izikhuthazo zemali, ulungelelwaniso lwendlela yokusebenza, okanye izikhalo zobuqu nxamnye neqela. EUnited States, iFederal Bureauragement of Investigation (FBI) inemithetho echanekileyo yokuphatha abalamkeli abanolwazi, kuquka iimfuno ezibhaliweyo kunye nolawulo lwabaphathi. I-ofisi ye-Oficial ye-Monitor General ikhubele] ikhubele iingxelo zokulungisa iinkqubo ze-FRAPLATY, ukuqwalasela imfuneko yokuphatha ngoconophelo olulukunqanda ukunqanda ukusetyenziswa.

Iintshukumisa neengozi

Iinjongo zeInformant zahluka kakhulu. Ezinye zisebenzisana ukuze ziphinde ziphinde ziphinde zivunwe ngokweemeko zabo zolwaphulo-mthetho, ezinye ukuze zifumane imali, kwaye ezinye zinokunikela amanyathelo okukhusela, afana nokubekwa kwenye indawo, utshintsho, kunye novavanyo lokhuseleko oluqhubekayo. Kodwa kwanangala manyathelo, abanikeli bahlala bechanabeke. Imeko yengqondo yokuphila ubomi obuphindwe kabini nayo ibalulekile. I-Accounting kufuneka ibonise indlela abazazisa ngayo umsebenzi obalulekileyo wokwakha, njengokuzinzisa, ukutshintsha, ukutshintsha, nokuvavanyaniswa kokhuseleko. Kodwa kwanananala manyathelo, abanikezi iziphumo ezifunekayo kamva. Imeko ye- .

Imisebenzi Yesakhelo naloo Mgangatho

Ukusetyenziswa kwe-Informant kulawulwa yimithetho nemimiselo yangaphakathi. EUnited States, kumazwe akwiziKhokelo zika-Attorney zokusetyenziswa kwe-Informants kunye nemithombo eyimfihlo ezimisela imigaqo yokufumana i-informants, ukuhlawula, kunye nokuphatha. Izixhobo ezifanayo zikhona kwi-United Kingdom phantsi kweNgqungquthela ye-Regionation Powersting Act (RIPA) kunye nakwamanye amazwe anolawulo olunamandla oluchasene ne-Roxidenti. Ezi migaqo zijolise ekuthinteni ukuxhatshazwa njengeminyazo, ingxinzelo, kunye nokwaphulwa kwamalungelo abantu.

Imisebenzi yangaphantsi: Ubuchule, uqeqesho kunye nolawulo lomngcipheko

Iindlela Zokukhupha Ifilimu namabali agubungelayo

Ngokungafaniyo nabameli, abangaphantsi kwe-ofisi, abakhethwe ngokukhethekileyo nabaqeqeshelwe ukuqwalasela, unxibelelwano, ukumelana nengqondo. Amabali abo egqubuthele enziwe ngocoselelo ukuze amelane novavanyo. Abameli basenokubonakala njengabanemfesane, abathathi-nxaxheba, okanye abacebisi bezixhobo. Injongo kukufumana ukuthenjwa kwamalungu eqela, ukulungiselela iintlanganiso, nokuhlanganisa ubungqina obunokusetyenziswa enkundleni.

Unyuso lungathatha iinyanga okanye iminyaka. Abameli kufuneka bamkele ulwimi, amasiko, kunye neengcamango zeqela. Kufuneka bakulungele ukuba nenxaxheba kwimisebenzi engekho mthethweni yokugcina isigqubuthelo, kodwa kuphela ngomlinganiselo ofanelekileyo nogunyazisiweyo. Imithetho engqongqo engqongqo inokwenza oko abameli banokukwenza. Umzekelo, kufuneka baphephe ukuqalisa ugonyamelo okanye ukuphembelela ubugrogrisi. Kwimimandla emininzi, abameli abangaphantsi kwegunya abanakukwazi ukwenza ulwaphulo-mthetho oluza kuthathwa njengoluthandlo, kwaye naziphi na izenzo ezingekho mthethweni abazenzayo kufuneka bagunyazwe phantsi kwemimiselo ekhethekileyo.

Ixesha noKhuseleko oluSebenzayo

Imisebenzi yangaphantsi komngxuma ingaba mide kakhulu. I-FBI's [FFLT:0]'Operation Crevice, ejolise kubalandeli bamaSilamsi abagcin ’ ukuvela kwi-UK, ibandakanya uthunywashe ongaphantsi kwe-okanye owachitha iminyaka egqobhoza iqela. Ukhuseleko lomsebenzi lukhulu, njengoko nakuphi ukophuka kunokuthi kulalanise i-arhente kunye nemeko. I-APPPPP isebenzisa umaleko omninzi wobukhokhobo, kuquka iingxinaniso kunye neengcipheko zongxamiseko. Uxinzelelo lwengqondo kunye noxinzelelo lwezikhuseli eziphantsi kwemiqobo lubalulekile; abaninzi bafuna inkxaso yengqondo emva kokuba kuthunyelwe ixesha elide.

Imida Esemthethweni Nokwamkelwa

Enye yeenkalo eziphikisayo zomsebenzi wobugqi. I-'FLT'] ephambili yeyokugweba. Imeko yetyala iyenzeka xa umthetho ubangela umntu ukuba enze ulwaphulo-mthetho angeke aluphumeze. Ukuphepha oku, imisebenzi kufuneka yenziwe ngocoselelo. ingcaciso esemthethweni yokuzingela [ eUnited States] ifuna ukungqinela ukuba urhulumente uphembelela ulwaphulo-mthetho kwaye ummangalelwa akanaso isimo sokulwenza. Iinkundla zigxothe apho abameli abangaphantsi komfihlelwayo basebenzisa khona uxinzelelo olugqithisileyo okanye bacebise imisebenzi engekho mthethweni. Imigaqo-sikhokelo ifuna ukuba abasebenzi abafihlayo baphawule kwaye bangakhangeli nje, hayi kwingxelo yobugrobi.

Kumazwe awahlukahlukeneyo, kwiUnited Kingdom, iPunciblication Powers Act kunye nomthetho onxulumene netyala olawula imigaqo elawula imicimbi. INkundla yaseYurophu yamalungelo abantu iye yamisela nemithetho yokusetyenziswa kwabameli abangaphantsi kwephepha, nto leyo efuna ukuba imigudu ithotyelwe phantsi kwegunya elisemthethweni nemigaqo efanelekileyo yokuthintela ukuxhatshazwa.

Imisebenzi Yasentsimini Ephawulekayo

Imisebenzi emininzi ephezulu ephikisana ne-operation ixhomekeke kumsebenzi ongaphantsi komphantsi. I-Octal Crevice (2004) e-UK yakhokelela kukholoso lwamadoda amahlanu aceba ukusebenzisa iibhombu zesichumiso. Igosa eligqumathelwe phantsi, “Martin,” iphathwe njengenye inkcaso kwaye iqokelele ubungqina obubalulekileyo. EUnited States, “Newburgh Four" umbango waphakamisa amatyala emva kokuba i-FBI ithelekelele indima enkulu ekucebeni iqhinga. [[FLT:] I-Human Rights Watch yahlola amatyala anjalo, ikhomba kakuhle phakathi kokuthintela okusemthethweni kunye nokhuthulwa.

Omnye umzekelo kukungena kweseli “yakwazana iSithandathu” eNew York, apho umamkeli wachaza iinkcukacha ngoqeqesho lweqela kwiinkampu zeQaeda. Ezi meko zibonisa impumelelo kunye nobunzima bendlela yokusebenza

Iinformants kunye nee-arhente ezingaphantsi kwegqubuthelo

Indima

Ii-Informants kunye nee-opera ezingaphantsi zisebenza rhoqo kwi-tandem. Ii-informant zinganikezela ngesikhokelo sokuqala kunye nezingeniso, ngeli lixa abasebenzi abangaphantsi kwesigqubuthelo benokwakha ukuthembana okunzulu nokuqokelela ubungqina obuninzi obuqinileyo. Umzekelo, umamkeli unokuchaza iseli enokuba ngabanqolobi; umntu ongaphantsi komgqumo ngoko udibanisa iseli ukuqwalasela izicwangciso. Oku kugqunywe kwandisa indlela yobunzulu bobukrelekrele kwaye kunciphisa ukuxhomekeka kuyo nayiphi na imvelaphi.

Ukujinga kolwazi neNkxaso yoMyalelo

Ulawulo lwemithombo emininzi yabantu lufuna umanyano oluntsonkothileyo. Iinkonzo zidla ngokuba negosa eliphethe umthengisi kunye neqela elahlukileyo elilawula ummeli ongaphantsi. Ulwazi lunemikrolo enqamlezileyo kwaye lugqithiselwe ukunqanda ukwenziwa okanye ukuphikisana. Ubuchule budluliselwa kubahlalutyi nakubenzi besigqibo abanokuhlanganisa amaqela okubamba okanye imisebenzi yokulwa. Itsheyina lomyalelo liqinisekisa ukuba akukho mthombo omnye wemiyalelo onokuphazamisa umzekelo, kwaye ukuthembeka komsebenzi kugciniwe.

Iingenelo Neziphumo Ezilinganisiweyo

Ingeniso ephambili yabanikezi-lwazi nemisebenzi engaphantsi komngcipheko kukukwazi ukuqokelela ubukrelekrele kwii-intanethi ezivaliweyo. Oku kuvumela abameli ukuba:

  • uhlaselo olucacileyo phambi kokuba lubekho: ubukrelekrele bexesha lokwenene bunceda ukubanjwa okutshayelayo nokuphazamiseka kwamaqhinga, njengokuba kubonwa kuhambo ngenqwelo-moya olunqamlezileyo lweAtlantic apho iincam zokwazisa kunye nomsebenzi ongaphantsi komfihleko zazibalulekile khona.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ibonisa iinkokeli ezingundoqo kunye nezigqubutheli: imithombo yoluntu ingabonisa imigangatho yamaqela abagrogrisi, isalatha majoni, abafaki-ziqhushumbisi, nabenzi beebhombu.
  • Yakha ubungqina obusemthethweni obungagwetyelwanga: ushicilelo olufihliweyo kunye nobungqina obunika unikezelo lusoloko lungundoqo kwiinkolelo, lunika ubungqina obungqalileyo benjongo kunye nokuthabatha inxaxheba.
  • Udityaniso lungachaza izikhundla ezithe ngqo kunye neengingqi ze-intanethi, nto leyo eyenza ungenelelo lwakuqala.
  • ucingisiso lweqela elikwaziyo kunye neenjongo: IiInformants zinganikela ingxelo ngokufumana izixhobo, uqeqesho, kunye nokuziphatha, ukunceda ukulindela izisongelo zexesha elizayo.

Impumelelo yezi ndlela iyabonakala kumaqhinga amaninzi othintelo. Ngokwe- I-ofisi ye-Government Accounting (), abanikeli badlala indima kwipesenti engundoqo yengtshutshiso enxulumene nobugrogrisi base-US emva ko-9/11. Ubuchule bokuqokelela ubungqina obuthe ngqo bukhokelela kwizicelo ezibon ’ ityala, ukunciphisa imfuneko yemvavanyo olude.

Iingxaki Neengxaki Ezinzima

Iingozi kwiiAntreants nakwii-arhente

Olona celomngeni lukhawulezileyo lukhuseleko lobuqu. IiInformant ezifunyenweyo zingabulawa liqela, kwaye iintsapho zabo zisenokujoliswe kwisongelo esizingisileyo sokonakaliswa, esinokuthi sikhokelele kugonyamelo okanye ekubanjisweni. Iinkampani zifake ingeniso eninzi kwimiqathango yokukhusela kodwa azinakuphelisa ubungozi. Uxinzelelo lwengqondo luquka uxinzelelo, uqhaqho, kunye noxinezeleko olunokwenzeka emva kwepost-traumatic. Uxinzelelo lwe-R. R v. ku-UK] lubalase imibangono yempilo yengqondo ejongeneeno ngaphantsi kwabaphathi bomgqumo, ekhokelela kuxinzelelo lwezinguqulo.

Ukukhulula Kwabemi kunye Nolawulo

Ezi ndlela zingena ngokuzenzekelayo kwi-ethe jiko kunye nonxulumano lwamanyumnyezi. Abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi abaxhasi abangaphantsi kwe-intshi bangaphazamisa imbonakalo yezopolitiko esemthethweni, ingakumbi kuluntu lwamaSilamsi olujoliswe ngokungenakulinganiswa. I-American Civil Liberesties Union[ iphakamise amaxhala ngokusetyenziswa kwabameli ukuqwalasela imisebenzi yonqulo kunye nokuqhatha kwezopolitiko, ilumkisa ukuba ingathintela izenzo ezisemthethweni zobugxwayiba bobugxwayiso, njengeendyezo ezizimeleyo kunye nemvume yenkundla, zibalulekile ekuthinteleni umsebenzi owenziwayo. Noko ke, ulawulo lunokuba buthathaka, ngokukodwa kumazwe anenkqubo ezingengakhanyisiyo.

Ukuchana Nokukhohlisa

Ii-Informant zinganikezela ngolwazi olububuxoki okanye olubaxiweyo ukufumana inzuzo, izinziso, okanye zizikhusele. Ukuthembeka kufuna ukukhangela umnqamlezo nezinye imvelaphi kunye novavanyo lwepolygraph okanye ulawulo. Abameli abangaphantsi kwe-arhente bona ngokwabo bangatsalwa ngokunzulu kakhulu kwiqela, okukhokelela ku [ "ukuhamba kwendabuko”.

Imicimbi Yentsebenziswano Yamazwe Ngamazwe Nemiqathango

I-Informants kunye nabasebenzi abangaphantsi komthetho badla ngokuqukumbela imida. I-Informants kunye nabasebenzi abangaphantsi komgquba bangasebenza kumazwe amaninzi, baphakamise imibandela yolawulo, bancedane ngomthetho womthetho, kwaye bahlulelene ngokwemigaqo esemthethweni. Umzekelo, umamkeli oqeshiweyo ngu-US unokuba namalungelo phantsi kwemithetho yamalungelo abantu yaseYurophu eyenza kube nzima ukwabelana ngolwazi. i-United Nations Ofest malunga neziyobisi ne-Crime inikela izikhokelo zentsebenziswano yezizwe ngezizwe, kodwa amanani ahlukene.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala Nezifundo Ezifundiweyo

IsiCwangciso Senqwelo - moya Esinentethe Ezikhethekileyo Sowama - 2006

Eli cebo lalibandakanya ukukhupha iibhombu ezilwa namanzi kwinqwelo-moya ukusuka kwiUK ukuya kwi-US. Ubukrelekrele obusuka kukwazisa phakathi kothungelwano olunempembelelo egqithisileyo, budibene nokujongwa ngokufihlakeleyo, bavumela amagunya aseBritane ukuba abanjwe ngaphezu kwama-20 akrokrele phambi kohlaselo. Eli tyala labonisa ukubaluleka kobukrele babantu ekuthinteleni untlukwano, imisebenzi emikhulu. Kwakhona laqalisa iingxoxo ezingokwasemthethweni malunga nokubonakala kobungqina obungaphantsi komfihleko kunye nobude bevalelo lwangaphambi kokuphuma kwemali.

Uphando Oluye Lwabangelwa YiParis Ngo - 2015

Emva kohlaselo lwangoNovemba 2015 eParis, uphando lwakhokelela kakhulu kwiinguqu kulwazi nakwizisele ezingaphantsi ukuze kulandelwe iinkqubo zabaphumi-mthetho. Ubulumko bamaFrentshi ngaphambili babusebenzise abalamli ukuqwalasela ukwenziwa kwenkqubela phambili kwabanye abahlaseli, kodwa izithuba kulwazi zavumela iqhinga ukuba liqhubeke. Iziphumo zakhokelela kwinguqulelo kulwahlulo lokusebenzisana kwentsebenziswano kwezamaFrentshi kunye nenkqubo esemthethweni yemisebenzi yokufihla. [FLT:] Ingxelo ye-RGP] i-rand ekuphenduleni igxininisa imfuneko yokusebenzisana kobuchule bomntu.

Ukusetyenziswa kweInformants kwiPost-9/11 US

EUnited States, iFBI yandisa ukusetyenziswa kwayo ngokuphawulekayo kwezibonelelo emva ko-9/11. Ngonyaka wama-2009, iFBI yayinamashumi amawaka abayaleli, abaninzi besebenza ngokuhlola uluntu lwamaSilamsi. Ngoxa oku kwakhokelela kwimpumelelo yamatyala, kwabangela impikiswano. Ityala elifana ne [ Newburgh [ kunye [[FLT:] ne[FLT] i-Herald bhostring [[FLT]'s'' isicwangciso sokuhlasela saphakamisa izityholo zemigibe. Isifundo seYunivesithi yoMthetho [[FLT] [[FLT]] safumana ukuba abangenisi besazi kwimiqatha ngamanye amaxesha. Isifundo singenze soncedo, kufuneka siphazandlelulwe ukuba basetyenziswe ngendlela engafanelekanga.

Isiphelo: Ukulungelelanisa Ukhuseleko Namalungelo Kubunqolobi Banamhlanje

Ii-informant kunye nemisebenzi efihlakeleyo isenento ebalulekileyo ekulweni nobunqolobi. Zinika ubulumko bomntu obuye busoloko buyeyona ndlela yokungena kwiqela elivaliweyo, elinogonyamelo. Ukuthintelwa okunempumelelo kohlaselo oluninzi kubonisa ukuba luyasebenza. Kodwa ezi ndlela zineengozi ezinkulu kunye nocelomngeni lwendlela yokuziphatha. Ukukhohlakala, ukukhukuliseka kwenkululeko yabemi, nokukhuselwa kwemithombo kunye neemveliso kufuna ukuhlala ziphaphile.

Ulawulo olusemthethweni olusemthethweni, ulawulo oluzimeleyo, kunye noqeqesho luyimfuneko ukuqinisekisa ukuba ezi zixhobo zisetyenziswa ngokulungeleleneyo nangomthetho. Njengokuba iindlela zobugrogrisi ziguquka, zikwafuneka zisetyenziswe, ngokufanayo iindlela zokuhlanganisa ubukrelekrele. Ukuvelisa ulungelelwano olulungileyo phakathi kokhuseleko namalungelo asiyonto iphunyezo elinye kodwa yinkqubo eqhubekayo. Ukuqonda ubuntlola bokusetyenziswa kokwazisa nokusebenza okungaphantsi komthetho, oogqirha, kunye noluntu ukuxhasa i-atrumpris.