Isiqalo soMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States singaphezulu kakhulu kunesigwebo sokuqalisa; sisisivakalisi esisisiseko senjongo yesizwe, ukudibana kwabemi, kunye nento ephindaphindwayo kwizithethe zesizwe edibanisa abantu baseMerika. Samiswa ngo1787 saza savunywa ngo-188, iSindululo soMgaqo-siseko sivakalisa igunya loMgaqo-siseko njengowavela kumbandela othi “Thina bantu,” kungekhona kumaphondo okanye koorhulumente abakhoyo. Eli binzana kuphela laguqula ingcamango yezobupolitika ngokuqinisekisa ukuba urhulumente osemthethweni uvela kwisivumelwano sokulawulwa. Kwiinkulungwane, iSiqhumiso soburhulumente siphothiwe kwimi yoluntu eMelika, sikhuthazwe kwimi yendalo, ikhuthazwe kwiidilesi zeklasi, iiklasi okanye kwiimbono zeNkundlalee. Isebenza njengesikhumbuzo esizimo ezizinzileyo zentlangalo: ukuchaza intlawulo lobubulungisa, ukufaneleka, ukusetyenziswa kwemigaqo yenkululeko, imigaqo yomthetho yezo.

Umbhalo Wesiqalo

Umbhalo opheleleyo weSihloko ufundeka ngolu hlobo:

“ Thina bantu baseUnited States, ngokolungelelaniso ukwenza iManyano egqibeleleyo ngakumbi, ukuseka uBulungiseleli, ukuqinisekisa ukugqibelela kwasekhaya, ukubonelela ngokhuseleko oluqhelekileyo, ukukhuthaza iNtlalo-ntle jikelele, nokukhusela iintsikelelo zenkululeko kuthi kunye neSithuthi sethu, simisela kwaye simisele lo mGaqo-siseko we-United States of America.”

Ibinzana ngalinye linentsingiselo enzulu yembali nentanda-bulumko. Uvulo, “Thina bantu,” sasiyisigqibo sabo ukugxininisa ulawulo oluqhelekileyo, sithabathel' indawo sisithi“ Thina United States” ulwimi oluye lwavela ngaphambili kwi drafti. Oku kutshintsha kwabonisa ukuba uMgaqo-siseko wafumana ilungelo lawo ngqo kunombutho kunakumazwe osemthethweni. Ibinzana elithi “Umthetho wokwakha i-Trank egqibeleleyo” ukuvumela ukubeka uBunye obupheleleyo, ubuthathaka boMbutho okhoyo, kwaye uchaza umnqweno wokwakha ukhuseleko olunamandla, oluninzi. “Ubulungisa obuqhelekileyo” bubonisa iminqweno yenkqubo esemthethweni yendlu yoluntu, ngoxa ingunolwazi oluphezulu lwezinyongonyaka olukhoyo, olungaluchaphaze lwazinziswayo, urhulumente ozinzileyo nolungaluchazinzileyo. [Nxa urhulumente omkhulu wephondo olulawulayokumgangatho ophezulu]

Indima Kumasiko Emibini

Indima yePregedge kwizithethe zoluntu ifuzisela kwaye iyasebenza. Icatshulwa, icatshulwe, kwaye ibhekiswe kwimibhiyozo ephawula ukutshintsha kwezikhundla zikawonke wonke, ubumi, kunye nomanyano lwesizwe. Le zithethe iqinisa isivumelwano soluntu phakathi korhulumente nabalawulwa, ikhumbuza abo banenxaxheba ngeembopheleleko zabo ezifanayo.

IiCeremonies Zokwemvelo

Enye yezona zenzo zinamandla zenguqulelo yendalo, apho abaphambukeli baba ngabemi base-United States. IiNkonzo zobumi nezokufuduka zidla ngokuquka isiqalo sesithethe sesithethe okanye njengenxalenye yezinto zemfundo. Ukubhekisela ku- “Thina bantu” sidibanisa abemi abatsha kuxwebhu lokusekwa kwaye sigxininisa ukuba ngoku bayinxalenye yelo qumrhu lobukhosi. Kuninzi, kungoko ngokweemvakalelo okufuzisela ulwamkelo lwabo lwemilinganiselo yamaMelika. Igalelo lokukhankanya i-“Postrish” ikwadibanisa abemi bendalo nezizukulwana ezizayo, iphakamisa indima yabo ekuqhubeleni phambili iinjongo zesizwe.

Ukumiselwa kobuMongameli

Ukunikezelwa komongameli kuphakathi kwezithethe ezibonakalayo eUnited States, kwaye iNgxelo idla ngokuvela kwidilesi zokuqalisa okanye kwimicimbi yemibhiyozo. Umzekelo, uMongameli uBarack Obama waqalisa intetho yakhe yokumiselwa konyaka wama-2009 ebhekisa kwiSihlomelo, esithi, “Singabantu sinyanisekile kwiinjongo zeqela lethu. Ngokunjalo, uMongameli Joe Biden usoloko ethetha ngentetho ka-Pregegnary ukuba“ aguqulele i-Uni egqibeleleyo kakhulu” njengomgaqo okhokelayo wokuphilisa amacandelo esizwe. Umbhishosholo owenziweyo, ngoxa ubhekiswe kwizifungo zomongameli, usoloko usekelwe kwiimbekiselo kwiinjongo zomGaqo-siseko. UPregatoring usebenza njengedilesi emanyanisa abaphula abaphulayo, nokuba uhlanganisa iMiss Mosal, okanye umkhosi wesizwe ekuboniseni izivumelwano sesizwe.

Imicimbi ye-Ofisi yaBasemagunyeni abaManyeneyo nabaseMbusweni

Ngamnye umgunyaziso wesizwe norhulumente, ukusuka kumalungu eKhonkqulo ukuya kumagosa asemkhosini, uthatha isifungo sokuxhasa nokukhusela umGaqo-siseko. Nangona isifungo esingqalileyo singasoloko siphinda umxholo wesiqalo, imigaqo yaso icacile. Imisitho emininzi iquka ukufundwa kweSihlomelo ukukhumbuza abalawuli ngeenjongo eziphezulu abaziphumezayo. Kwizindlu zowiso-mthetho, iPregaggey idla ngokucatshulwa ekuvulweni kweentlanganiso, ukuqinisekisa imbopheleleko yokusesikweni, uxolo, nentlalo-ntlalo-ntle. Le nkonzo ikhuthaza ukuba isikhundla sikawonke siphathiswe “Thinabantu.”

Imibhiyozo Ekhuthaza Ukungakhathalelwa Nemibutho Yasekuhlaleni

NgoSuku lwenkululeko, uMgaqo-siseko (September 17), kunye nezinye iiholide zesizwe, inkcazo isoloko iphindaphindwa kwiziganeko zikawonke-wonke. Izikolo, amaqela oluntu, kunye neentlangano zamava eenkonzo zilungiselela ukufundwa okukhuthaza ukuthatyathwa-nxaxheba kwezentlalo-ntle. Ugcino-lwazi lweSizwe lusoloko lufumana isithethe sokufundwa kwenkqubo yoMgaqo-siseko, ebandakanya abemi bazo zonke iminyaka. Le zithethe ziguqula isiqalo somfanekiso wembali sibe nguxwebhu oluphilayo oluqhubeka lukhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kweqela.

Ukubaluleka Kwemfundo

I-Pregnationals isiseko semfundo yamakhaya eUnited States. Ukusuka kwisikolo samabanga aphantsi ukuya kokholeji, abafundi bafunda amagama neentsingiselo zayo njengenxalenye yofundo lwabo. IChonsitution Day yomthetho wesizwe [ (2004) ifuna amaziko emfundo afumana imali karhulumente yokubamba iinkqubo zomGaqo-siseko rhoqo ngoSeptemba 17, kwaye iPregnise idla ngokuba yingokuqala. Abafundisi basebenzisa isiqalo ukusungula iingcamango ezinjengolongamo oluqhelekileyo, iinjongo zikarhulumente, kunye nolungelelwano phakathi kwamalungelo omntu ngamnye nokulungileyo.

Ukuphinda Uqaqeshwe

Kwizikolo ezininzi, abafundi babamba ngentloko inguqu yesiko lokulandela isiphelo. Oku kukhumbula kusebenza njenge-ankile yolwimi, ukudibanisa imigaqo yomGaqo-siseko kwiingqondo ezincinane. Ukusetyenziswa kwePreggey kwenza ukuba ikhumbuleke, kwaye udweliso lwayo olubalulekileyo lwenjongo lunika isiseko esisengqiqweni sokuqonda iimbopheleleko zikarhulumente. Noko ke, abafundisi bakwagxininisa uhlalutyo olubalulekileyo: Yintoni “imanyano egqibeleleyo” ethetha ukubakho kwixesha lokuthath'a kwezobupolitika? Intsingiselo ye-“general Welfare". kwingxoxo yeenkqubo zentlalo? Ngokuxambulisana ngale mibuzo, abafundi bakhuthaza ngaphaya kokucatshukiselwa kolwazi olunzulu lwezentlalo-ntlalo.

Iinkcazelo eziphikiswayo kwigumbi lokufundela

Isiqalo asiyiyo impikiswano. Ingxoxo ngentsingiselo ye- “general Welfare” iye yakhuthaza iimpikiswano malunga nobungakanani begunya likarhulumente. Abanye abafundisi-lwazi bachaza isiqalo njengencwadi eqhubekayo exhasa isenzo sikarhulumente sokusingatha iimfuno zentlalo-ntle, ngoxa abanye begxininisa injongo yaso yokuqala njengekukubala amagunya. Ngaphezu koko, ibinzana elithi “Thina bantu” siye sagxekwa ngokususa amabhinqa, abantu abakhotyokisweyo, kunye namaMelika amaIndiyan ngexesha lokubhalwa kwawo. Abafundisi basebenzisa olu nxulumano ukuqwalasela ukuma kwendalo ye-Melika engaphakathi, ukudibanisa iPregattoot kuxanduva i-antements kunye nenkqubo yamalungelo abantu. Oku kukhuthaza ukucinga okugxeka kwaye kunceda abafundi baqonde uxwebhu oluphilayo kunombhalo obhaliweyo.

Impembelelo Yembali Nokuthotywa Kwale Mihla

Kuyo yonke imbali yaseMerika, iNgxelo ibisoloko isetyenziswa ngexesha lamanqam nelotshintsho. Imigaqo yayo iye yasebenza njengesibongozo sokumanyanisa kunye nomgangatho apho izenzo zikarhulumente zilinganiswa khona. Kule mihla, iyaqhubeka ikhuthaza ukunyanzeleka kwebutho loluntu nekratshi loluntu.

Imfazwe Yamakhaya Nokwakhiwa Kwakhona

Ngexesha lemfazwe yamakhaya, uMongameli uAbraham Lincoln wayesoloko ebhekisela kwiinjongo zoMdlalo wentetho yakhe, odumileyo kwiDilesi yaseGettysburg, apho wathetha khona ngohlanga “oluyilwe kwiNkululeko, kwaye olunikezelwe kwisicelo sokuba bonke abantu badalwe ngokulinganayo.” Nangona uLincoln engacebisi ngentetho yegama elinguPregiggnal, ulwimi lwakhe lwaphinda imixholo yalo yokumanyanisa nenkululeko. Intetho yePregatoring ithathe intsingiselo entsha (Thintenten, 1450th, kunye neyeshumi elinesihlanu) njengenzame zokuzalisekisa isithembiso sobulungisa nenkululeko ngabo bonke abantu, kuquka ngaphambili abantu ababengamakhoboka. Intetho yePregatoring yalotte “ieeeeyethuieeances zeLiberty kunye ne- Post" yathatha intsingiselo entsha njengenjongo yokufuna iintsikelelo zabo.

IQumrhu Lamalungelo Abemi

Kwinkulungwane yama-20, iinkokeli zamalungelo abantu zacela isaziso sokuba urhulumente aphile ngokweenjongo zakhe ezisisiseko. UMartin Luther King Jr. wayesoloko ecaphula isiqalo sentetho yakhe, egxininisa “Ubulungisa” kwaye“ emisela iWelfare” njengegunya lokulingana kwesizwe. Ngonyaka ka1963 eWashington, apho uKumkani wanikela khona “Inentetho yakhe yeFilopho”, yafakwa njengesicelo sokukhulula izithembiso zomGaqo-siseko. Ulwimi lwePregatoria lwavela nakwezigqibo zeNkuNkundla Ephakamileyo ezathi zaphuhlisa amalungelo abantu, njengaye [FLT:] Brown. Ibhodi yemfundo yezemfundo [FOLD:1] [1945], eyathiwemfundo ebaluleke kwintlalo yoluntu. I-Pregay isetyenziswa njenge-Pregnonting I-Drognon.

Inkcazo yeNkcubeko yePhondo

Emva kohlaselo lwangoSeptemba 11, 2001, imbekiselo yePregay ebhekisela ku- “Social Welporation” yakhankanywa ngokubanzi ukuthethelela isenzo somkhosi kunye namanyathelo okhuseleko. Umongameli uGeorge W. Iintetho zikaBush zazisoloko ziquka ulwimi olusuka kwiNqaku yokukhuthaza umanyano lwesizwe. Kwangaxeshanye, iingxoxo zokuhlola, ukufuduka, kunye nenkqubo yezoqoqosho zisoloko zixhomekeka ekuchazeni intsingiselo ye-“generalfarelfare". kunye ne-“Libertry.” Umzekelo, ingxubuliso lwempilo luye lwakhuthaza ukuphikisa okanye ukuchasana norhulumente. Ibinzana elithi “ikhomgano ye-Xhosa isetyenziswa kwingxubuliso malunga ne-Prolette, ukuqhankcanamisa, kunye nokuvumba. IPregay ihlala iyindawo ephilayo, ilungele ukutshintsha intsingiselo yayo entsha.

Isiqalo Sencwadi Ephilayo

Nangona ingcaciso ngokwayo ingawaniki gunya, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ngamanye amaxesha iye yabhekisela ekuchazeni lo Mgaqo-siseko. Mcloch v. Maryland (1819), iJaji enguMphathi John Marshall wabhala ukuba iNkundla “ichaza ukuba abantu baseUnited States bayawumisela kwaye bawumise lo MGaqo-siseko” nokuba iziphelo zawo zithethelela iindlela zokwehla zingekho zivumelekile. [[FLT] ku-FLT:] ku-grounts. V. Rhostrys-right Rhover Corp.[FLT] [FG3] [19], iNkundla oluthenjiweyo luye lwathiwenzisayo, nangona kuboniswe ngoMqulu-Genesalo oziweyo. [iPreglo , umqulu othenjiweyo]

Abaphengululi baphikisana ukuba iPregedge inobuphi na ubugqeba bomthetho. Inkoliso iyavuma ukuba “isiseko sentetho” esikhokelayo ukutolikwa kodwa esingadali malungelo anyanzelekayo. Noko ke, amandla ayo okuphendula angenakuphikwa. Isiqalo sichaziwe kwimishwato emininzi engokwasemthethweni, iingxoxo zombutho, kunye neempikiswano zikawonke-wonke wonke ngenxa yokuba ibalalisa umnqweno ophezulu wesizwe. Isebenza njengekhampasi efundisa abenzi bomthetho nabemi bemigaqo elindeleke ukuba isetyenziswe ngurhulumente.

Ingqikelelo yokuthelekisa: Iintsana kweminye imiGaqo-siseko

Isiqalo soMthetho oMkhulu wase-U.S. singumqondiso okhethekileyo ngokufutshane kwaye sigxininisa kulawulo oluqhelekileyo. Amanye amazwe amaninzi anenkcukacha ezingakumbi ezithi imbali, unqulo, okanye iingcamango ezithile. Umzekelo, isiqalo soMthetho oMgangatho weJamani Sisigxina siqala ngokuzibhokoxa phambi koThixo kwaye sikhuthaza umanyano lwaseYurophu. Ukuqulunqwa komGaqo-siseko waseFransi kweSindululo samalungelo omntu. Ukubhengeza kweSindululo samalungelo abantu. Inkqumlo yeIndiya ivakalisa ilizwe njengenkosi, isongamela-soshiyali, irejinithematili, irejini yedemokhrasi, irejini yoomatili. Kodwa i-American iqala ukuqululisa i-mgame ngokuzinziswa kwayo ku- “Thoba abantu” ngaphandle kokubhekisa kwigunya lobuthixo okanye iziganeko zembali. Le ndlela ingendlela ivumela ukuguquka kwendlela yayo indalo ingu-iprovition, intlastment, i-conty, i-cromation, ilungelenety, i-ne

Isiqalo sikwaphembelele amanye amazwe. Ingcaciso yeSigqeba seJapan (1946), ebhalwe emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, iphinda ivakalise ulwimi lwaseMelika: “Thina, maJapan, sisebenza ngoomeli bethu abanyuliweyo ngokusemthethweni... sivakalisa ukuba amandla obukhosi ahlala nabantu.” Ngokufanayo, isaziso seSitshato soMgaqo-siseko weZizwe Ezimanyeneyo siqala ngo-“ Thina zizwe zeZizwe Ezimanyeneyo,” siboleka ngqo indlela yokusebenzisa iMelika. Oku kufikelela kunyaka-14% 1% 1 kugxininisa indima yemibutho yamazwe aseMelika, kodwa njengemodeli yemithetho yomgaqo-demokhrasi yehlabathi jikelele.

Isiphelo: ITestamente Ehlala Ihleli

Indima yePregagery kwizithethe zezentlalo-ntle zaseMelika ixhaswe kwaye ihlala ihleli. Iseko lokuqalisa kwemfundo, isilingo semibhiyozo, umthombo womanyano ngamaxesha amanqam, kunye nophawu lokulinganisa inkqubela yesizwe kwiinjongo zayo. Ngokucaphula, amaMelika azo zonke iimvelaphi aqinisekisa ukuba angamalungu esizwe kwingingqi yezopolitiko esekelwe kwisivumelwano nenjongo. Ukuqalisa kwemfundo yemfundo yemfundo yemfundo yesizwe. Kusinceda sikhumbule ukuba umGaqo-siseko awulo nje uxwebhu olusemthethweni kodwa uluxwebhu oluphakathi kwezizukileyo. Njengoko ilizwe liqhubeka lizama ukumelana nemingeni yokungalingani nokukhusela ilizwe, kwaye liselufumana ukhuseleko lwesizwe. Ukuqonda indima yalo kusinceda siqonde indlela amasiko okuxhasa ngayo ubomi boburhulumente bolawulo-demokhrasi. Kumazwi, “Abantu bayaqhubeka nokuzibo abalawuli belifakela kulo.

Ukufundwa okubhekele phaya ngokubaluleka komthetho kwesiqalo, bona [[FLT: 0] iCuffitotion Anenotence kwiThala leencwadi leBhunga. Ukuqwalasela okungokwembali kwesiqalo semfundo yezentlalo, ugcino-mazwe lunika oovimba kunye nemithombo esisiseko. Ukuvavanya uthelekiso lwesiseko, iProjekthi ye- i-Chonstitute project [] inikeza ugcino-siseko semithetho-siseko yehlabathi esifikelelekayo.