Ukuqonda Ingcamango Kabini KaClaus Kwimo YeePlea Neengxoxo

I-Jeopardy Claus ephindwe kabini ime njengenye yezona ndlela zibalulekileyo zokukhusela ezibekwe kumGaqo-siseko waseUnited States. Ifunyenwe kuMgaqo-siseko wesihlanu, ivakalisa ukuba akukho mntu oya "kubekwa phantsi kwetyala elifanayo ukuze abekwe engozini ephindiweyo okanye ilungu lomzimba." Oku kukhusela urhulumente ukuthintela ukuba angamncami ummangalelwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo umtshutshisi ngenxa yokumangalelwa okunye okutyholwayo okungekho mthethweni. Noko ke, isicelo seli nqaku sibantsokothe ngokukhethekileyo xa sihlolisiswa ngemicinelo kunye nengxoxo exanduvani. Ukuqonda indlela uninzi lwamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho adibana ngayo ngokuphinda-phinda-phindeneyo nokucenga kwezicelo kuyimfuneko kwiingcatshisi ezingo zomthetho, abafundi, nabani nabani nabani nabani nabani nanomdla kwilungelo lokungenelela phakathi komtshutshisi-mthetho kunye nomthetho.

Imvelaphi Yembali Nenjongo Yokhuseleko Olubini Lobungozi

Ingcamango yokufa ngokuphindwe kabini ibuyela kwimigaqo yomthetho wamandulo wamaRoma kunye nowesiNgesi, kodwa indlela yayo yale mihla eUnited States yaqiniswa ngoMgaqo-nkqubo wesihlanu. OoTata Abasungulwayo babelugatya urhulumente ngokuphamba, besebenzisa imizekelo yamaNgesi apho iBhulumente yayinokusoloko imangalela abantu ngetyala elifanayo de ikhuselwe. Ngalo ndlela igalelo lisebenza iinjongo ezininzi: lilondoloza ukugqibela imigwebo, likhusela abamangalelwa ekucinezelweni nasekutsaleni iindleko ezininzi, kwaye lithintela urhulumente ekusebenziseni ubuncwane bayo obuphezulu ukuze afumane umphumo onqwenelekayo.

Ngokwezimvo zomgaqo-siseko, iNkundla yeQela eliPhityanileyo ka-Claus isebenza kwiinkundla zombini zikarhulumente kunye norhulumente ngemfundiso eququzelelwe Bhenton v. Maryland [1969]. Oku kuthetha ukuba akukho mgangatho karhulumente onokuthi ubeke umntu kwingozi ephindwe kabini ngenxa yetyala elinye. Igalelo libopha ityala lesibini ngenxa yetyala elifanayo emva kokuvalelwa, nakwiimeko ezithile emva kwetyala eliphosakeleyo. Ikwalela isohlwayo esiphindaphindiweyo solwaphulo-mthetho esinye ngaphandle kokuba intelekiso ecacileyo icetyiwe ngokwetyala.

Xa I-jeoparding Incamathisela: Umda Ongundoqo

Umbuzo wokuqala obalulekileyo nakuluphi na uhlalutyo lwengozi ephindwe kabini ngulo: xa iyingozi ngokwenene "yokudibanisa"? Impendulo iyahluka ngokomongo wetyala. Ekuvavanyeni abachopheli-mthetho, ingozi iyancamathela xa ijaji ibekwa kwindawo yokuhlala kwaye ifungqwe. Kwikhampasi yebhentshi, ingumngcipheko xa ingqina lokuqala lifunghiwe. /ukucela ngetyala //ukufaka isicelo sokucela umbuzo //ukuquququzelela //ukuvala izicelo) xa inkundla ivuma ngokungenamdla. Le mibandela ngenxa yokuba ityala lifakelwe, ummangalelwa unesisombululo somGaqo nxamnye necala elinye, isifungo esisithintelayo.

Ukuqonda le ngongoma ibalulekileyo ekumangaleleni. Masithi ummangalelwa uyavuma ukumangalela ngetyala, kodwa phambi kokuba inkundla yamkele isibongozo, umtshutshisi uzama ukurhoxa kweso sibongozo. Ekubeni ingozi ingakadibani, umtshutshisi angakwazi ukuphinda ahlolisise ityala okanye aqhubeke nokuvavanya izityholo zantlandlolo. Noko ke, xa umgwebi esisibongozo esi sibongozo aze angene kwisiqinisekiso, ancamatheze ingozi, kwaye ummangalelwa akanakubuyiselwa kweso sona eso sona, kwanokuba isigwebo sibekwe ecaleni kamva.

Imidlalo Yamalungelo Aphindwe Kabini

Ulwabo olu-Plea olu----okanye isibongozo sithengwa ngezantsi. Zizizivumelwano phakathi kwengxengxezo kunye nokuzithethelela apho ummangalelwa avuma ukumangalela ityala elincinane okanye ukumangalelwa ngokungqalileyo ngenxa yokunikwa imvume enjengesigwebo esincitshisiweyo, ukugxothwa kwezinye izinto, okanye ukunconywa kwesigwebo sokugwetywa. Ezi zihlabela-gosa amatyala aqikelelwayo aqikelelwayo angama-95% eUnited States. Xa ummangalelwa esaziyo kwaye evuma ngokuzithandela ukuba unetyala, ukhulula umgaqo wakhe weSihlanu ngokuchasene nomthetho ozinzileyo, ukruquka iSibo seSithandathu sokuzigweba, kwaye ngokubalulekileyo, ukhuseleko lwawo olubi malunga netyala abalimela ngalo.

Lo mmangaleli akaphelelanga. UVidibi u-Jeopardy Claus usamkhusela ummangalelwa ukuba angaphinde abekwe kwityala elifanayo emva kokuba isicelo setyala singenisiwe kwaye samkelekile. Umzekelo, ukuba ummangalelwa ucela ityala lokuhlasela kodwa kamva urhulumente uzama ukummangalela ngetyala elifanayo phantsi komthetho owohlukileyo (njengokuba ukuhlasela okuye kwabhetyebhetyebhetye okusekelwe kwihambo efanayo), ukuba ityala lesibini liza kwaphula iingozi eziphindwe kabini ngaphandle kokuba izityholo zibandakanya iinkalo ezahlukileyo okanye isohlwayo esifuna isohlwayo. Isitshixo sikukuba isibongozo ngokwaso siso siso siso eso solwaphulo-mthetho esicatshuliweyo esigqunywe yisivumelwano.

Ukufikelela okugqithiseleyo kunye noKhuseleko lweMbali

Enye indawo exhalabisayo ivela xa abatshutshisi bezama ukuquka "umtshutshisi wengozi ephindwe kabini" amacandelo esivumelwano esidlulisa umlinganiselo wetyala eliququzelelweyo. Ezinye izivumelwano zifuna ukuba abamangalelwa bawalahle amalungelo abo aphindwe kabini kwimicimbi engeyoyanto-impela kumangalelwa. [[FLT: 0]] iMicimbi yezomthetho iqhelisela ukuba iinkundla zigwetyelwe ngokubanzi. INkundla ePhakamileyo iqinisekisa ukuba ummangalelwa akanakunyanzelwa ukuba akhuseleke njengenxalenye yesicelo esisemthethweni esiya kufutshane. [FLT:] United States v. Meznatto [195], iNkundla ixhasa ukunyanzeka kwabathile abaqhubi abasebenzi be-Rodwayo nanjengoko lokuzithandelayo, kodwa ayikhange inikeze i-odolatersti ye-odolance.

Enye inkalo yomngcipheko kuxa ukwenziwa kwesicelo sokuvumela urhulumente afune ukuqiniseka kwelinye icala lo gama egcina ilungelo lokuchophela ezinye izono ezinxulumeneyo kamva. Iinkundla zihlolisisa iimeko ezinjalo phantsi kwe "izinto ezifanayo" uvavanyo olusuka kwi- . ngoko iUnited States [1932]). Ukuba ingcebiso yesibini ifuna ubungqina obuncinane bento enye engakhange ibekwe, ngoko ke ityala lithathwa njengeyahlukileyo, kwaye ingozi ephindwe kabini ayibalwanga tyala elilandelayo. Noko ke, ukuba ihambo efanayo iyasohlwaywa phantsi kwemimiselo emibini eyabelana izijungqubano ezifanayo, ukurhoxilongwa kweso sesibini ityala kugwetyiwe. Amajaji-mthetho kufuneka ahlolisise ngenyameko ukuqinisekiswa kwezivumelwano zokuqinisekisa ukuba abaxhasi bawo abangezaziyo, ngoko ke ityala elilandelayo aligqalwaneyo.

Ityala Lophawu Lokutolika Ingozi Kabini Neentloko Ezibini

Izigqibo ezininzi zeNkundla ePhakamileyo zichaze ukudibana kwesigwebo esiqatha setyala eliphindiweyo nesicelo sokucebisana. North Carolina v. Paarce [1969], iNkundla yathi iNkundla yakwalela ukuba iJaji ephindwe kabini i- Jeopardy Claus yalekwe ukuba igwebo eliqatha emva kwesicelo esinempumelelo kunye nokulungisa ngaphandle kwezizathu zokuvuma ukuthethelela ulwandiliseko olunzima. Ngelixesha [[FLT] [FLT] [FLT:] [FLT] [FFT: 3] yathetha ngepost-vicerce [12] kunokucel] kunokucelela, yamisela umgaqo wokungalungiso olulungileyo ekucelweni kwezicelo zezicelo ezithenjiweyo, apho ityala elithenjiswe kwityala elibi elibi elithe linyukayo emva kwetyala elibi, elithelela ukusetyenziswa kwetyala elibi elibi elibi elibi, elithelela ukuso libi elibi elibi ligunya-ka uku

kwiUnited States v. Dinitz [1997], iNkundla yalungisa ubungozi obuphindiweyo kumongo wovavanyo oluphosakeleyo/isimo esinokuthi sivele ngexesha lesicelo ukuba umtshutshisi uthi umtshutshisi usenza into embi ukunyanzelisa ityala elibi emva komsebenzi owenziweyo. Le nkundla yachaza ukuba ityala livumelekile ukuba ummangalelwa uyavuma kwimposiso okanye ukuba "imfuneko enkulu" ifuna, kodwa ukuba umtshutshisi wacaphula ngabom ngempazamo ukuzama ukufumana isiphumo esilungileyo, ityala lesibini eliphinda kabini. Oku kubonisa ukubaluleka komtshutshisi wengqibelelo ngexesha lokucenga.

Ityala lakutshanje, Ohio v. Johnson [19984], ebandakanya izicelo ezithe ngqo. Ummangalelwa wamangalelwa kwityala eline, kuquka ukubulala nokubulala. Wavuma ukumangalela ityala elincinane lokutshintshana kwabakhulu, kodwa umtshutshisi wala. Inkundla yetyala ngoko wavumela ummangalelwa ukuba avume ityala elingaphantsi kwityala lombuso. Inkundla ePhakamileyo yathi ibambe ukuba le tyala lichase ityala elingunxaxhiniweyo. Inkundla ephakamileyo yathiwe ukuba le nto ichasene noMbini Jeopardey Claus ngenxa yokuba ityala ayizange ivume ukuvuma ukucela, kwaye umtshutshisiwe ngenye into elungileyo ayizange ikhethe ngokungenamdlamdla wokuzinziswa kwetyala ngoxa kuvavanywa. Le meko ibonisa ukuba ibeke ityala ngokuphinda-phinda-phinda-phinda macala esebenzayo: ityala akhethelenza ityala elinguwokuba ligwetyiswe yityala elifanelekileyo xa kujoliswe ityala.

Imfundiso Yolongamo Olumanyeneyo: Imfundiso Enkulu Ekhethekileyo

Mhlawumbi owona mqathango ubalulekileyo kukhuseleko oluphindiweyo lwengozi kwizicelo ubandakanya imfundiso ephindiweyo yolawulo. Ngenxa yokuba isindululo seNtloko sesihlanu sisebenza kurhulumente ngamnye ongowongameleyo, ummangalelwa angagwetywa ngurhulumente kunye norhulumente wesizwe ngesenzo esinye solwaphulo-mthetho ukuba oko kuqhuba kuchasene nemithetho yabo bobabini abalawuli. Lo mgaqo waqinisekiswa Heath v. Alabamas [1985], apho iNkubonelele ukuba amaqela amabini ahlukeneyo angamangalela ummangalelwa ngamnye ngenxa yokubulalana okuphindwe kabini.

Kumongo wezicelo, oku kuthetha ukuba ummangalelwa omangalelwa ngetyala kwityala likarhulumente lomthetho lokwenza isenzo esithile angabethwa ngetyala lomthetho ngenxa yesenzo esinye, kwaye ngokuchaseneyo. Ezinye izivumelwano zithetha ngokuphandle okunokwenzeka ngokuquka "ukukhululwa kwehlabathi jikelele" ibinzana, apho umlawuli evumelanayo ukuba angabhekisi omnye. Noko ke, iziqubulo ezinjalo azifuneki ngokwemithetho-siseko. Ngoko isiluleko sokhuselo kufuneka sicebise ukuba abathengisi abaqhubana netyala kwelinye igunya abakhuselekanga ngokuzenzekelayo ekumangalelweni kwelinye icala. /nakuba ihambo iyafana. Oku kungenza kube nzima ukucela ukuphendula ityala, njengoko abamangalelwa besenokufuna ukusombulula yonke into enokwenzeka kwisenzo esisodwa, esinokuthi singabi nokwenziwa ngenxa yentsebenzi ephakathi kwe-dictriction.[6]

Iinkxalabo Ezisebenzisekayo Zokunyanga Iingxaki Zegazi

kumagqwetha akhuselayo, ukuqonda intsingiselo yengozi ephindwe kabini kubaluleke kakhulu xa ecebisa abaxhasi ukuba bamkele isicelo. Uqwalaselo olungundoqo luquka:

  • Secks ukubopha ityala eliphindiweyo. Ukuba urhulumente unyanzelisa ukugcina izityholo ezithile zahlukene kodwa zinxulumene, qwalasela ukuba ezo zityholo zingunotyala ofanayo ngaphantsi [ nqakraza i-'' ````''''. Ukuba kunjalo, isibongozo kumnye ungafaka isifungo kamva kwenye ityala kumanye, ngaphandle kommangalelwa okhuselayo kwisivumelwano.
  • Ulwimi olulula. Izivumelwano ezininzi ziquka imiqathango ye-birpleples apho ummangalelwa amele anike izibhedlele ilungelo lokubhena kunye "zonke iintengiso" zobungozi obuphindiweyo. Iinkundla ngokuqhelekileyo zinyanzelisa abaphangi abanjalo ukuba bayazazi kwaye bayazenza ngokuzithandela, kodwa isixhasi esibanzi okanye esingaqondakaliyo singacelw'ii ngomngeni. I-Attaney kufuneka ithethe nabangenisi betyala abancinane kuphela abaxambuliweyo.
  • Caphula ixesha lesibongozo. Ummangalelwa akanakusebenzisa isibongozo esinetyala kwityala elinye ukukhusela urhulumente ekuzameni esinye ityala elivela kwesinye isiganeko kodwa elichanekileyo. Umzekelo, isicelo sokuphanga asimgqumi ummangalelwa kwinkundla eyahlukeneyo yokuhlasela okuye kwabangelwa kukuhlasela okukwahlukileyo ukuba uhlaselo lubandakanya iziphathi-mthetho ezahlukeneyo. Cacisa uxwebhu lwehambo olugqunywe sisibongozo luyimfuneko.
  • Lumka kwimimiselo yogwebo. Isibongozo esinetyala asikuthinteli ukusetyenziswa kwehambo enye ukunyusa isigwebo kamva, kwimeko engahambelaniyo. Umzekelo, ulwamkeleko lwangaphambili (oluqukiweyo ngesicelo) lungasetyenziswa ukunyusa izivakalisi phantsi kwemimiselo yokuphinda i-okisida ngaphandle kokukhupha imposiso ephindwe kabini, njengokuba unyuselo lungesososohlwayo esahlukileyo solwaphulo-mthetho lwangaphambili.

Abatshutshisi banezizathu ezisebenzisekayo zokuqwalasela ingozi ephindwe kabini xa isibongozo sinikelwa. Ukuzama ngamandla ukuphepha igalelo elingunozala ukurhwaphiliza ukukhupha isingqiniso solwaphulo-mthetho esibanzi esinetyala. "Ingangqubana nenkqubo efunekayo okanye ikhokelele ekuguqukeni kwisibheno. Urhulumente kufuneka aqinisekise ukuba nasiphi na isimangalo esibekwe emva kwesicelo sisekelwe kwihambo entsha okanye kwizinto ezicacileyo ezisemthethweni, hayi kumnqweno wokuzama ukuphinda ulungelelanise imeko efanayo phantsi kwegama elahlukileyo.

Ukuqwalasela Okufanelekileyo Kwingxoxo

Kufuneka ingqwalaselo ephambili nengxengxezo ijonge imida yokuziphatha. I-American Bar Association’s Model Regard of Professional Page ifuna ukuba abatshutshisi bangasebenzisi iindlela ezingaphaya kwemithetho ukubangela izingcelo ezibophelelekileyo, kuquka nezisongelo zolunye ulwaphulo-mthetho ezingenakuziswa ngokusemthethweni. Umtshutshisi, emva kokucela ukuwa, uphindezela ngokumangalela ummangalelwa ngezono ezinzulu kakhulu ngaphandle kwesiseko esifanelekileyo sokholo lwakhe, kwezinye iimeko, ukonakalisa inkqubo efanelekileyo, kwaye, utyando oluphindwe kabini lwe-Jeopard Claus elona tyala linye xa lithelekisa icala elitsha.

Kumacala okukhusela, amagqwetha kufuneka achaze ngokuzeleyo iziphumo zesicelo setyala kumalungelo exesha elizayo aphindwe kabini. Umxhasi okholelwa ukuba oku kuya kuphelisa yonke ityala lesiganeko esithile angasothusa ukwazi ukuba umlawuli owahlukileyo okanye ityala elahlukileyo elisekelwe kwizibakala ezifanayo lisekho. Ukungaqondani okunjalo kungakhokelela kwizicelo ezingafanelekanga okanye uncedo olungasebenziyo lwesiluleko. Ngoko, ukuchaza ngokucokisekileyo kunye noluleko olubhaliweyo kuyanconywa ngokungqongqo.

Iimpikiswano Zenkqubo Neenkcubeko Zexesha Elizayo

Ukudibana kwengozi ephindwe kabini kunye nezibongozo akunampikiswano. Abanye abaphengululi bomthetho baphikisa ngelithi ukuthembela kakhulu kwizicelo eziceliweyo kuye kwahlambulula ukhuseleko lwe-Jeopardy Clause ephindwe kabini, ngenxa yokuba abamangalelwa basoloko bewayeka amalungelo abo ngenxa yokutshintshisana ngokugqithisileyo. Imfundiso yokuwayeka, ngexa kuyimfuneko, inokubavumela abatshutshisi ukuba "bafake ingqokelela"", bazise izityholo ezininzi ezithelekisayo baze banikele ukulahla ezinye ukuze bafake isibongozo sobalo sonyaka-$a, nto leyo ebangela ukuba abamangalelwa ngokufanelekileyo bakhethe phakathi kokwamkela okanye ukumelana nezigwebo ezinokuthethwa ngabasematyaleni. Kwimekobume enjalo, injongo yembali yokuthintela i-gconverse.

Ezinye zimi ngelithi igalelo lihlala liqinile kuba iinkundla zisasebenza ngemida yabarhwebi kwaye zifuna ukuba nawaphi na amatyala alandelayo abandakanya amatyala ahlukeneyo. uvavanyo olunqabileyo lunika umgangatho osebenzayo, nangona isicelo salo sinokuba sisixhobo sobugcisa. Imithetho iphinde idlale indima ngokuchaza ulwaphulo-mthetho olucacileyo olunemiqathango yokunciphisa ukhuphiso. Xa ijonge phambili, kukho izicelo zokubophelela "intengo elula" umthetho onokuthi ubambe nayiphi na into enokwenziwa kwisiganeko esinye solwaphulo-mthetho, kungakhathaliseki ukuba sivela kwisixhobo esinesiphi na. Oku kungaguqula ngokuphawulekayo izicelo ezinamandla kodwa kungaxhaswangaxhaswangaxhasezobupolitika.

Okwangoku, ukunyuka kwamandla omsebenzi karhulumente kunye nolawulo olungenaziphene kuye kwenza ulawulo olubini lwaba lityala elithe chatha. Abanye abahlalutyi baphikisa ngelithi umahluko ophindiweyo wolawulo kufuneka uphinde uphindwe ucingwe, ingakumbi kumongo wokuvalelwa kwabantu abaninzi kunye neziphumo ezingenakulinganiswa kwimimandla ephantsi. INkundla ePhakamileyo iye yabonisa ukuma kulula ukuphinda imfundiso, kodwa ngoku ihlala ingumthetho omisiweyo. Ngoko amagqwetha okhuselo kufuneka afake uvavanyo olubini lomngcipheko kumbandela ngamnye obandakanya ihambo entle efuna ukulwa.

Isiphelo: Ukubeka Ingozi Kabini Ngocoselelo

I-Jeopardy Claus ephindwe kabini ihlala ililitye lesiseko lenkqubo yolwaphulo-mthetho lwaseMelika, inika uhlolo olubalulekileyo kumandla olwaphulo-mthetho nokuqinisekisa ukuba kugqibelelw ’ ukumangalelwa. Xa abamangalelwa bekhetha ukucombulula amatyala abo ngokufaka isibongozo, ngokuzithandela bawarhoxa kwityala kwaye, kule nkqubo, basoloko belinganisela iingxube-ngezi ezithile ezibini zokuzikhusela kwityala elithile eligqunywe yisivumelwano. Noko ke, lo mGaqo-siseko usalwa norhulumente ekuvavanyezeni ummangalelwa wetyala elinye emva kwesicelo esisemthethweni, yaye ngokuphandle zihlola izifungo ukuze ziqinisekise ukuba azisetyenziswa njengezithuthi zomtshutshisizo zomtshutshisi okanye ukuvala i-parhwa.

Kubenzi bomthetho, isitshixo sikukuba ingxubusho nganye yezicelo kufuneka yaziswe ngocoselelo ngezityholo, ihambo engaphantsi kwazo, kunye nokunokwenzeka kokutshutshiswa kwazo ngokulandelayo. Amagqwetha okhuselo kufuneka alinde nxamnye nezigwebo ezingaphaya komthetho kunye neengozi zolawulo ezifihlakeleyo, ngelixa abatshutshisi kufuneka bawuhlonele umgaqo-siseko ochaza izigqibo ezivumelekileyo. Ekugqibeleni, ukuqonda i-Jeopardy Claus ePromments kumongo wokwenziwa kwezicelo kuvumela onke amaqela ukuba anxibelelane ngokucacileyo, aqinisekise ukuba okusesikweni kusebenza ngaphandle kokunikela iziqinisekiso ezisisiseko zokukhuselwa koMgalelo-5.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, jonga iCurtstitution Center yeSibonelelo seNkqutyana sokuGcintsa uLawulo lweNhlanu , iCornell Information Institute yoluvo olusemthethweni lwezicwangciso ezibini, kunye ne [[FLT:]U.S. Isebe lecandelo leJaji yeZiko leSigqibo seSivumelwano .