Yintoni Icandelo Elinye Le-Member SD?

Inkqubo yeSithili esinye seMember (SMD) sesinye sezona zicwangciso zonyulo zixhaphakileyo ezisetyenziswa kwizindlu zowiso-mthetho zesizwe jikelele ehlabathini. Phantsi kwale modeli yoomphathi-nkulu, ilizwe lahlulwe ngokweziqithi, ngalinye linyulwe ngokuchaneyo ukuba libe ngummeli omnye kwiqumrhu lemithetho-mthetho, njengomthetho, njengepalamente, okanye indibano. Ofumana ivoti eninzi kweso sikhundla siphumelelayo, indlela eqhele ukubhekiswa kuyo njenge "yokuqala-mva-kwisibonda sokuqala" (FPPP) okanye "winner-accell-all". Oku kumi ngokuchasana ngqo nomelo (PR), iinkqubo ezininzi, apho abameli benyulwa ukusuka kwimimandla emikhulu nezihlalo kunye nezihlalo ezibekwe ngokwesabelo seqela.

Inkqubo ye-SMD lisiseko sobomi bezobupolitika kulawulo-melo oluninzi olunempembelelo, kuquka iUnited States (Indlu yabameli), iUnited Kingdom (Indlu Yamakhomputha), iKhanada (Indlu Yamarhamente), iIndiya (Indlu ye-Lok Sabhaha), namazwe amaninzi akwiNtshona Koloni. Ukuthamba nokungafihlisi kwayo kuye kwayenza yaba lukhetho oluhlala luhleli lokhetho lokhetho, kodwa ikwaphethe norhwebo olwahlukileyo oluchaphazela umelo, umanyano lukarhulumente, kunye nomanyano lwevoti.

Ukuze siqonde intsingiselo epheleleyo yeSMD, kubalulekile ukuhlolisisa kungekuphela nje iingcambu zayo kodwa nemvelaphi yayo yembali, imiphumo yayo eluncedo kwiimeko zobupolitika, neengxoxo eziphindaphindwayo ezingobulungisa nokusebenza kwayo.

Imvelaphi Yembali Nokukhuliswa Kwabantwana Abamkelwa Ehlabathini Lonke

Uphuhliso Lwangaphambili EBritani Enkulu

Imvelaphi yenkqubo yeSMD ingalandelelwa kwindaleko yomelo lwepalamente eNgilani yaphakathi. Ngaphambi kwenkulungwane ye-19, ii-constituecs ezininzi zakhethwa ngamalungu amabini okanye ngaphezulu, ngokufuthi ezinemida ehamba-hambayo kunye nobungakanani obuguquguqukayo babemi. UHlaziyo lweZenzo zonyaka ka1832, 1867, kunye no-1884 ngokuthe ngcembe lwayibeka imilinganiselo yengcamango yelungu elinye lomkhosi wecandelwana ukuphucula uqhagamshelwano phakathi koo-atseka kunye nabameli babo. Unikezelo lwe-Seats Act lwaziko lwemidabini enye esesikweni kwinko yeMimandla yeNdlund yeBritish Hoom, imodeli eyathi eyathiselwa kumazwe nakumazwe akwindawo eBritani.

Ukusasazeka KuseUnited States Nangaphaya Kwayo

EUnited States, izithili ezizimeleyo ezizimeleyo zazidityaniswe nguMthetho weAportion ka-1842, owawufuna ukuba amalungu eNdlu yabameli anyulwe kwisithili "eyayakha-khatshwayo kwaye ihlanganiswe" oku kwakusisenzo ngokuchasene neenkqubo ezinkulu zokuvota ezavumela amagunya amakhulu ukuba alawule unyulo olubanzi. Ngexesha elithile, amazwe amaninzi amkele i-SMD njengenxalenye yefa lendlu yabo okanye alungelelaniswe neqela lendlela yokulawula iWestminsternstern. Namhlanje, ngokutsho kweACE Electoral Knethwelethi yolwazi lwezindlu esezantsi, malunga ne 45% yenkqubo zelizwe ezilawula imimandla enye ekwindawo yokuqala yodidi lomgangatho wokuqala, ngelinye, ngoxa amanye amazwe asebenzisa i-SDDRDSDS kunye nezixhobo zohlobo lohlobo lohlobo lobuchule bodidi oluxutyibiliso.

Indlela Esebenza Ngayo Inkqubo Yemithambo - luvo

Ukhuthuzo lweSithili kunye nokuSebenza

Kwinkqubo ecocekileyo ye-SMD, eli lizwe lahlulelwe ngokwezihlalo ezininzi njengoko kukho izihlalo zomthetho. Isithili ngasinye sinenjongo yokuba sibe nenani elifanayo labavoti, nangona ukutshintshana kwabemi nokungenelela kwezobupolitika kungenza ukungalingani. Ngomhla wonyulo, ivoti iphosa ibhola enye kubangeneli omnye kwisithili sabo. Umbathisi onevoti ephezulu ufumana isihlalo, nokuba ngaba bakhuseleke ngokupheleleyo (ngaphezulu kwama-50%) okanye i-i-iyunithi elula. Kwezinye iindawo, i-ompatho ebalekayo okanye ephantsi kwe-oyile-oyile isetyenziswa ukuba akukho mqobo ufikelamqobo othile, kodwa imodeli esesikweni ye-SMDD ixhomekeke kwimodeli eninzi kuphela.

Izithili zeMzulu enye vs. Izithili ezininzi-ember

Umba ochazayo weSMD yindawo "yelungu elinye": isithili ngasinye sinommeli omnye ngqo. Oku kwahluka kwisithili esinamalungu amaninzi (MMDs), apho izihlalo ezininzi zigcwaliswa ukusuka kwindawo enye yomhlaba, ngokufuthi zisebenzisa iindlela zokulungelelanisa okanye zokuvota. Abaxhasi baphikisa ukuba i-SMD yenza ukuphendulana okucacileyo, kobuqu phakathi kwabavoti kunye nomntu ngamnye onegunya, lo gama abagxeki bechasa ukuba inciphisa ukwahluka kwamazwi kwisithili esinikiweyo.

Iingenelo Zenkqubo YeSMD

Cacisa umelo kunye nokuphendula

Enye yeengenelo ezisoloko zicatshulwe zeSMD lunxulumano olucacileyo phakathi kovoti nommeli wabo. Abameli bazi kakuhle ukuba ngubani oza kuthatha ityala kwimibandela yasekuhlaleni, kwizigqibo zomgaqo-siseko, kunye nokunikezelwa kwenkonzo. Oku kuphendula kobuqu kungenza amagosa anyuliweyo afune ukusabela ngakumbi kwiimfuno zobugxwayiba, njengoko unyulo lwawo luxhomekeke ekulondolozeni inkxaso yasekuhlaleni. Ngokuchasene noko, iinkqubo zePR kunye neziqithi-ma ezininzi zingaluphelisa olu qhagamshelwano, luyenze ibe nzima kakhulu ukuvota abavoti ukuba balule impumelelo okanye ukungaphumeleli kwezobupolitika ezithile.

Ukuzinziswa Kukarhulumente Omkhulu

Isixokelelwano se-SMD sityekele ekuvezeni inani elincinane elisebenzayo lamaqela kwaye ngokufuthi likhokelela kurhulumente oninzi abayinxalenye enye. Olu luzinzo luxatyiswa ngabameli bolawulo olunamandla: oorhulumente abaninzi bangawudlulisa ngokukhawuleza umthetho, bazalisekise iinkqubo zexesha elide ngaphandle kwengxoxo esoloko isenziwa ngamaqela, kwaye banikezele iziphumo ezicacileyo. Kubavoti abaninzi, amandla "ukulahla iirascals" baze bathathele indawo omnye urhulumente ngomnye ngokupheleleyo ngomnye uluphawu olubalulekileyo lwedemokhrasi. Amazwe afana noloMbuso weSizwe neKhanada aye anandipha izinziso ezizinzileyo, oorhulumente abaninzi abaguquguqukayo phantsi kwemithetho ye-SMD.

Ukubhiyozela Iphulo Lasekuhlaleni Nokujolisa

Kuba isithili ngasinye sincinane ngokwaneleyo (inxulumene nelizwe lonke) abaza kuthabatha inxaxheba banokudibana ngokobuqu, iSMD ikhuthaza indlela yokufaka ingca ephucukileyo yokubhengeza. AmaCandidenti kufuneka athethe ngemiba yasekuhlaleni, angene kwiziganeko zoluntu, kwaye avelise ulwahlulo lobuqu olwahlukileyo kwiqela lesizwe. Oku kunokwenza amaphulo onyulo acutheke ngakumbi kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni kwaye kukhuthaza abezobupolitika ukuba baqonde iimfuno ezithile zesithili sabo, ukusuka kwimisebenzi yesiseko ukuya kwimali yesikolo.

IMithetho eDibanisayo Nemibhiyozo Enzima

Kumgangatho ophumeleleyo okwindawo engqongileyo, amaqela amancinane anenkxaso esasazekileyo engenakuphumelela ngaphandle kokuba abaxhasi bawo bagxininise kakhulu kwisithili esithile. Oku kusebenza okunamandla njengomqobo nxamnye nempembelelo okanye amaqela achasene nenkqubo, azama ukwaphula isihluzi se-SMD. Isiphumo, kwingcamango, kukulingana okuthe qeleleka kwezobupolitika, njengoko amaqela kufuneka abhenele kuvoti-meta kwisithili ngasinye ukuphumelela. Le njongo ebhekela kumlinganiselo wokufumana ipetroli esuntswana kwaye yenza kube lula ukwakhiwa kombutho xa kungekho qela lizuza uninzi.

Ucelomngeni Nokugxekwa Kwenkqubo YeSMD

Umahluko phakathi kwemibhobho nenqanawa

Eyona nto ibalulekileyo ekugxekweni kwe-SMD kukungavisisani kwayo okuphambili phakathi kwemimandla emininzi ekhoyo phakathi kwesabelo sombutho esithandwayo nesabelo sawo sezihlalo zowiso-mthetho. Oku kurhoxiswa kungumphumo wendalo wokuphumelela ukuthatha zonke izigqibo: iqela eliphumelela ama-40% evoti kodwa lihamba phambili ngokufutshane kwimimandla emininzi linokufumana i-Certivement ephezulu yezihlalo, lo gama iqela elinamashumi amabini ekhulwini eephethubeni lokuvota lifumana izihlalo kulo lonke ilizwe. Ngokutsho kwesifundo se-Electoral Reformation Society, i-UK jikelele yabona ukuba i-Conervectorive Parvectory iwina 36.9% yezihlalo ezikhuselekileyo kodwa ezikhuselekileyo, ngoxa i-UK Costment Parvection yafumana i-12.15% yafumana i-0.5% i-ediction.

Imisebenzi Esetyenziswayo

Kunyulo lwe-SMD olubanzi, ivoti nganye ephoswe kumntu olahlekileyo "yaphulwa ngokunempumelelo" ngengqiqo yokuba ayincedi ekunyuleni ummeli. Oku kungakhokelela kunyulo olubanzi [[FLT: 0]] olunomkhethe okhoyo [, apho ivoti ishiya ivoti yabo ekhethekayo engcono ukuxhasa utshintsho olungcono ngokulula ukunqanda ukhetho olungathandwayo ekuphumeleleni. Lento inqanda ukhetho lwevoti, ukuphakamisa inkxaso yamaqela amabini amakhulu, kwaye i-cwilica irhola phakathi kwabaxhasi abancinane abavakalelwa kukuba bevota abangenamsebenzi. Voter ijika ngaphandle kwe- sydmixoke kufutshane kwiinkqubo ze-PDDD, ngokukodwa kumaqela avakalelwa ukuba akhutshwe ngokupheleleyo kumelo olusuka kumelo.

Ukunikezelwa kweZizwe namabhinqa

Ngenxa yokuba izithili zeSMD zinyule ummeli omnye kuphela, amaqela athe saa amaqela ambalwa angenayo imimandla eninzi afuna ukunyulwa ngabemi abafunekayo ukuze bakhethe umntu oza kubhaptizwa. Kwanaxa amaqela amancinane edibene, angajijwa kwisithili ezahlula amandla okuvota okanye ezihlambulula impembelelo yazo. Uphando oluvela kwiBrennan Center for Justice for Justice Link lubonise ukuba imimandla enye eUnited States ingenamgangatho imfuneko yokuthoba amabhinqa akhuphisanayo, afumana intlukwano eninzi, uqheliselo lokuba iVoling Rights Act ka-1965 ejongelwe phantsi kwemigaqo ye-SDSDS ngokunjalo, ngokwenxalenye ngenxa yokuba amaqela angazimiselanga kukhuphiswano lwamabhinqa amabhinqa akhuphiswayo, afumana i-athoba lonke iphondo.

Gerrymandering

Uqheliselo lokulawula imida yesithili ukwenzela inzuzo yezobupolitika lucelomngeni oluzingisileyo kwiinkqubo ze-SMD. Ngokuzoba izithili ezithi "pack" izilwanisi zibe zizihlalo ezimbalwa okanye "crack" abaxhasi bazo kwimimandla emininzi, amaqela alawulayo angafaka amandla awo kwanaxa ephulukana novoti ethandwayo. Unyulo lweNdlu lweNdlu lwe-US lungumzekelo ocacileyo: nangona ii-Democrat ziphumelela ivoti epheleleyo kuneeRiphabliki, iiRiphabliki zahlala izininzi ezi-33 ngenxa yogonyamelo lwamagxande emva kobalo lobalo lobalo lonyaka ka-2010. UGerryderman uthelela unyulo lwendlu lwe-votimente oluthe abantu bonke kumgangatho wokhetho kwaye lunokuphumelela kwinzuzo yokukhuthulwa kookhiswano, yenza ukhuphiswano lovo.

Ulawulo lwezibonelelo

Isixokelelwano se-SMD singandisa ukuhlahlela kwelizwe ngemibutho enika umvuzo efumene inkxaso yengingqi ngexesha isohlwaya abo banenkxaso ebanzi kodwa enzulu. Oku kungakhokelela kwingingqi yezobupolitika elawulwa ngamaqela emimandla kwaye kunciphise ukufuziswa kweembono ezijoliswe kwisizwe. Ngokomzekelo, iBloc Québébécois izuze ngokwembali iqela elikhulu lezihlalo ukusuka kwiQuebec ngelingaphantsi kwe 10% levoti yesizwe, ngelinye icala lomlinganiselo ofanayo, izuze izihlalo ezimbalwa ngenxa yokuba ivoti yayo iyahlakazeka. Imisebenzi enjalo ingenza inkqubo yesizwe izenze i-projective i-egraclenties zikhetheke kakhulu kwaye ingenamdlalelo kukhetho lwezitshixo ngaphandle kwemimandla ye-Rofftive.

Uthelekiso neenkqubo zomelo

Iiyantlukwano Ezingundoqo Kwiziphumo

Abahlalutyi be-SMD badla ngokulatha umelo lolwahlulo njengolwahlulo oluphezulu. Iinkqubo ze-PR, ezifana noluhlu lolwahlulo lolwahlulo okanye uvoti enye edluliswayo (STV), zabela izihlalo ngokuchanekileyo ngokuhambelana nesabelo sovoti, nto leyo ephumela ekulahlekeni okuninzi kwevoti kunye nomelo oluninzi oluchazwa ngamabhinqa kunye neqela elincinane. I-PR iyakwazi ukuvelisa iinkqubo ezininzi, ezinokukhuthaza ulawulo lwengingqi yomanyano olubonisa umgama omninzi weembono zezobupolitika. Noko ke, i-PR maxa wambi igxekwa ngokukhokelela koorhulumente abangaguquguqukiyo, njengokuba iinguquko ezikhoyo zingenza inkqubo yomgaqo-nkqubo ingasebenzi kwaye ingaxeki.

Ukuthelekisa nokuphinda kuthelekiswe

Abaxhasi be-SMD baphikisa ngokuthi ukuphuma kwentengiso kukuzinza kukarhulumente. Ngelixesha i-PR ingavelisa iipalamente ezikhangeleka zifana ne-oomatshini bokukhetha ngokwendawo, bangenza amaqela angenathothoba afumane izibambi zepalamente aze abambe ulawulo oluneenjongo ezingundoqo: umelo oluchanileyo lweembono ezahlukeneyo okanye ulawulo olusebenzayo olucacileyo olunentelekelelo ecacileyo.

Uhlolisiso Lwetyala: ISMD in Practice

I-United Kingdom

Indlu ye-UK isebenzise i-SMD yoMbutho isuka ngo-1885, i-Labour ibonelela ngamaxesha athile ekulungelelaniseni uguquko lwabemi. Inkqubo ivelise unyulo oluphawulekayo: ngo-1951, iSigqeba esiBandakanyekileyo soMbutho sowiso sifumene izihlalo ezininzi ngeli xesha sifumana iivoti ezimbalwa kuneLabour, kwaye ngoFebruwari 1974, iLabour wazuza izihlalo ezininzi ngelixa izibheno zomvoti-mali ezininzi. Ngo-2015 kunye no-2019 jikelele unyulo olube lukwabonakaliswa ngokukhutshwa okuphezulu kwe-propotiontal. I-Eltairectoral Reformation Society ngokuqhubekayo iye yaxhasa ukutshintshelwa kwenkqubo yolungelelwano olulungelelaniso, kodwa amaqela amakhulu aye alwa ngenxa yokuzichasana. Ngo-19202020, ibhekisa kulowo unyuso lwabiwo-Mdio-o-o-o-o-o-omatike-o-o-o-o-o-mthetho-onke

I-United States

Indlu yabameli ye-US mhlawumbi ngumzekelo obalasele kakhulu we-SMD ehlabathini. Kwiminyaka emibini nganye, ama- 435 amalungu ephondo abanyuliweyo abasebenzi abavela ngokhetho oluninzi. Le nkqubo ifakwe kumthetho wesizwe nomGaqo-siseko, nangona ilungiswe ngexesha elithile yiVoting Rights Act ukuqinisekisa ukuba umelo lwabambalwa lukwizikhundla ezitshayelelayo. UGerryndering uhlala esoloko engumbango oshushu, kunye namaqela amabini amakhulu asebenzisa izixhobo ezintsonkothile zogcino-lwazi ukuzoba zixhobo eziluncedo. Inkundla ephakamileyo iye yagqiba kwelokuba i-Rhovergerryman ingumbuzo wezopolitiki ngaphaya kofikelelo lwenkundla yesizwe, ishiya utshintsho kwiphondo kunye nolawulo oluzimeleyo.

CanadaName

Unyulo lwaseKhanada lweSigqeba seKhompyutha lusebenzisa iSMD olunezigxina ezilula, uphawu olungeniswe kwilifa layo lamaBritane. Olu nyulo lwangonyaka wama 2015 lwabona iLiberal Party iwina 39.5% yevoti kunye nama-54% ezihlalo, ngelixa iNew Democratic Party yafumana i-19,7% yamavoti kodwa kuphela i-10% yezihlalo, kunye neGreen Party, ne-3, ne-3,4% yevoti, yafumana isihlalo esinye (0%). Ama-2019% e-2019 kunye nama-201 eeklati zaqhubeka zisenza uvavanyo olucacileyo lweBlocQuébébélis kunye nangaphantsi kwe-eancireais xa kuthenwa urhulumente.

Utshintsho Nezinto Ezinokusetyenziswa Kwinkqubo YeSMD

Iinkqubo ze-Member Proportigal (MMP) ezixutyiweyo

Amazwe amaninzi amkele iinkqubo ezixubeneyo ezidibanisa i-SMD nethala leesihlalo zoluhlu lokulungisa ukurhoxa kwemida. IJamani, iNew Zealand, neScotland zimizekelo ebalaseleyo. IVoters ziphosa iibhola ezimbini: esinye se-projekthi yobulali kwi-SMD kunye nesinye soluhlu lweqela. Izihlalo zoluhlu zabelwa ukuqinisekisa ukuba ulwabelo lwezihlalo luhambisana nesabelo seqela ngalinye levoti. I-MMP igcina uqhagamshelwano lwasekuhlaleni oluphezulu ngelixa uluvotiso lwe-SMD. INew Zealand yamkelwa emva kokubhekisa ii-MMPMEnd ngo-192 nangowe-1993, kunye nezifundo zeNew Zealand Elelector Commis ibonisa ukuba ulwanelo melo nomelo lolwaneliseko lweqela nalumelo lwamabhinqa kunye ne-Māraed phantsi kwenkqubo entsha.

I-Rank-Choice Voing (RCV) kwiMimandla Eyodwa

Olunye utshintsho kukusetyenziswa kovota abacetyisiweyo (okwaziwa ngokuba yi-loff off khawunk) phakathi kwesithili esinye. Kwesi sixokelelwano, abavoti bafumana igalelo eliphambili ngokomyalelo wokukhetha. Ukuba akukho mvoti ufumana uninzi lwevoti yemali yokuqala, oyena uphantsi uphambili uthe wathathwa, kwaye amavoti abo athunyelwa kukhetho olulandelayo, aqhubekeka de abe noninzi. RCV uphelisa iziphumo ze-"spoiler" kwaye ukhuthaza ukuvunywa kwemibutho elilungileyo, njengoko abavumi abatshakazi be-ivoti yesibini kubaxhasi bengi. Isetyenziswa kwiNd House yabameli bokhetho base-Unistrals kwaye kuqeqeshwa e-US, kuquka i-San Francisco kunye neNew York. Ngelixesha RCC iphucula ukuphucula i-SCMinmond, i-proportervection epheleleyo yesizwe.

IiKhomishini zokuLungisa ezizimeleyo

Ukulwa ukulawulwa, imimandla emininzi iye yamisela ikomishini yokuzimela ezimeleyo yokuzibophelela etsala imida esetyenziswa imilinganiselo yobundilele enjenge-SMD, ubundili, kunye nokulingana kwabemi. IKhalifoniya, i-Arizona, neMichigan e-US yamkela ulawulo olunjalo, kwaye iKhanada isebenzisa inkqubo exhomekeke kwimida ekhethekileyo yephondo ngalinye. Ngelixesha ingatshintshiyo kwimida ye-SMD ngokwayo, ezi zigunyaziswa ukubuyisela ukulunga nokhuphiswano kwimimandla enye ngokususa imida epheleleyo.

Isiphelo

Inkqubo yeSithili esinye neMember sihlala sinamandla kwaye sisetyenziswa kakhulu, sixatyiswa kakhulu ngenxa yokulula, ukuphendula ngokucacileyo, kunye namandla okuvelisa oorhulumente abazinzileyo. Noko ke, ezi ingenelo zifumaneka ngexabiso: umahluko omkhulu phakathi kwevoti nezihlalo, imigangatho ephakamileyo yokuvota okulahlwayo, ukusetyenziswa kweqela elincinane namabhinqa, ukuchanabeka ekulawuleni, nokuxhaswa kolwahlulo lwezopolitiko lwengi. Ukhetho phakathi kwe-SMD kunye nezinye iinkqubo zobuhlanga, njengomelo okanye uvoteko olubekelwe umda, luxhomekeke koko kuxhomekeke kuko amaxabiso ebutho labantu kukhetho lwalo.

Ukuqonda amakhanikha, amandla, kunye nobuthathaka be-SMD kubalulekile ekuthembiseni uluntu ngolwazi. Abalawuli kunye nabenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo ngokufanayo bafanele baqwalasele indlela inkqubo yabo yokukhetha eme ngayo kungekuphela nje ukwenziwa kwendlu yowiso-mthetho kodwa nomgangatho wedemokhrasi yabo. Ukuqhubeka kufundeka, iACE Electoral Knotel Ulwazi lunika ubuncwane obubanzi kwinkqubo yokhetho, [[FLT] i-ellerman kunye neempembelelo zayo kuMbutho wotshintsho [[FLT]. Ezi zinto zinganceda ukuqwalasela i-SMD proportiontioty, kunye ne- Brenan' Isiko se-Crective se-Genearthi yenkulungwane [[FLT] [FLT]] ihlola i-earderman kunye ne-eactivesss eziqhubekekayo ze-SDCMD projectivessssssss ngorhwebo lwe-Ptst-Promediast-Promean.