Table of Contents

Inkululeko yamaphephandaba ingomnye wezona mpawu zibalulekileyo zedemokhrasi yaseMerika, ebekwe kuMgaqo-siseko Wokuqala woMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States. Eli lungelo lisisiseko linceda iintatheli, imibutho yamajelo-ndaba, kunye nabemi ukuba bapapashe iindaba, iimbono, kunye nolwazi ngaphandle kokungenelela okanye ukuhlalutya urhulumente. Ngokukhusela ukuqukuqela ngokukhululekileyo kwenkcazelo, shicilela inkululeko iqinisekisa uluntu olunolwazi olunentsingiselo yokukwazi ukuthabatha inxaxheba kulawulo lwedemokhrasi nokugcina abo banegunya lokuphendula.

Yintoni Uhlaziyo Lokuqala?

IFirst Amendment ithi: "Isivumelwano asiyi kwenza mthetho mayelana nokusekwa konqulo, okanye ukunqanda ukusetyenziswa kwalo ngokukhululekileyo; okanye ukuvalela inkululeko yokuthetha, okanye yamaphephandaba, okanye ilungelo labantu lokuhlanganisana ngoxolo, nokucela uRhulumente ukuba alungise izityholo." Ukudityaniswa konyaka we-1791 njengenxalenye yeBhili yamaLungelo, uMyezo wokuqala uqinisekisa inkululeko edityanisiweyo esebenzela kunye ukukhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kwedemokhrasi.

Usukelo oluphambili lwezindululo kukukhusela urhulumente ekulawuleni okanye ekuthinteleni ukubonakaliswa kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo. Ngexa ithetha ngokucacileyo ngenkululeko ehlanu eyahlukileyo ($unqulo, ulwimi, ukucofa, indibano, kunye nesicelo ) la malungelo asoloko edibana kwaye esomelezana. Igalelo lokushicilela likhusela ngokukhethekileyo indima yemibutho yamajelo eendaba ekuqokeleleni, ekupapasheni, nasekusasazeni ulwazi kuwonke-wonke.

Imbali Yenkululeko Yokucinezela

Ukuzimisela kwabaseki ukucinezela inkululeko kwavela kumava abo phantsi kolawulo lwamathanga aseBritane, apho uphando lukarhulumente kunye nokuthintelwa kwakuzizixhobo eziqhelekileyo zokulawula. Baqonda ukuba umatshini wokushicilela okhululekileyo wawubalulekile ekuthinteleni ingcinezelo nokugcina urhulumente emele aphendule kubemi bawo. Injongo eyintloko yeguarant kukuthintela imiqathango yangaphambili kwimpapasho.

Ukutyhubela imbali yaseMerika, umlinganiselo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwenkululeko yokushicilela kuye kwavela kwizigqibo ezininzi zeNkundla Ephakamileyo. Ukususela kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi Yokuqala, iNkundla Ephakamileyo iye yazama ukuchaza ukuba urhulumente uyakwazi kangakanani ukubeka imiqathango yokuthetha. Ezi zicatshulo zezomthetho ziye zaguqula indlela esi sihlaziyiweyo esiqonda ngayo inkululeko esetyenziswayo.

Kutheni Inkululeko Yeencwadi Zomsebenzi Zibalulekile?

Inkululeko yamaphephandaba isebenza imisebenzi emininzi egxekayo kwibutho lolawulo-mpukane. Emongweni wayo, ivumela iintatheli ukuba ziphande zize zinike ingxelo ngemibandela exhalabisayo kawonke-wonke ngaphandle kokoyika isohlwayo sikarhulumente okanye ukuziphindezelela. Olu khuseleko luquka abacholacholi-ndaba abanobuchule, abacholacholi-ndaba, kunye nabani na opapasha inkcazelo yokusetyenziswa kwabantu ngokubanzi.

Ukuphendula kunye nokubonisa ngaphaya

Ijelo leendaba elikhululekileyo lisebenza njengegosa elijonge urhulumente namanye amaziko anamandla. Ngokuphanda urhwaphilizo, ukubhenca ububi, nokuhlalutya izenzo zamagosa karhulumente, amajelo eendaba anceda ekuqinisekiseni ukuba abo bakwizikhundla zolawulo oluphezulu bahlala benoxanduva kubantu abakhonzayo. Lo msebenzi wobuveleli ubaluleke ngokukhethekileyo kwidemokhrasi emela abamele abameli apho abemi bengenakukwazi ukuqwalasela ngokungqalileyo yonke imisebenzi karhulumente.

Amaphephandaba anika abemi inkcazelo ekufuneka beyifumane ukuze benze izigqibo ezifanelekileyo ngokuphathelele ukuvota, inkqubo kawonke wonke nokuthabatha inxaxheba kwimicimbi yentlalo.

Intengiso Yeengcamango

UJaji Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. wavakalisa ukuba "olona vavanyo lulungileyo lwenyaniso ngamandla engcinga yokuzenza zamkelwe kukhuphiswano lwentengiso. Le ngcamango yentengiso ibonisa ukuba inyaniso ivela ekutshintshisaniseni ngembono nenkcazelo engafaniyo. Xa amaziko eendaba ekwazi ukusebenza ngokukhululekileyo, anegalelo kule indawa ngokuveza iimbono ezininzi kwaye avumele uwonke-wonke ukuba ujonge iimpikiswano eziphikisanayo.

Amaphephandaba akhuselwe ukuze akhuthaze kwaye akhusele ukusetyenziswa kwenkululeko yokuthetha kwibutho labantu ngokubanzi, kuquka umdla wabantu ekufumaneni ulwazi. Le ngcamango iyaqonda ukuba ukuminxisela inkululeko kungenelo kungekuphela nje kwimibutho ye-media kodwa nebutho labantu lilonke.

Ukukhangela Amandla Karhulumente

Amaphephandaba asebenza njengesebe lesine elingekho mthethweni likarhulumente, enikela iingqikelelo nolungelelwano olungaphaya kwezo zakhiwe kwisiseko somGaqo-siseko. Ngophando nohlalutyo oluhlalutyo, intatheli zinokubhenca ukuphamba korhulumente, ukungafezeki, nokusetyenziswa kakubi kwegunya. Lo msebenzi ubaluleka ngokukodwa ngexesha lamanqam okanye xa ezinye iingxilongo zequmrhu zinokusilela.

Umlinganiselo Wokhuseleko Lwenkululeko Yokucinezela

Ngoxa uHlaziyo Lokuqala lukhusela inkululeko yokushicilela, iinkundla ziye zazama ukuchaza ngokuchanileyo oko kuqukwa lolu khuselo nokuba ngaba oondaba banandipha amalungelo akhethekileyo angaphaya kwalawo anikwa abemi abaqhelekileyo.

Amalungelo Aphambili Neemfanelo Zamalungelo Kawonke - wonke

Bambi baye baphakamisa umbuzo wokuba ngaba iFree Spee Claus neFree Press Claus zihambisana kusini na, ngokuphathelele ukukhuselwa kwamajelo eendaba. Izigqibo ezininzi zeNkundla Ephakamileyo ziqwalasela imithetho yamajelo eendaba eziqwalasela ukukhuselwa okunxulumene nomgaqo-siseko ngaphandle kokwahluka okuphawulekayo phakathi kwezi ngxelo zimbini.

Inkundla ePhakamileyo eliqela ibambelele ngokuqinileyo kwisigqibo sokuba iFree Press Claus ayiliniki igunya lokufakela urhulumente ukuba anikezele ulwazi okanye ngandlel' inika uqhagamshelwano ulwazi olungekhoyo kubantu ngokubanzi. Oku kuthetha ukuba nangona umatshini wokushicilela ungenakuthintelwa ekupapasheni ulwazi olufunyenwe ngokusemthethweni, awunalo ilungelo lomgaqo-siseko lokufikelela inkcazelo karhulumente ngaphezu koko kufumaneka kubemi abaqhelekileyo.

INkundla iye yagqiba kwelokuba imithetho esebenzayo ayiwukhubekisi uMphetho wokuqala woLawulo kuba nje ukunyanzeliswa kwawo ngokuchasene namaphephandaba kuneziphumo ezingalindelekanga. Noko ke, imithetho ejolise kumajelo eendaba, okanye ephatha imigangatho eyahlukileyo yamajelo eendaba, maxa wambi isenokuwuchasa uMphetho wokuqala, njengomthetho werhafu ojoliswe kumaphephandaba kuphela.

Ukukhusela ekubekeni Imilinganiselo

Enye yezona zikhuselo zingundoqo ezinikwa umatshini wokushicilela kukukhululeka kulawulo olungaphambili ``````Tree''''') ulawulo lukarhulumente ngaphambi kokuba kuveliswe impapasho. Umzekelo wesiphawuli seNew York Times Co. v. United States (1971), ikwabizwa ngokuba yi "Pentagon Papers" ityala, ikhusela ilungelo lokuLandlwa koQala lokukhupha uxinzelelo olukhululekileyo nxamnye nokuthintela urhulumente ngaphambi kokuba alwe.

Kule meko, urhulumente wazama ukunqanda iThe New York Times neThe Washington Post ekupapasheni amaxwebhu ahlulahlulweyo malunga nemfazwe yaseVietnam. INkundla ePhakamileyo yawisa umthetho wokuba urhulumente akakhange ahlangabezane noxanduva olunzima olufunekayo ukuze athethelele ukuthintelwa ngaphambi kokuba apapashe amaxwebhu. Esi sigqibo saqinisa umgaqo wokuba uphando lukarhulumente ngaphambi kokuba kupapashwe lungavunyelwa phantsi koMmiselo Wokuqala.

Imida Kwinkululeko Yokucinezela

Ngoxa uLawulo Lokuqala lukhusela inkululeko yokusebenza, iinkundla ziye zamkela iindidi eziliqela zentetho ezifumana ikhuselo elilinganiselweyo okanye ezingakhuselwanga ngumgaqo - siseko, yaye amaphephandaba anokubekwa ityala ngeentlobo ezithile zeempapasho eziyingozi.

Ukuvukela: Ukukhulula Nokuhleba

Ukuchasa bekusoloko kusebenza njengomda wenkululeko yokuthetha nenkululeko yoshicilelo. Ukuchaswa kuquka zombini (iintetho ezibhaliweyo ezinyelisayo) kunye nokunyelisa (intetho exokayo). Inkululeko yenzeka xa intetho yobuxoki nenyelisayo ethetha ngomntu obonwayo ipapashwa kwiqela lesithathu, ibangela umonakalo kudumo lomntu.

Ngaphambi kowe-1964, amatyala karhulumente okutyhola abekwe kakhulu kumlinganiselo osemthethweni kunelungelo lomGaqo-siseko lenkululeko yokuthetha okanye lokucinezela elikhuselwe yiSihlaziyo sokuqala. Ulwaphulo-mthetho, njengolunye umthetho oqhelekileyo, lwalungalawulwa yimigaqo-siseko.

IThe New York Times v. Sullivan

Elinye lamatyala asisiseko kwiSigqibo soQotho-zincwadi soQotho-zincwadi loMgaqo-nkqubo weSigqibo soQoqo-qhinga lenzeka ngowe-1964 ngesigqibo seNkundla eNew York Times Co.b. Sullivan. Eli tyala laguqula ngokusisiseko umthetho otyhafisayo eUnited States laza lamisela izikhuseli ezibalulekileyo zokukhutshelwa kwemiba yezoshishino.

ITimes yayipapashe isibhengezo esihlawulwa ngumbutho wamalungelo abantu ehlab ’ amadlala ngokusabela kwebutho laseMazantsi kwimiboniso eyayikhokelwa nguGqr. Martin Luther King yaye iqulethe iimpazamo eziliqela eziyinyaniso. UPlattiff, umkhomishinala wesixeko ophethe isebe lamapolisa, wathi esi sibhengezo sasimgwebile nangona wayengabizwanga ngegama okanye ngesiqu.

Inkundla yaqwalasela eli tyala ngokuchasene nemvelaphi yozibopheleleko olunzulu lwesizwe kumgaqo wokuba ingxoxo kwimicimbi kawonke-wonke ifanele ingabi nakuthintelwa, iqine, ivuleke, nokuba isenokuquka ukuchacha, ukuhlasela okunobungozi, yaye maxa wambi ngokungathandekiyo kumagosa karhulumente nakurhulumente.

INkundla yathi iSichibiyelo Sokuqala "sinika igosa likawonke-wonke imvume yokufumana imposiso ekuchaphazeleni ubuxoki obungachananga obunxulumene nehambo yalo esemthethweni ngaphandle kokuba ingqine ukuba le ngxelo yathethwa 'ngezenzo zobungendawo' , ngokokwazi ukuba yayibubuxoki okanye yayikungakhathali ukuba yayibubuxoki okanye ayinjalo." Lo mgangatho "wezenzo zobungendawo" unika ukhuseleko olubalulekileyo kumajelo xa enikela ingxelo kumagosa kawonke-wonke, eqonda ukuba iimpazamo ezithile azinanze kwingxoxo kawonke wonke.

Ulwandiso kumanani kawonke-wonke

Umgangatho weSullivan kamva wadluliselwa ngaphandle kwamagosa karhulumente kumanani kawonke-wonke ```abantu abafumene udumo okanye impumelelo okanye abazifake kwiingxwabangxwaba zikawonke-wonke. Olu lwandiso lubonisa ukuba abantu basekuhlaleni, njengamagosa karhulumente, bayakwazi ukufikelela kwimijelo yejelo leendaba ukuze baphendule xa begxekwa kwaye ngokuzithandela baye bazichanaba ekuphathweni kakhulu.

Kubantu ngabanye ababandakanyekileyo kwimicimbi yoluntu, ukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko lungachaphazekanga kangako, nangona amazwe engenakuyibeka ityala ngaphandle kokubonisa ityala elithile. Le ndlela ilandelelana ilungelelanisa imfuneko yokuthetha ngoluntu ngokubanzi ngokukhuselwa kodumo lwabo.

I-obcenity

Inkululeko yokuthetha ekhuselwe ngokusemthethweni okanye yokushicilela phantsi koMphetho-siseko. INkundla Ephakamileyo iye yavelisa iimvavanyo zokufumanisa oko kubangela ubunyhukunyhuku, ngokuqhelekileyo efuna ukuba isibheno solwazi esingeyonto sibonise ihambo yesini ngendlela egqwethekileyo, kwaye ingenazo iincwadi, ubugcisa, ezopolitiko, okanye ixabiso lenzululwazi.

Noko ke, umahluko phakathi kwendlela ekhuselekileyo yokubonakalisa iintlobano zesini nezono ezingakhuselekanga uyaqhubeka kwaye uye watshintsha ngokuhamba kwexesha. Oko kujongwa kungamanyala kusenokuhluka kwimilinganiselo yomnye, kudala ucelomngeni oluqhubekayo kwimibutho yamajelo eendaba.

Ukuvuselela Isenzo Esingenamthetho

Inkululeko yokuthetha noshicilelo aluvumeli imeko ukuba inqande ukusetyenziswa komkhosi okanye ukwaphulwa komthetho ngaphandle kokuba ulawulo olunjalo lujoliswe ekuvuseleleni okanye ekuveliseni isenzo esimandundu okanye ekuveliseni isenzo esinjalo. Lo mgangatho, osungulwe kwiBrandenburg v. Ohio (1969), ukhusela inkoliso yobugqwirha ngeli lixa uvumela urhulumente ukuba athintele ukuthetha okuthe ngqo kwangoko kubangela ugonyamelo okanye umsebenzi ongekho mthethweni.

Amaphephandaba adla ngokufumana ikhuselo xa enikela ingxelo okanye epapasha iingxelo ezikhuthaza izenzo ezingekho mthethweni, lo gama nje impapasho ngokwayo ingacetywanga ukuba ibangele ukuchas ’ umthetho okusemnyango. Oku kukhusela kuvumela intatheli ukuba zigubungele amaqela angenanxaxheba, ingxwabangxwaba, kunye nentsebenziswano edidekileyo ngaphandle kokoyika ukutshutshiswa.

Ukhuseleko Lwesizwe nolwazi olulungelelanisiweyo

Uxanduva oluphakathi kwenkululeko yokushicilela nokhuseleko lwesizwe luyenye yezona nkalo zilucelomngeni kumthetho Wokuqala Wokwenziwa Komthetho. Ngoxa ityala lePentagon Papers libonisa ukuba ngaphambi kokuba uthintelo alusoloko lufanelekile kwanaxa kunikwa inkcazelo engokwamaqela, kusekho imibuzo yokuba iintatheli zinokumangalelwa na emva kokupapashwa ngenxa yokutyhila iimfihlelo zokhuseleko lwesizwe.

Urhulumente ukhe wasongela ukutshutshisa iintatheli phantsi kwemithetho yamangqina yokupapasha inkcazelo yokwahlula-hlula, nangona kunqabile. Ukulungelelana phakathi kwelungelo loluntu lokwazi ngemisebenzi karhulumente kunye nemfuneko karhulumente yokukhusela inkcazelo yokhuseleko lwesizwe enyanisekileyo kusoloko kusoloko kuyinto yengxoxo eqhubekayo.

Amalungelo Emfihlo

Phantse lonke ilizwe liyaliqonda ilungelo elithile lokuzimela, mhlawumbi ngomthetho okanye phantsi komthetho oqhelekileyo. Imithetho emininzi karhulumente izama ukulinganisela phakathi kwamalungelo omntu ngasese kunye nomdla woluntu kwinkululeko yoshicilelo.

Umthetho wemfihlo uyakwazi ukuchaza iitorts eziliqela ezahlukileyo ezinokuzisa inkululeko eninzi, kuquka ukuphazamisana nokuzimela, ukutyhilwa kwasekuhlaleni kwezibakala, ukukhanya kobuxoki, nokuchazwa kwegama okanye ukufana. Noko ke, ngokuqhelekileyo amajelo eendaba afumana ikhusi xa epapasha inkcazelo eyinyaniso ngemicimbi kawonke wonke, kwanokuba loo nkcazelo ibangela iintloni okanye iyimfihlo.

Imigaqo Engundoqo Yokucinezela Inkululeko

Imigaqo emininzi esisiseko ikhokela ekusebenziseni inkululeko yokushicilela eUnited States:

  • Ukhuseleko kwisebe lobucuphi borhulumente: Urhulumente akanakuthintela ukupapashwa kwenkcazelo ngaphandle kwezona meko zingaqhelekanga apho ukuthintelwa kwangaphambili kunokugwetyelwa.
  • Ilungelo lokupapasha iimbono ezahlukeneyo: Amaphephandaba angapapasha iimbono ezininzi, kuquka impikiswano, ukungathandwa, okanye izimvo ezicaphukisayo, ngaphandle kokungenelela kukarhulumente.
  • Amandla ukuphanda nokunikela ingxelo ngenkululeko: Abacholacholi-ndaba bangasukela amabali, imithombo yodliwano-ndlebe, kwaye bapapashe oko bakufumeneyo ngaphandle kokufuna imvume okanye imvume karhulumente.
  • Ukhuseleko kwimpindezelo okanye kwisohlwayo: Urhulumente akanako ukohlwaya ushicilelo loshicilelo lolwazi oluphoxa amagosa okanye olugxeka imigaqo karhulumente, ngaphandle kokuba kwimeko ezimxinwa ezibandakanya iindidi ezingakhuselekanga zentetho.
  • Akukho zimfuno zikhethekileyo: ngokungafaniyo namanye amazwe amaninzi, iUnited States ayifuni iintatheli ukufumana imvume karhulumente okanye iziqinisekiso zokuqhelisela ubundixesha.
  • Igunya kwimicimbi kawonke-wonke: Ushicilelo noluntu ngokubanzi lunelungelo lokuya kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho kunye nezinye imicimbi ezininzi zikarhulumente, nangona eli lungelo lingaphelelanga.

Uphawu lwetyala elingaphezulu lweNkundla ePhakamileyo eliphazamisa inkululeko yokucinezela

Ngaphaya kweNew York Times v. Sullivan, izigwebo ezininzi zeNkundla Ephakamileyo ziye zachaza indlela ezinokusetyenziswa ngayo izitena eMerika.

Branzburg v. Hayes (1972)

EBranzburg v. Hayes (1972), umcholacholi weendaba eLouisville, eKentucky, wadlan ’ indlebe nabantu abanxulumene norhwebo lweziyobisi ngebali elithile, yaye akazange avume ukubiza imithombo yakhe kwizikhulu zenkundla. INkundla ePhakamileyo yagqiba ngo-5-4 ukuba inkcazelo isebenza kuMvumelwano onyanzelisayo nomkhulu welizwe owathatha indawo yamalungelo akhe okuQala oMmiselo, ekubeni kwakuyimfuneko ukuphengulula ulwaphulo-mthetho.

Esi sigqibo safunyaniswa ukuba uHlaziyo Lokuqala alumkhululi umcholacholi-ndaba kwityala eliphambili lejaji eliphethe inkundla yetyala aze aphendule imibuzo enxulumene nophando lolwaphulo-mthetho. Ngoko ke, iSiHlazo Sokuqala asiliniki igosa-gosa eliyingqinelayo imvume yokuba benze isiqinisekiso esinxulumene nophando lwabachopheli-tyala abazukileyo.

Ngoxa uBranzburg wayesithi iintatheli azinalo ilungelo elisemthethweni lokungavumi ukunikela ubungqina phambi kwezigwebi ezibalaseleyo, ukususela ngoko amazwe amaninzi aye amisela imithetho ekhusela imicimbi ekhusela iinkota.

ISithili seSikolo saseHazelwood v. Kuhlmeier (188)

Imbambano yokucofwa kwe-operateshi yephondo yavela kwimeko eyahlukileyo kwi Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier (188). Kwisigqibo esizii 5-3, iJaji Byron White yagqiba kwelokuba inqununu yesikolo sikawonke-wonke inelungelo lokuhlola amanqaku akwiphephandaba labafundi elikhethwe ngabahleli babafundi.

Eli tyala labonisa ukuba amalungelo aphantsi abafundi kwizikolo zikawonke wonke alinganiselwe ngakumbi kunalawo amaphephandaba angoochwepheshe, ingakumbi xa impapasho yabafundi iyinxalenye yoqeqesho lwesikolo.Isigqibo siye saphikiswa phakathi kwabameli benkululeko yephephandaba abaphikisa imfundo yoluntu noondaba babafundi.

Amaphephandaba aseRichmond, Inc. v. Virginia (we - 1980)

Eli tyala lamisela ilungelo lokufumana isiHlamlisi sokuqala sokufumana izigwebo zolwaphulo-mthetho kumaphephandaba nakuwonke wonke. INkundla yavuma ukuba ukuvavanywa okuvulekileyo kusebenza imisebenzi ebalulekileyo kwibutho ledemokhrasi, kuquka ukuqinisekisa ukuba kukho okusesikweni, ukunikela ichewu kumandla ejaji, nokugcina intembelo yoluntu kwinkqubo yokusesikweni. Eli lungelo lokufikelela komnye urhulumente linikezelwe kwezinye iinkundla zikarhulumente, nangona umgangatho walo uhleli phantsi kokubekwa kwetyala okuqhubekayo.

Ucelomngeni Lokuzama Ukuphelisa Inkululeko

Inkululeko ekhutshwa eUnited States ijamelana neengxaki ezininzi kule nkulungwane yama - 21, nto leyo efuna ukuba abantu bahlale bephaphile yaye belungelelanisa imigaqo Yokuqala YoMthetho Ohlaziyiweyo ukuze bahlangabezane neemeko ezintsha.

Upapasho lwamanani nolukunxibelelwano

Ukunyuka kwe-intanethi ne-media yezobugcisa kuye kwaguqula ubujenali kwaphakamisa imibuzo emitsha ngenkululeko yokushicilela. Abapapashi be-intanethi, abasebenzi be-Web site, nabasebenzisi be-media bayakwazi ukufikelela abantu abaninzi ngoku ngaphandle kwesiseko seentlangano zesithethe zonxibelelwano. IiNkundla ngokuqhelekileyo zinyuse ukhuseleko loLungiselelo lokuqala kwintetho ye-intanethi, kodwa imibuzo isekho ngokuphathelele iinkcubeko zoonobumba abasebenzisa imigaqo yezentengiso nenkcubeko yonxibelelwano.

Umahluko phakathi kweentatheli ezingoogcisa nabacholacholi-ndaba uye wafiphazeka ngakumbi, nto leyo ebangela ukuba abantu bacinge ukuba ngubani ofanelekele ukukhuselwa ziincwadi ezipapashiweyo namalungelo.

Ukhuthazo lorhulumente noMthombo

Ubuchule bolawulo lukarhulumente buye banda ngokuphawulekayo kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje, budala izisongelo ezintsha zokucinezela inkululeko. Iindaba ezinxibelelana nabacholi-ndaba ezinamithombo zingajongwa ngoohlolo lwe-elektroniki, abavuzi-zingci abanokuqhwithela nophando olumandundu. Ukukwazi ukukhusela imithombo efihlakeleyo kubalulekile kuoomatshini abahlolayo, ukanti uphando lukarhulumente lwenza kube nzima ngakumbi ukukhusela okunjalo.

Ezinye iintatheli ziye zajongwa njengetyala okanye zasongelwa ngokufumana nokupapasha inkcazelo eqingqiweyo, zibangela inkxalabo ngokusetyenziswa koondaba ngolwaphulo - mthetho.

Ukuhlaselwa kokucinezelwa

Ukuthembana kukawonke-wonke kumajelo eendaba kuye kwancipha kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iinkokeli zobupolitika kunye nabanye besoloko behlasela amajelo eendaba njengeendaba ezicalucalukileyo, ezinganyanisekiyo okanye "ezinganyanisekiyo". Ngoxa ukugxekwa kwamajelo-ndaba ngokwako kukhuselwe, ukuhlasela okuqhubekayo kokuncitshiswa kobunyanisiswano kusenokuwanciphisa amandla omatshini okusebenza umsebenzi wabo wokugada kwaye kusenokunika amagosa karhulumente amandla okuminyanisa okanye okuziphindezela ekuphembeleleni ekucinezeleni amatyala.

Ukwanda kwenkcazelo ephosakeleyo nenkcazelo echaphazelekileyo kwi - Internet kuye kwayintsonkotha indlela izinto ezisetyenziswa ngamajelo eendaba, nto leyo ebangela ukuba kube nzima ngabantu ukuba bahlule phakathi kobuzwilakhe obunokuthenjwa nobubuxoki okanye obulahlekisayo.

Iingcinezelo Zezoqoqosho ZobuJonga - zincwadi

Imodeli yeshishini lobundaba iye yaphazamiseka ngokutshintshelwa kwizixhobo zekhompyutha nokuthotywa kwengeniso yesithethe yentengiso. Imibutho emininzi yezondaba iye yavala okanye yanciphisa ngokuphawulekayo abasebenzi bayo, nto leyo ebangela ukuba bangabi nangxelo inkcazo eninzi yorhulumente wasekuhlaleni kunye namaziko acuthekileyo. Ngoxa ezi ngcinezelo zezoqoqosho zingabandakanyeki ngqo ekucutheleni ulawulo lukarhulumente, zisongela amandla asebenzayo amajelo okusebenza kwidemokhrasi.

Ukufikelela kulwazi lukarhulumente

Nangona kukho inkululeko yemithetho yolwazi kumgangatho karhulumente nowaseburhulumenteni, iintatheli zisoloko zijamelana nemiqobo ekufumaneni iirekhodi ze-odoli kunye nolwazi. Ii-ofisi zisenokulibazisela ukuphendula xa kucelwa inkcazelo, xa kucelwa ukuba bakhululwe, okanye xa kubhaliswe imali eninzi ukuze bafumane amaxwebhu. Amagosa karhulumente asenokumisela imiqathango yokufumana iziganeko, izakhiwo, okanye amagosa, nto leyo ekwenza kube nzima ngakumbi ukuba intatheli iqokelele inkcazelo ize ibeke ityala likarhulumente.

Ukukhusela imithetho nelungelo lomlobi

Ngoxa iNkundla Ephakamileyo eBranzburg ikholelwa ukuba uMphetho wokuqala awuziniki iintatheli ilungelo elisemthethweni lokungavumi ukungqinela imithombo eyimfihlo, amazwe amaninzi aye amisela imithetho yezokhuselo ekhusela imigaqo yomthetho. Le mithetho yahluka kakhulu kumgangatho nakumandla ayo, inikela ukhuseleko olupheleleyo kwimithombo efihlakeleyo yaye eminye inikela ukhuseleko olufanelekileyo kuphela olunokufumaneka ngokubonakalisa intswelo enyanzelekileyo.

Kumgangatho karhulumente, akukho mthetho ubanzi wezokhuselo, nangona ezinye iinkundla zikarhulumente ziye zalivuma ilungelo lomcholacholi-ndaba ofanelekayo phantsi koMthetho wokuqala ohlaziyiweyo okanye umthetho oqhelekileyo. Imigudu yokumisela umthetho wesikhuselo karhulumente iye yaveliswa kwiBhunga izihlandlo ezininzi kodwa ayiphumelelanga, ishiya iintatheli zisengozini kwimithombo yaphantsi karhulumente ngenxa yemithombo yazo nolwazi olungapapashwanga.

Ukunqongophala kokhuseleko olufanayo lwemithombo yeentatheli kungaba nesiphumo esikhwankqisayo kwingxelo yophando, njengokuba abavuli-mlozi besenokumathidala ukuza phambili ukuba abanakuqinisekiswa ngemfihlo. Le ngxaki iye yacinezela ngakumbi njengoko uphando oluvuzayo lukarhulumente luye lwajolisa imithombo kunye nothungelwano lwabachongi.

Ukuthelekiswa Kwamazwe Ngamazwe Nookumkani Abafuna Inkululeko

Ngoxa iUnited States inemigaqo engqongqo yomgaqo-siseko yokukhusela inkululeko yokuzinzisa, imibutho yezoshishino yehlabathi elinamaphephandaba iye yaphawula iinkalo ezixhalabisayo. Iimeko ezahlukahlukeneyo zichaphazela inkululeko yokucinezela ehlabathini lonke, kuquka ukukhuselwa ngokusemthethweni, ukuvela korhulumente, ukuzimela ngamajelo eendaba, ukhuseleko lweentatheli neengcinezelo zezoqoqosho kwimibutho yezindaba.

I-United States isoloko ibalaselisa kakuhle uhlolisiso lwenkululeko yamajelo eendaba amazwe ngamazwe ngenxa yokhuseleko lwayo olunamandla loMphetho-nkqubo Wokuqala, kodwa ayisoloko ikhokela kwimicimbi ephambili. Imibandela enjengeyokhuseleko lweentatheli, ukujongwa ngurhulumente, ukushicilela ukufumaneka kwenkcazelo, nokuxinzelelwa kobunini bezixhobo zamajelo eendaba kuye kwachazwa njengemimandla apho inkululeko yamajelo eendaba aseMerika inokuthi yomelezwelo.

Ukuthelekisa inkululeko yamaphephandaba kumazwe onke kutyhila iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokulinganisela ukubonakaliswa ngokukhululekileyo nezinye izilangazelelo zobuzwe. Ezinye idemokhrasi zineenkuselo ezinamandla ngakumbi okanye imithetho yokuthiya intetho emisela inkululeko phantsi kweSihlaziyo sokuqala sase-U. Ukuqonda oku kungazisa impikiswano ngobungakanani obufanelekileyo benkululeko yokushicilela kunye nokuhamba-hamba korhwebo olubandakanyekileyo kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuzilawula.

Indima Yenkululeko Yokucinezela Kulawulo - melo

Inkululeko ehlaziyiweyo asilolungelo nje elinanditshwa yimibutho yamajelo eendaba; luphawu lwesakhiwo lolawulo lwedemokhrasi olunceda bonke abemi. Iphephandaba elikhululekileyo libangela ukuba abemi bafumane imbopheleleko yedemokhrasi ngokunika abemi ulwazi abalufunayo ukuze bavavanye urhulumente wabo baze babe nenxaxheba kubomi boluntu.

Ukuzakhela Uluvo Lwabantu Bonke

Idemokhrasi ixhomekeke kukhetho olunolwazi olukwaziyo ukwenza izigqibo eziqiqekileyo malunga neenkqubo zikawonke-wonke kunye nolawulo lwezobupolitika. Amaphephandaba asebenza lo msebenzi ngokuhlanganisa, ukuqinisekisa, nokusasaza ulwazi ngemisebenzi karhulumente, iingxoxo zemigaqo, nemicimbi yoluntu. Ngaphandle koshicilelo olukhululekileyo, abemi bebengayi kufumana inkcazelo efunekayo ukuze abameli babo baphendule okanye bathabathe inxaxheba ngokunentsingiselo kwiinkqubo zedemokhrasi.

Ukuhlangabezana Nengxoxo Yoluntu

Ijelo leendaba lilungiselela ingxoxo kawonke-wonke ngokunikela iimbono ezahlukeneyo kunye nengxubusho ecacileyo yeembambano ezibalulekileyo. Ngokupapasha iimbono, iileta eziya kumhleli, kunye nokugqugula kweembono ezahlukeneyo, imibutho yamajelo eendaba inceda ekuveliseni iingcamango ezibalulekileyo ekucebiseni idemokhrasi. Lo msebenzi ubaluleke kakhulu kwibutho elikhulu, ezahlukahlukeneyo apho abemi bangenakubandakanyeka kwingxoxo ejongene nemibandela yoluntu.

Ukuphanda Ngokwenza Okuphosakeleyo

I-Arhentibimentism isebenzisa umsebenzi obalulekileyo wokugada i-odoli ngokutyhila ukonakala, ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla, kunye nezinye izenzo eziphosakeleyo ezinokuhlala zifihliwe. Iimposiso ezinkulu ezifana neWatergate, iPentagon Papers, kunye nezinye iinkcazelo ezininzi ezibhenqileyo zibonise amandla omatshini wokugcina amaziko anamandla ebeke ityala. Le misebenzi yephengululo ifuna ukukhuselwa ngokuqinileyo okusemthethweni, njengokuba ezo zibhenxiweyo ziboniswa zezi ngxelo zisoloko zinezisusa ezinamandla zokucinezela okanye zokohlwaya iintatheli ezibandakanyekileyo.

Ukukhangela Amandla Karhulumente

Ngokuqwalasela izenzo zikarhulumente nokunika iqonga lokuchasana, umatshini wokushicilela usebenza njengengqwalasela engacwangciswanga kumandla karhulumente ngaphaya kokwahlulwa okusesikweni kwamandla. Oku kuhlola umsebenzi kubaluleke ngakumbi ngexesha longxamiseko okanye amaxesha eengxaki xa ezinye iingqikelelo zequmrhu zisenobuthathaka. Umatshini wokushicilela okhululekileyo ungakhupha isandi esilumkisayo ngorhulumente ophangaleleyo kwaye uxhobisa inkcaso kawonke-wonke ekuxhatshazweni kwegunya.

Izicelo Ezisebenzisekayo Zeendaba Nabavakalisi

Ukuqonda inkululeko yokushicilela akufuni nje ukwazi imigaqo engokomGaqo-siseko kodwa kukwafuna ukuphaphela iintatheli nabavakalisi abajamelana nayo xa besebenzisa amalungelo abo okuQala Ukwenziwa Kwemimiselo.

Iingozi ezingokwasemthethweni nokhuselo

Intatheli kufuneka zisebenzise iingozi ezahlukahlukeneyo ezisemthethweni, kuquka iisuti zokuhlab' amatyala, amatyala okuzimela, kunye netyala lolwaphulo-mthetho lokupapasha iintlobo ezithile zenkcazelo. Ukuqonda ukhuseleko olusemthethweni olukhoyo `njengenyaniso, amagqabaza alungileyo, kunye nolona mlinganiselo wobundlobongela kumanani kawonke-wonke qha, kuyimfuneko kwimida yoomatshini abanoxanduva oluthi lunyuse imida xa lunciphisa ukuchanabeka komthetho.

Imibutho yamajelo eendaba igcina icebiso elingokwasemthethweni lokuhlola amabali achukumis ’ intloko ngaphambi kokupapashwa nokukhusela ekumangalelweni. Noko ke, iindleko zokuzikhusela ngokusemthethweni zinokuba nzulu, kwanetyala elingathethekiyo lingaba nomphumo ombi kakhulu kwimicimbi yoondaba ngokuchitha ubuncwane nokuphelisa ukuthethwa kwemibandela edidayo.

Ukuqwalasela Okufanelekileyo

Nangona iFirst Amendment inikela ukhuseleko olubanzi olusemthethweni lwenkululeko yokushicilela, intatheli zikwasebenza phantsi kwemigaqo engqongqo enokuthi isetyenziswe kunemfuno esemthethweni. Imigaqo yoogxajistala igxininisa ukuchana, ukungalungisi, ukucutha umonakalo nokuziphendulela. Le milinganiselo inceda ukulondoloza ukukholosa koluntu ngooncwadi yaye iqinisekisa ukuba inkululeko yokufuna inkululeko isetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo.

Ukulungelelanisa ilungelo likawonke-wonke lokwazi nezinye izinto, ezifana nokuzibeka umva, ukhuseleko lohlanga, kunye nengozi enokwenzeka ekuvezweni, kufuneka ugwebo olucokisekileyo. Abacholacholi-ndaba kufuneka baqwalasele ezi njongo zikhuphisanayo kwaye benze izigqibo ezinzima ngoko banokupapasha nokunikela inkcazelo enobungcathu.

Umthombo

Imithombo yokukhusela ibalulekile kuphando lwamajelo-ndaba, njengoko amabali amaninzi abalulekileyo exhomekeke kulwazi oluvela kubavuli-mlozi nakwabanye abanokujamelana nempindezelo ukuba bafunyanisiwe. Abachola-ndaba kufuneka bathabathe amanyathelo asebenzisekayo ukukhusela imithombo, kuquka ukusebenzisa iindlela zonxibelelwano ezikhuselekileyo, ukulinganisela inani labantu abaziyo ukuba ngubani umthombo, nokukulungela ukujamelana neziphumo ezingokwasemthethweni kunokuba batyhile umthombo.

Iminyaka yobudala bamanani yenza kwaba nzima ukukhusela imithombo, njengoko unxibelelwano lwe-elektroniki lunokuthintelwa okanye lungakhuselwa. Abacholacholi bentatheli basebenzisa ukuvulwa kombhalo ofihlakeleyo namanye amanyathelo okukhusela imithombo yabo, nangona ezi zixhobo zingalukhuseli ukhuseleko oluthe ngqo ekujongweni urhulumente.

Ikamva Lenkululeko Ecinezelweyo

Njengoko ubugcisa, amajelo eendaba nebutho labantu ziqhubeka ziguquka, inkululeko yokushicilela iza kujamelana neengxaki ezintsha namathuba amatsha.

Utshintsho Lobugcisa

Ubugcisa obudityanisiweyo obufana nobukrelekrele obungeyoyamvelo, obunzulu, kunye nezixhobo eziphambili zokuhlola buza kwenza kube nocelomngeni olutsha lokucinezela inkululeko. Okuqulethwe yi-Al-gentive kusenokungawuboni umtya phakathi kobumende bomntu nendalo ezenzekelayo, ngoxa ubunzulu bezixhobo bungaphelisa ukuthembana kobungqina obubonakalayo. Kwangaxeshanye, ubugcisa bunganika intatheli amandla ngezixhobo ezintsha zokuphengulula, uhlalutyo logcino-lwazi, kunye nonxibelelwano olukhuselekileyo.

Ulungelelwaniso lotshintsho lwePlat

Iingxoxo eziphathelele ukulawulwa kwamacandelo onxibelelwano oluntu namanye amajelo e-intanethi aza kuba nentsingiselo ebalulekileyo kwinkululeko yokushicilela. Ngoxa la maqonga engathotyelwanga kuMphetho Wokuqala njengezinto ezizimeleyo, ulawulo lukarhulumente lweqonga lungachaphazela inkululeko ngokufak ’ isandla ngokulungisa imekobume apho ubujengameli busasazwa khona buze busetyenziswe.

UkuHlakulela iMigangatho eMthethweni

Umthetho wokuHlaziya koQala uyaqhubeka uguquka ngezigqibo ezintsha zenkundla kunye nenkqubela-phambili yomthetho. Amatyala exesha elizayo asenokuphendula imibuzo ephathelele ukusetyenziswa kwemigaqo yesithethe yenkululeko yoomatshini bobugcisa nentlobo zonxibelelwano ezintsha. Ukuyilwa kweNkundla Ephakamileyo kunye neenkundla ezisezantsi kuya kuphembelela indlela inkululeko echithwa ngayo ize isetyenziswe kumashumi eminyaka azayo.

Impembelelo Yazwenibanzi

Inkqubela-phambili yezizwe ngezizwe kwinkululeko yokushicilela kunye nomgaqo wenkqubo yosasazo isenokuphembelela iindlela zamaMerika kule miba. Njengoko inkcazelo isetyenziswa ukunqumla imida nemibutho yamajelo eendaba esebenza emhlabeni wonke, imilinganiselo kunye nezenzo zamazwe ngamazwe zingabumba iingxoxo zasekhaya ngenkululeko yokushicilela. Kwangaxeshanye, isithethe soMmiselo Wokuqala Womthetho waseUnited States sisenokuphembelela ukuphuhliswa kwenkululeko kwamanye amazwe.

Oovimba Bokuqonda Inkululeko Ecinezelayo

Imibutho emininzi nobuncwane bukho kwabo bafuna ukufunda okungakumbi ngenkululeko yokufuna urhwebo kunye noMthetho Wokuqala Wokwenziwa Komthetho:

  • IKomiti yoondaba ye Freedom of the Press inika oovimba bomthetho, uncedo, kunye nokukhutshwa kwemali kubacholacholi beendaba abajongene neengxaki zomthetho. Iwebhsayithi yabo inika izikhokelo, ii-group, kunye nolwazi malunga nenkululeko yokushicilela.
  • ISiko lenkululeko lisebenzisa iziko loLawulo lokuqala, elinika ubuncwane obumalunga nazo zonke iinkalo zenkululeko yokuHlaziya kokuqala, kuquka inkululeko yokucinezela.
  • Umbutho weeNjongo zooNobhala abangoonjineli abangoonjingalwazi abaxhasi benkululeko yokushicilela kunye nokubonelela ngezixhobo kumthetho wamajelo eendaba, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, kunye noqheliselo olulunge ngakumbi kuonondaba.
  • IZiko laBafundi loMthetho woPhicotho igxininisa kwimiba yenkululeko echaphazela iintatheli zabafundi kwaye inika uncedo olusemthethweni kunye nobuncwane bemfundo.
  • IQhebet First Amendment Institute kwiYunivesithi yaseColumbia iqhuba uphando, igalelo, kunye nokungagunyaziswa kwemiba yokuQala uHlaziyo ngexesha lamanani.

Kubo banomdla wokuphanda ngemithombo ephambili, iimbono zeNkundla ePhakamileyo kumatyala amakhulu enkululeko enziwa ngoovimba bomthetho kunye newebhsayithi yeNkundla. Ukufunda ezi zigqibo kunikela ukuqonda ngendlela yokuqiqa ngokusetyenziswa kwenkululeko yokushicilela izikhuseli kunye neengxoxo eziqhubekayo malunga nobungakanani nesicelo sayo.

Isiphelo: Ukubaluleka Okuqhubekayo Kwenkululeko Yokuxinanisa

Inkululeko yamaphephandaba ihlala ingundoqo wedemokhrasi yaseMerika, ibangela ukuba kubekho ukuqhubekeka kolwazi olubalulekileyo ukuze kungenelwe kwaye kuphendulwe ityala. Ngoxa uMphengululo Wokuqala unikela ukhuseleko olunamandla kwinkululeko yokucinezela, ezi zikhuseli azizicimi kwaye zifuna ukuzikhusela nokuqhelanisa neemeko ezintsha.

Imingeni ejongene nenkululeko ekhutshwayo namhlanje, ukusukela kwingcinezelo yezoqoqosho efuna uondaba-ndaba kurhulumente ukuya kujongwa ukuba kuhlaselwe ukuthembeka qha, funa ukuqwalaselwa ngabacholacholi-ndaba, abemi namaziko azinikele kwimigangatho yedemokhrasi. Ukuqonda imigaqo esemthethweni, inkqubela yembali, kunye neziphumo ezisebenzayo zenkululeko yokucinezela urhulumente onolwazi nonoxanduva.

Njengokuba uMahluleli uHugo Black wabhala kwiPentagon Papers, "Umatshini wokushicilela wawuza kunceda abalawulwa, hayi abalawuli". Lo mgaqo uyaqhubeka ukukhokela ukucinezela inkululeko eMelika, uqinisekisa ukuba amajelo eendaba angayiphumeza indima yawo ebalulekileyo kwidemokhrasi phezu kwayo nje imiqobo kunye nemiqathango ajongene nayo. Ngokukhusela amandla omatshini wokushicilela nokupapasha ulwazi ngaphandle kokungenelela korhulumente, iSindululo Sokuqala sisebenza hayi nje kwiintatheli kodwa bonke abemi abaxhomekeke ekungeneni ngokukhululekileyo ulwazi ukuze bathathe inxaxheba kubomi bedemokhrasi.

Enoba ungumcholacholi-ndaba, umfundi, umfundisi, okanye ummi othenjiweyo, ukuqonda inkululeko yamaphephandaba kukunceda uqonde elinye lamalungelo asisiseko ahlula ibutho ledemokhrasi kwelo lilawulwa ngedemokhrasi. Njengoko ubugcisa obutsha buvela kwaye ibutho labantu liguquka, imigaqo engundoqo yenkululeko yokushicilela emiselwe kuMphengululo wokuqala iza kuqhubeka ikhokela iingxoxo ezimalunga nokulungelelana phakathi kwentetho ekhululekileyo nezinye izilangazelelo zoluntu, ukuqinisekisa ukuba umatshini ungaqhubeka ufeza imisebenzi yawo ebalulekileyo yedemokhrasi kwizizukulwana ezizayo.

Ulwazi oluninzi ngamalungelo oMphetho wokuqala kunye nenkululeko yokufakela ulawulo, tyelela iKomiti yeNkundla ePhakamileyo yeNkundla [[FLT:] yenkululeko yeCMS kunye [[FLT]] neZiko lenkululeko [[FLT:]. Ukuvavanya amatyala enkqubano enkqubano enkqeleyo, jonga i-[FLT:] U.S. Iwebhsayithi yeNkubonelelo yeNkundla yeNkundla [[FLT]] [[FLT:] 5] kunye neesiseko somsethi ezisemthethweni ezifana [[FLT] [[FLT]] ISikolo soMthetho wolwazi olusemthethweni weSikolo . Ukuvavanya iimbambano zolwazi lwangoku.