IBhili yamaLungelo ime njengesiseko senkululeko yaseMerika, iseti yomGaqo-siseko echaza ulwalamano phakathi korhulumente worhulumente kunye nabemi bakhe. Iqiniswa ngo1791, ezi zigqibo zokuqala ezilishumi zokulungisa i-U.S. zazingezozicingisi kodwa zaziyindawo yokuzikhusela ngabom. Zavela kwiingxoxo ezinzulu phakathi kwamaFederali kunye nama-Anti-Federalist, aboyikekayo ukuba urhulumente omtsha, onamandla wesizwe wayengenazokhuseleko olucacileyo lwenkululeko yabantu ngabanye. Ukuqonda iBhili yamaLungelo ngolwimi olucacileyo kuyimfuneko kummi ngamnye ummi ngamnye, kodwa ungazi nje ukuba uthetha ngaphandle koloyiko, kodwa ngenxa yokubamba indlela ezi zithethe ezihambelana mithetho, iinkundla, kunye norhulumente ngokwawo.

Yintoni Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo?

IBhili yamaLungelo yingqokelela elishumi eqokelela utshintsho olusikelwe umda amandla karhulumente worhulumente worhulumente worhulumente ngeli ligcina inkululeko ekhethekileyo yobuqu. Ngeli xesha iqumrhu eliyintloko lomGaqo-siseko limise isakhiwo sikarhulumente($] lamasebe amathathu, amagunya awo, kunye nenkqubo yokwenza imithetho , kwaquka ukhuseleko olucacileyo kubantu ngabanye. Iindibano ezininzi zelizwe zazifuna irejista yamalungelo phambi kokuba zikholise umGaqo-siseko. UJames Madison, ekuqaleni ethandabuza ngemfuneko yoluhlu olunjalo, ekugqibeleni wakhupha intenxa-mali yazazaza zelusa iingqungquthela.

Izilungiso zavunywa ngoDisemba 15, 1791, xa iVirginia yaba lizwe leshumi elinanye lokuzivumela. Namhlanje, la malungelo asekelwe ngokunzulu kwimpucuko yaseMelika nakuqheliselo lwasemthethweni. Agubungela inkululeko yokuthetha, inkululeko yonqulo, ilungelo lokuphatha iingalo, ukukhusela ekuphandeni okungekho ngqiqweni, amalungelo amagunya, kunye nokubekwa kwamagunya kumazwe nabantu. IBhili yamaLungelo isebenza ngqo kurhulumente wezwe, kodwa ngeSinyuso se-1455'SClassistem Proces Claus, inkoliso yokhuseleko lwayo i "endisiwe" ekusebenziseni urhulumente kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni.

Uqwalaselo olupheleleyo lwembali, [[FLT: 0] Ugcino-lwazi lobuzwe [[FLT: 1] lunika umbhalo wokuqala noxwebhu lokwahlula.

Amalungelo Abalulekileyo Akhuselwa Ngaphantsi Kolawulo Lokuqala Lwezigwebo Ezilishumi

Utshintsho ngalunye kwiBhili yamaLungelo luthetha ngommandla othile wenkxalabo. Ngelixesha lonke uxwebhu lunamandla, amanye amalungiselelo aye aba negalelo ngokukhethekileyo kwiingxoxo zale mihla zomthetho kunye nobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ngezantsi kukwaphuka kokupheliswa kwentelekelelo engundoqo.

Uhlaziyo Lokuqala: Inkululeko Yokuthetha, Yonqulo, Yokucofa, Yokwenza Indibano Nesibongozo

UMthetho Wokuqala Wokwenziwa kwemimiselo ugqalwa njengowona ubalulekileyo kuba ukhusela iindlela abemi abanokugxeka ngazo urhulumente baze bamele iinguqulelo. Ithintela iBhunga ukuba lenze nawuphi na umthetho "lokuhlonela ukusekwa konqulo, okanye ukunqanda ukusetyenziswa kwalo ngokukhululekileyo; okanye ukuvalela inkululeko yokuthetha, okanye yamaphephandaba; okanye ilungelo labantu lokuhlanganisana ngoxolo, nokucela uRhulumente ukuba alungise izikhalazo.

  • [[NTL: 0] Inkululeko yokuthetha ikhusela zombini iimbono ezithandwayo nezingathandwayo. Igubungela amazwi, amagama abhaliweyo, izenzo zomfuziselo (njengokutshisa iflegi), kunye nezinye iintlobo zokusetyenziswa kwephulo. Noko ke, intetho ayiphelelanga: ukuphembelela ugonyamelo, ukunyelisa, ukungcoliswa, kunye nesoyikiso sokwenyaniso asikhuselwa.
  • Inkululeko yonqulo inezabelo ezimbini. Ukumiselwa kuka-Claus kuthintela urhulumente ekuvumeleni okanye ekusekeni unqulo, ngelixa i-Free Execree Claus ekhusela ilungelo lomntu lokuqhelisela ukholo lwakhe. Iinkundla zilungelelanisa ezi mithetho xa ingqubana nezenzo zonqulo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Inkululeko yomatshini wokushicilela ivumela iintatheli ukuba zipapashe ulwazi ngaphandle kohlalutyo lukarhulumente olungaphambili, nangona zingajamelana neziphumo zokufumana isisombululo okanye ukupapasha ulwahlulo.
  • [[NTL:0] Inyaniso kunye nesibongozo iqinisekisa ilungelo lokuhlanganisa ngamaqela ukwenzela iinjongo eziqhelekileyo/iintlanganiso, iintlanganiso, kunye nokucela urhulumente ukuba aphendule izikhalo.

Uhlaziyo Lwesibini: Unelungelo lokuthwala izixhobo

ISichithi sesibini soHlaziyo sithi: "Indawo elawulwa kakuhle ye-Militia, eyimfuneko kukhuseleko loRhulumente olukhululekileyo, ilungelo labantu lokugcina nokuphatha Iizixhobo, alizukumonyuswa. Le ntaba ibingumbandela wengxoxo enzima. Kwimeko yembali IGawula laseColumbia. [[FLT:] [2001] [iilungelo] [2001], iNkuNkundla ePhakamileyo iqinisekisa ukuba ilungelo lokugcina nokuphatha izixhobo lingumntu ngamnye, alixhomekekanga kwinkonzo ye-athodi. Inkundla yaphawula kwakhona ukuba ilungelo aligwetyelwanga lide kwaye liyavunyelwa ukuba imiqathango enjengokuviswa kwemipu yemipu okanye iimfazwe ezigulayo, kunye nemiqatha yemiqatha yemiqathango, kunye nemiqathango yezixhobo kwiindawo ezichukuchachana.

UMthetho Wesithathu Ohlaziyiweyo: Ukuhlanganiswa Kwamajoni

UHlaziyo lwesithathu luthintela urhulumente ekunyanzeleni abaninimakhaya ukuba bawanyanzelise amajoni amakhaya ngexesha loxolo ngaphandle kwemvume yabo. Oku kwakuyindlela engqalileyo yokuphendula uqheliselo lwamaBritane ngexesha lamathanga. Nangona kunqabile namhlanje, kugxininisa inkxalabo yabaseki yokuzifunela izinto zobuqu zasekhaya nobungcwele bekhaya.

UMthetho Wesine Wokwenziwa Komhlaba: Uphando Nezinto Ezithile

UHlaziyo lwesine lukhusela "ukuphengulula okungekho ngqiqweni nokuxhuzula." Kufuna ukuba kukhutshwe imvume kuphela ngenxa yesizathu esilindelekileyo, kwaye ichaze ngokukhethekileyo indawo eza kuphendwa kunye nezinto ezibanjiweyo. Oku kulungiswa kungumqulu oyintloko womthetho wezobuqu kwaye kuvavanywa rhoqo ngexesha lamanani. Umzekelo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo iye yagqiba ukuba amapolisa afune isiqinisekiso sokuphendla isiganeko seselfowuni ukuze abanjwe.

UMthetho Wesihlanu Ohlaziyiweyo: Amalungelo Okumangalelwa

IsiHlaliso sesihlanu sinikela ukhuseleko oluninzi olubalulekileyo kuye nabani na ojongene netyala lolwaphulo-mthetho. Siquka ilungelo lokumangalela abagwebi abaphezulu ngetyala elinzulu, ukukhusela kwingozi ephindwe kabini (ukuzanywa kabini ngenxa yetyala elinye), kwanamalungelo achasene nokuzithethelela ngokwakho ("ukucela okwesihlanu"). Kukwafuna inkqubo efanelekileyo yomthetho phambi kokuba urhulumente ahluthe umntu ubomi, inkululeko, okanye impahla. Okokugqibela, ukuthatha impahla yabucala kuyalela ukuba impahla yabungane nokusetyenziswa kwaso ngaphandle kwentlawulo oluqhelekileyo, umgaqo ongundoqo kwiimeko eziphambili zommandla.

UMthetho Wesithandathu Ohlaziyiweyo: Ukuya Kuthethwa Ngetyala Elifanelekileyo

IsiHlamlisi seSithandathu siqinisekisa ukuchotshelwa kwetyala ngokukhawuleza kunye noluntu, inkundla yabachopheli-tyala engakhethi-cala, ilungelo lokuziswa ngezityholo, ilungelo lokujamelana namangqina, nelungelo lokufumana icebiso elingokwasemthethweni. Ilungelo legqwetha landiswa kakhulu kwi- Gideon v. Wainwright[ [1963], efuna ukuba kunikelwe isiluleko kubamangalelwa abangenakukwazi ukumelana nalo kwiimeko zetyala letyala. Le mvume iqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo yokusesikweni isebenza ngokucace nangokungagwetyekiyo.

Uhlaziyo Lwesixhenxe: Ukuya Kuthethwa Ngetyala Lasebupoliseni

ISichibiyelo seSexubi sigcina ilungelo lokuchophela ityala labachopheli-tyala kwityala lamakhaya elibandakanya iimpikiswano ezingaphezulu kwama-24 eedola. Kwakhona sithintela abagwebi ekubhukuqeni iingxelo zenyani zejaji. Le ngxelo ibonakalisa intembelo yabaGqibi kubemi abaqhelekileyo ukucombulula iimbambano, nangona ngoku iimeko ezininzi zabemi ziconjululwa ngoku ngokuphuma kwizithuba okanye ngokuvavanywa kwebhedri.

Ukuhlaziywa Kwemiqathango Esibhozo: Inkohlakalo Nesohlwayo Esingaqhelekanga

ISiHlayisho seNkundla ePhakamileyo salela ukunyuka kwebheyile, ukuhlawuliswa ngokugqithiseleyo, kunye "isohlwayo esigqithisileyo nesingaqhelekanga". Eli binzana liye lasetyenziswa ukucel ’ umngeni iindlela zokubulawa, iimeko zasentolongweni, kunye nezigwebo ezichaseneyo nale mithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho. INkundla Ephakamileyo iye yathi isohlwayo simele sibonakale njengemilinganiselo yokuphatha isidima, kwaye iye yavala isohlwayo sokufa kolutsha nabantu abaneziphene.

UMthetho Ohlaziyiweyo Wesi - 1000: Amalungelo Angenazintlukwano

INinth Amendment ithi uludwe lwamalungelo athile kumGaqo-siseko alubathethi ukuba abantu abanawo amanye amalungelo. Oku kulungisa kwabhalelwa ukuchaza inkxalabo yokuba ireyithingi yamalungelo ingachazwa njengokunika amalungelo adweliswe kuphela. Ixhasa ingcamango yokuba abantu banamalungelo asisiseko angaphaya kwalawo achazwe ngokucacileyo, njengamalungelo emfihlo, aqatshelwe yiNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi Griswold v. Connecticut[[F:1] [1955] [195] ne[FL:]Roe v.[FLT]]][3]

Uhlaziyo Lweshumi: Ulawulo Olugcinelwe EUnited States

ISiHlayisho seshumi esiLandli sicacisa ukuba amagunya anganikwanga urhulumente karhulumente worhulumente nguMgaqo-siseko, okanye angavumelekanga kumazwe, axhomekeke kumazwe okanye kubantu. Le migaqo ingundoqo yokulawula, iqinisekisa ukuba oorhulumente bahlala benegunya kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni enjengemfundo, ukugcinwa komthetho, nokusetyenziswa komhlaba.

Indlela Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Esikhuselwa Ngayo

Amalungelo adweliswe kwiBhili yamaLungelo akazinyanzelisi. Afuna ukuzikhusela ngokukhutheleyo ngenkqubo yomthetho, ukutolika kwezomthetho, kunye nokubophelelana kwesizwe. Xa umntu ekholelwa ukuba amalungelo akhe aphulwe, angazisa ityala kwinkundla karhulumente, ngokufuthi acaphula iCandelo 1983 lamaLungelo ase-U.S. Umthetho ovumela abantu ukuba bamangalele amagosa asemthethweni ngenxa yokungathobeli kwamalungelo abantu. Abamangalelwa bezolwaphulo-mthetho nabo bangafaka iifayile zokucinezela ubungqina ukuba befumene ukungqubana noMthetho wesine, okanye bavavanye ukungaziniki ngokomthetho oziphumelelileyo ofunyenwe ngaphandle kwesilumkiso sikaMirnda (umhlanu noweSithandathu solawulo).

Iinkundla, ingakumbi iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. idlala indima ephambili ekunikeni intsingiselo kwiBhili yamaLungelo. Kwiinkulungwane ezininzi, iNkundla iye yavelisa iimvavanyo ezisemthethweni zokusebenzisa la malungelo kwiimeko ezithile. Umzekelo, "uvavanyo olucacileyo nolukhoyo" lokuthetha lwasekwa [ Scheck v. United States [1919], kamva luchaziwe kwisenzo solwaphulo-mthetho" uvavanyo Brandenburg v.[FLT:] [12]] [1969]]. Ingqiqo ye "ukulindela okulula" ulawulo lwe-othemisholo-omganiso lwesine, olusuka ku-ovelvel [FT]

Ngaphaya kweenkundla, imibutho ye-advocacy enjenge- American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) kunye ne American Bar Association isebenza ukufundisa uwonke-wonke kunye nolwaphulo-mthetho lwamalungelo abantu.

Ukuthotywa Kwale Mihla: Isiqinisekiso Samalungelo Kule Minyaka

Imigaqo engundoqo yeBhili yamaLungelo isebalulekile, kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwayo kubugcisa bezi mini kuphakamisa imibuzo enzima. UHlaliso lweSine, oluyilelwe amaphepha namakhaya, ngoku lulawula ukufikelela kukarhulumente kwii-imeyili, i-GPS, kunye nemixholo ye-cell. I-Carpater v. United States [2017] [2017], iNkundla ePhakamileyo yaqinisekisa ukuba amapolisa afune isiqinisekiso sokufumana iingxelo zendawo yeseli, ukuqaphela ukuba ugcino-lwazi lwamanani lungatyhila iinkcukacha ezinzulu ngobomi bomntu.

UHlomelo Lokuqala luvavanywa nayi-intanethi, umgangatho wezentlalo-ntle, kunye nomthetho karhulumente wokuthetha kwizithuba zamanani. Imibuzo emalunga nokuba iinkampani zezentlalo-ntle ze-media zingoo-"abadlali bezolawulo loLuhlu loQala" olubotshelelwe yiMimiselo yoLawulo yoLuntu, nokuba imithetho efana neyokuHlalulela iFlorida neTexas yezeNight IsiHlamlelo ithetha ngokungqongqo, iyaqhubeka isenza imixholo ephambili. Ukukhusela kwamalungelo angenayo kumthetho kuboniswe kwiingxoxo zokuzimela ngokwamanyana, ugcino-data, kunye nembonakalo yesini.

Ukuhlaziywa okunzulu kwemiba yeSine yoHlaziyo kwixesha lamanani, i-Cornell Information Institute inika ucalulo olubanzi lomthetho wangoku.

Imbono Eqhelekileyo Ephosakeleyo Ngamalungelo

Imbono Ephosakeleyo 1: IBhili Yamalungelo Ikunika Amalungelo Angenamida

Akukho lungelo lipheleleyo. Kwanenkululeko ethandwayo inemida. Awunako ukukhwaza "umlilo" kwiholo yemidlalo ephithizelayo, ukunyelisa ngobuxoki umntu, okanye ukusebenzisa intetho ukuvuselela ugonyamelo olukhawulezileyo. Urhulumente angalawula ixesha, indawo, nendlela yokuthetha phambi kwabantu, logama nje imimiselo ithe yanele kwaye ashiye eminye imijelo yonxibelelwano eyaneleyo.

Ingcamango Ephosakeleyo 2: IBhili yamaLungelo Ikhusela Abemi Kuphela

Amalungelo amaninzi kwiBhili yamaLungelo asebenza ku "nums" okanye "abantu, hayi nje abemi. Abaphambukeli abangaxelwanga, umzekelo, bangacela ukhuseleko loMgaqo-nkqubo wesine ekuphandeni okungekho ngqiqweni kunye nelungelo loMphengululo wesihlanu nxamnye nokuzivota. Noko ke, amanye amalungelo, njengamalungelo okuvota kunyulo lwamagunya, agcinelwe abemi.

Uluvo Oluphosakeleyo 3: Amalungelo EMiranda Amele Afundwe Ngokukhawuleza Emva Kokubanjwa

Imfuneko yokufunda izilumkiso zeMiranda isebenza kuphela emva kokuba umntu esentolongweni kwaye efanelwe kukuncinwa. Ukuba umiswe nje esitratweni (ukumiswa kwenqanawa), akuyomfuneko ukuba amapolisa akufundele amalungelo akho. Isilumkiso ngokwaso sisikhuseli sokhuseleko loMphengululo wesihlanu ekunyanzelweni kohlanga kunye nelungelo loMphengululo weSithandathu lokucebisa.

Ukwaphula Umthetho 4: Uhlaziyiso Lwesibini Luthintela Yonke Imithetho Yemipu

Njengokuba iNkundla ePhakamileyo icacisa iHeller kunye McDreald v. IsiXeko saseChicago (2010), iSesibini soMphengululo sichaza ilungelo lomntu ngamnye ukugcina imipu emakhaya ukuze azifumanele ngokwakhe. Kodwa, iNkundla itsho ngokucacileyo ukuba eli lungelo alipheli kwaye linemiqathango emininzi eqinileyo (iiiiiii-“felon, ii-ethebrozi, izigulo, kunye nemipu erhabaxa kwiindawo ezithanda ukuchatsha.

Isiphelo: Ukubaluleka Okuhlala Kukho Komthetho Wamalungelo

IBhili yamaLungelo asiyonto yakudala okanye ingqokelela yeemfundiso ezingekho ngqiqweni ezingokwasemthethweni. Lucwangciso oluphilayo oluchaza ulungelelwano phakathi kwegunya likarhulumente nenkululeko yomntu ngamnye. Mihla le, kwiinkundla zenkundla, kumahlakani amapolisa, kwimibhiyozo kawonke-wonke, nakwimigangatho ye-intanethi, ezi zinguquko ziguqula izinto ezikhoyo ebomini baseMerika. Ukuqonda amalungelo akho ngolwimi olucacileyo kukunika amandla okuzichaza, ukuqaphela xa zisengozini, kwaye ubandakanye nentsingiselo yedemokhrasi.

Enoba ungumfundi, umxhasi wezopolitiko, okanye ummi nje ohamba nocwangciso lwakho lwemihla ngemihla, iBhili yamaLungelo likhaka lakho. Yixubushe. Yixubushe. Yikhusele. Abaseki bale nkqubo bayenzela ukuba abantu bayinyanzele ukuba inyanzelelwe ukuba inyanzeliswe ngabantu ngokwabo, ngokuvota nangokukulungela ukumela oko kuthenjiswe ngumGaqo-siseko.