Ukwazisa: Isizathu Sokuba Urhulumente Alawule Imicimbi

Mihla le, abemi basebenzisana nentsalela emininzi karhulumente bengasoloko beqonda ukuba ngowuphi umgangatho omele uxanduva lweenkonzo abaza kuzisebenzisa. Ukusuka kwimeko yeendlela zasekuhlaleni ukuya kukhuseleko lwemida yesizwe, isakhiwo seqela lezabelo likarhulumente simisela indlela amandla ahamba ngayo nendlela ezigqitywe ngayo izigqibo. Ukuqonda le migangatho asiyonkqubo yemfundo kuphela ephambili.

I-United States isebenza phantsi kwenkqubo karhulumente, okuthetha ukuba ulawulo lwahlulwe phakathi korhulumente wesizwe ophakathi noorhulumente bephondo. Olu lwahlulo lugunyaziswa kuMgaqo-siseko wase-U.S., onika urhulumente worhulumente worhulumente othile amandla athile ngeli lixa egcina onke amanye amagunya kumazwe okanye kubantu. Oorhulumente bengingqi, bafumana igunya labo kumgaqo-siseko wesizwe nakwimimiselo. Le ndlela ixhotyiswe yalekxakeka idala inkqubo entsonkothile kodwa elungiselelwe ukulungelelanisa amandla nedilesi efunwa ngowona mlinganiselo ufanelekileyo.

Eli nqaku linikeza ukonakalisa okubanzi kweqondo ngalinye likarhulumente ```urhulumente, urhulumente,' kunye nommandla' `ukudibanisa amandla, iimbopheleleko, kunye nemisebenzi yehlabathi lokwenene. Ekupheleni, uzakuba nomfanekiso ocacileyo wendlela ekwenziwa ngayo inkqubo, ukunyanzelisa, nokutolika kulo lonke uhlanga.

Urhulumente OsisiFrentshi

Urhulumente wesizwe unegunya eliphakamileyo kwimicimbi yesizwe neyezizwe ngezizwe. Amandla awo adweliswe kumGaqo-siseko wase-United States, kwaye asebenza kumasebe amathathu ahlukeneyo: uwiso-mthetho, impatho-mthetho, kunye nekomiti elawulayo. Oku kwahlulwa kwamagunya kuqinisekisa ukuba akukho sebe linye elinamandla kakhulu, lidala inkqubo yokuhlola nokulinganisela okuye kwanyamezela ngaphezu kweenkulungwane ezimbini.

Isebe loMthetho

Isebe lowiso-mthetho, elibizwa ngokuba yiBhunga lomthetho, liqumrhu lorhulumente worhulumente wesizwe. Liyi-bamaral, elinamagumbi amabini: iBhunga kunye neNdlu yabameli. Igumbi ngalinye linendima neembopheleleko ezikhethekileyo ezilungelelanisa umelo phakathi koorhulumente nabemi.

IBhunga leNtsimbi linamalungu ali-100, amabini avela kwiphondo ngalinye, asebenza iminyaka emithandathu. Esi sakhiwo siqinisekisa ukuba amaphondo amancinci anemida elingana namaphondo amakhulu kwizigqibo ezingundoqo ezifana nokuqinisekisa ukubekwa komongameli kunye nezivumelwano zokuqinisekisa ukumiswa komongameli. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iNdlu yabameli inikezela ngezihlalo ezisekelwe kubemi, enamalungu ovota akhonza amabinzana amabini eminyaka. Le ndlela igcina iNdlu ibo idibene novolo lwasekuhlaleni.

Amandla ayintloko eBhunga aquka:

  • Ukwenziwa nokudlula komthetho wesizwe, omele uvunywe ngamagumbi omabini kwaye utyikitywe nguMongameli
  • Uhlahlo-lwabiwo-mali lweziko lorhulumente
  • Ukubhengeza imfazwe nokugcina imikhosi exhobileyo
  • Ulawulo lwezorhwebo lwamazwe angaphandle phantsi koMphathiswa kaClaus
  • Ukubuza nokususa amagosa karhulumente, kuquka uMongameli nabagwebi
  • Ukubona isebe eliphetheyo ngokuchongwa nangokuphandwa

Inkqubo yeekomiti ingundoqo kumsebenzi weBhunga. Igumbi ngalinye lineekomiti ezimiyo ezisebenza kwiindawo ezinjengeenkqubo, unxulumano lwamanye amazwe, ijaji, kunye nezolimo. Iikomiti ezingaphantsi ziqhuba ingqwalasela enkcubeko yomthetho ecetyiweyo phambi kokuba ifikelele kwigumbi elipheleleyo ukuze kuqhutywe ingxoxo kunye nokuvota. Esi sakhiwo sivumela amalungu ukuba akhulise ubuchule kwaye alawule umthamo omkhulu weshishini lemithetho.

Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho icotha ngabom kwaye iyavala. Ityala kufuneka lisinde kuphando lwekomiti, ingxoxo yomgangatho, kunye neengxoxo zekomiti yengqungquthela phakathi kweNdlu kunye neNdlu yeNtlanganiso phambi kokufikelela kwidesika yoMongameli. UMongameli angasayisayina ityala kumthetho okanye kwi-veto, nangona iNkomfa ingayikhupha i-veto ngoninzi lwabanesithathu kuzo zombini iigumbi. Le nkqubo iqinisekisa ukuba umthetho uqwalaselwe ngocoselelo kwaye uxhaswe ngokubanzi phambi kokuba ube ngumthetho.

Isebe eliphethe i-Advice

Isebe elilawulayo likhokelwa nguMongameli waseUnited States, osebenza njengentloko yorhulumente nentloko yorhulumente. UMongameli unyulwa rhoqo emva kweminyaka emine kwaye unomthwalo wokumisela imithetho karhulumente, uqhuba imithetho yamanye amazwe, kwaye uyalela imikhosi exhobileyo. UMongameli oPhathiswayo noMphathiswa weKhabhinethi baxhasa uMongameli ekuphumezeni ezi misebenzi.

IKhabhinethi ineentloko zamasebe alawulayo ali-15, kuquka uRhulumente, uNyaka, uNxalabo, uBulungiseleli, kunye neDilesi. Aba noonobhala bamiselwa nguMongameli kwaye baqinisekiswe yiBhunga ngalinye lilawula iindawo ezithile zemigaqo-nkqubo kwaye lisebenzisa iinkqubo ezigunyazisiweyo yiBhunga. Umzekelo, iSebe lezeMpilo-mpilo neleeNkonzo zoLuntu lijonge iMedicare kunye neMedicaid, ngelixa iSebe lezezothutho lilawula inkxaso-mali yezempumezo zorhulumente kunye nokhuseleko lwenqwelo-moya.

Amandla abalulekileyo omongameli aquka:

  • Ukuwisa umthetho nokuqinisekisa imithetho karhulumente ngemiyalelo yegunya
  • Ukuqhuba inkqubo yelinye ilizwe, kuquka izivumelwano zokuthetha (ezifuna ukuhlawuliswa kweNdlu yeeNtloko) kunye nezivumelwano zolawulo
  • Ukumisela abagwebi bephondo, kuquka amajaji eNkundla Ephakamileyo, kunye namalungu eKhabhinethi namanye amagosa
  • Umthetho onika ingcebiso odluliselwe yiBhunga, ophantsi kokungalawuleki yivoti emibini-ntathu
  • Ukusebenza njengeNkulumbuso-iNkulumbuso yemikhosi exhobileyo
  • Ukuxolela nokuphinda uhlawulele izigwebo zorhulumente

Isebe elilawulayo likwaquka amasebe azimeleyo kunye nemibutho karhulumente esebenza ngobuchule obuthile kulawulo olungqalileyo lomongameli. Imizekelo iquka iNkqubo yeFederal Reserve, elawula inkqubo yemali, kunye ne-Arhente yeNkcubeko yokuKhuselwa Kwemekobume, enyanzelisa imimiselo yemekobume. La maqela adibanisa igunya elilawulayo nobuchule obukhethekileyo bokucombulula iingxaki zenkqubo entsokothileyo.

Isebe Lejaji

Isebe eligwebayo lichaza imithetho lize liqinisekise ukuba isetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo kwaye isoloko isetyenziswa nomGaqo-siseko. INkundla ePhakamileyo yaseUnited States yeyona nkundla iphakamileyo kwelo lizwe, kwaye inempendulo yokugqibela kwimibandela yomthetho-siseko. Ngaphantsi kweNkundla ePhakamileyo, ijaji yephondo iquka iiNkundla ezili-13 zezibheno kunye namaNkundla eSithili angama-99.

Abagwebi bamafakelani bamiselwe ubomi, baphantsi kwesimilo esihle, esibakhusela kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika kwaye sibavumela ukuba bagqibe amatyala asekelwe kumthetho kunokuba bafumane imbono kawonke-wonke. Oku kuphila kungumqondiso ongundoqo wokuzimela ngokwamatyala. INkundla ePhakamileyo iquka iJaji elisithoba, eliquka iNtloko eyintloko, emiselwe nguMongameli kwaye eqinisekiswa yiBhunga.

Imisebenzi ebalulekileyo yesebe eligwebayo iquka:

  • Ukutolika umGaqo-siseko nokumisela ukuba ngumgaqo-siseko wemithetho nezenzo zolawulo
  • Ukuhlola imithetho yokuthobela umGaqo-siseko ngamandla okuhlola
  • Ukulungisa iingxabano phakathi kwamazwe, njengamalungelo amanzi okanye ukungavisisani
  • Ukuchotshelwa kwamatyala abandakanya umthetho karhulumente, kuquka amalungelo abantu, ukuwa kwemali nokuqhekezwa komthetho
  • Ukubona inkqubo yenkundla yorhulumente nokumisela imithetho

Umgaqo wokuhlola umgaqo wokwenza isigwebo wamiselwa kwityala eliphawulayo Brown v. Madison [[FLT] [1853], oqinisekisa amandla eNkundla Ephakamileyo okubetha imithetho echasene noMgaqo-siseko. Eli gunya liye lasetyenziswa kwiimeko ezibalulekileyo kwimbali yaseMelika, kuquka Brown v. ibhodi yemfundo yemfundo [1954], ephelisa ucando oluphezulu lwesizwe kwizikolo, [[FLT]] [FL:]]

Urhulumente

Oorhulumente basebenza phantsi kwegunya lomGaqo-siseko wase-U.S. yaye banemigaqo-siseko yabo, iziqu zowiso-mthetho, amasebe aphetheyo, kunye neenkqubo zokugweba. UMthetho wokuHlaziya weshumi kumagunya ongawaphathi urhulumente wesizwe, unika amagunya aphangaleleyo kwimicimbi enjengemfundo, impilo kawonke-wonke, ezothutho, kunye nomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho. Urhulumente ngamnye unomgaqo-siseko okhethekileyo onokunikezela ngamalungelo angakumbi nokhuseleko olungaphaya kwalawo athenjiwe nguMgaqo-siseko wase-U.

Urhulumente uqhuba imimandla emininzi yezomthetho echaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ubomi bemihla ngemihla. Umzekelo, amajelo okuseka nokuxhasa iinkqubo zesikolo sikawonke-wonke, oogqirha namagqwetha, abalawuli be-inshorensi kunye nezinto eziluncedo, kunye nabalawuli beepaki zelizwe kunye nobuncwane bendalo. Le ndlela ifanelekileyo ivumela amazwe ukuba avumelane nemigaqo-nkqubo kwiimfuno zawo ezikhethekileyo nezinto azithanda.

Amandla oMthetho

Indlu yowiso-mthetho yesizwe ijongene nokuyila imithetho esebenza kumaphondo ayo. Ilizwe ngalinye ngaphandle kweNebraska linendlu yowiso-mthetho ye-bimear, eqheleke ngokuba yiNdlu yeeNdlu yeeNdlu zabameli neNdlu yeeNtlanganiso. I-Nebraska inendlu yowiso-mthetho ene-un-gameral, ithetha ukuba inegumbi elinye kuphela. Abenzi bemithetho-mthetho banyulwa ngabavoti kwisithili zabo kwaye basebenzisa amagunya ahlukeneyo ngokwemeko.

Izindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente zinegunya elibanzi lokumisela imithetho kwiindawo ezingacinywanga ngumthetho karhulumente. Amandla azo aquka:

  • Imithetho nemigaqo karhulumente yemfundo, impilo, ukhuseleko nentlalo-ntle
  • Inkcitho yemali esetyenziswayo
  • Ukulawula urhwebo lwangaphakathi, kuquka amashishini asebenzayo kwiphondo
  • Ukuseka nokuxhasa iinkqubo zemfundo zikarhulumente, ukusuka kwiK-12 ukuya kwiiyunivesithi zikawonke-wonke
  • Imimandla elungelelanisiweyo nephondo lowiso-mthetho emva kobalo-mali
  • Izilungiso ezigunyazisayo kumGaqo-siseko wase-U.S.

Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho kumgangatho karhulumente ibonisa inkqubo karhulumente ngeendlela ezininzi. IiBhili ziveliswa, zibhekiswa kwiikomiti, zidityaniswa, zivotelwe kuzo zombini iigumbi. Irhuluneli yandula ke ibonise okanye inike umthetho. Imithetho yowiso-mthetho iqhuba ulawulo lwamasebe karhulumente kwaye ibamba iintetho kwimiba yezoburhulumente. Amazwe amaninzi anezindlu zowiso-mthetho zobugcisa okanye zemibutho elungelelanisayo apho amalungu afumana inkxaso kunye nabasebenzi, ngoxa amanye anezindlu zowiso-mthetho apho amalungu asebenza khona ixesha elithile.

Amandla wanika igunya

Irhuluneli isebenza njengentloko yesebe eliphetheyo lesizwe, ijonge ukuphunyezwa kwemithetho karhulumente nokulawulwa kwamaqumrhu karhulumente. IiRhuluneli zinyulwa ngabavoti kumaphondo azo kwaye zisebenzisa amagama aqheleke ngokuqhelekileyo ukusuka kwiminyaka emine ukuya kwemithandathu. Amandla erhuluneli ayahluka ngokwesizwe kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo aquka igunya elibalulekileyo kuqingqo-mali, ukumiswa, kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo.

Amandla angundoqo erhuluneli aquka:

  • Ukugunyazisa imithetho karhulumente nokuqinisekisa ukuba abameli beli lizwe bayazifeza iimbopheleleko zabo
  • Ukulawula amasebe karhulumente, kuquka ukumisela iintloko zeziko nokuvelela imisebenzi yazo
  • Umthetho wesizwe onika imvume yokuphuma kweminye imibandela emalunga ne-vetoes yomgca onokuthi ubethe amalungiselelo athile kumatyala
  • Ukumisela amagosa karhulumente, kuquka abagwebi, amalungu ebhodi, kunye nabameli
  • Imiyalelo yezolawulo enika abameli abangqalileyo okanye abaphendula kwiimeko ezingxamisekileyo
  • Ukunikezela ngentethelelo, ii-commotics, kunye nee-repriees zetyala likarhulumente

Ukongeza kwirhuluneli, inkoliso yamaphondo inamagosa aphezulu anyuliweyo, anjengerhuluneli, igqwetha jikelele, unobhala-rhulumente, kunye nomgcini-mali. La magosa anikela ulawulo oluzimeleyo kwaye ajonge igunya lerhuluneli. Umzekelo, igqwetha jikelele lephondo limela urhulumente kwimicimbi engokwasemthethweni kwaye lisenokucel ’ umngeni imithetho karhulumente okanye likhusele imithetho karhulumente enkundleni. Unobhala wesizwe ujonge unyulo nobhaliso-mali, usebenza njengomgcini-demokhrasi kwimigangatho karhulumente kumgangatho karhulumente.

Amasebe aphetheyo aseburhulumenteni akwaquka amasebe amaninzi asebenzisa iinkqubo zikarhulumente. Ngokomzekelo, amasebe emfundo karhulumente ajonge izikolo zikarhulumente, ngoxa amasebe ezothutho elawula iindlela zezulu neebhulorho. La masebe asebenzisa oogcisa abasebenzisa ubuchule kwimimandla entsonkothileyo enjengeyokhuseleko lwemeko-bume, impilo yoluntu nenkqubela yezoqoqosho.

Amandla Okugweba

Iinkundla ezininzi zezomthetho eUnited States, kuquka amatyala amakhulu angolwaphulo-mthetho, ukumangalelwa kwamakhaya, imicimbi yentsapho, kunye nemiba ephambili. Urhulumente ngamnye unenkqubo yakhe yenkundla, elungelelaniswe ngokwemigangatho emithathu: iinkundla zokuchophela amatyala, iinkundla eziphakathi, nenkundla ephakamileyo yeli phondo. Isakhiwo namagama ezi nkundla ayahluka ngokweemeko, kodwa iinkokeli ezingundoqo ziyaguquguquka.

Imisebenzi yenkundla yaseburhulumenteni iquka:

  • Ukutolika umgaqo-siseko karhulumente nokumisela imithetho karhulumente
  • Ukucombulula iingxabano zamakhaya, kuquka iingxabano zesivumelwano, iingxelo zokonzakalisa umntu, nemicimbi yempahla
  • Ukuva amatyala olwaphulo - mthetho asusela kokwaphulwa kwendlela okuncinane ukusa kulwaphulo - mthetho olunzulu
  • Ukuhlola imithetho karhulumente yokuthobela umGaqo-siseko wase-U.S.
  • Ukuphatha izibheno ezivela kwiinkundla ezincinci ukuqinisekisa ukusetyenziswa okungaguquguqukiyo komthetho

Iinkundla eziphakamileyo zelizwe zilelona liphakamileyo kwiphondo ngalinye, kwaye izigqibo zazo kwimibandela yomthetho wesizwe zigqibele ngaphandle kokuba ziphakamise imibuzo yomgaqo-siseko kazwelonke enokubhencwa kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S. Iijaji zelizwe zikhethwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, kuquka unyulo-zimo zonyulo, olungelulo khadi, ukumiselwa yirhuluneli, okanye iinkqubo zokukhetha ezisekelwe kwisiseko solawulo. Ezi ndlela zokhetho zibonakalisa amaxabiso ahlukeneyo nezinto eziphambili zelizwe ngalinye. Kwizinkcukacha ezininzi ezingeenkqubo zenkundla yelizwe, tyelela iziko leeNkuvolo zikaRhulumente [[FLT:]]

Urhulumente Wangaphakathi

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni basebenza kwisixeko, kwiphondo, kwidolophu, nakumanqanaba kamasipala, ukulawula iimfuno zoluntu nokunikela iinkonzo zikawonke-wonke eziyimfuneko. Amandla abo asuka kwimigaqo nemithetho karhulumente, kwaye basoloko bebizwa ngokuba "ziindalo zikarhulumente" ngenxa yokuba abakho ngokomGaqo-siseko ozimeleyo. Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banikela iinkonzo ezisoloko zisetyenziswa ngamapolisa nanjengokhuseleko lomlilo, ukuqokelelwa kwenkunkuma, kunye neepaki zasekuhlaleni.

Isakhiwo sikarhulumente wasekuhlaleni siyahluka-hluka kulo lonke ilizwe. Amanye amaphondo anoorhulumente abanamandla bephondo abanikela iinkonzo ezininzi, ngoxa amanye exhomekeke koomasipala. Amandla neembopheleleko ezikhethekileyo zoorhulumente basekuhlaleni zichazwa ngumthetho wesizwe kunye nomthetho-siseko wasekuhlaleni.

Oorhulumente Besixeko NabaseMatimini

Urhulumente weziXhobo neengingqi zezorhulumente wasekuhlaleni ziqhelekile. Izixeko zisebenza kwiindawo ezinabantu abahlala abantu abambalwa, ngeli xesha ubalo lunika iinkonzo kwimimandla edityanisiweyo nengadityanisiweyo. Zombini ezi ntlobo zorhulumente zijongene nokunyanzelwa komthetho wasekuhlaleni, iinkonzo zikawonke-wonke, kunye nomthetho welizwe.

Igunya noxanduva loorhulumente besixeko noorhulumente bamaphondo luquka:

  • Ukugunyazisa imithetho yasekuhlaleni, kuquka imimiselo yengxolo, imithetho yokwakha, nokufakwa kwemiqathango yezoshishino
  • Ukulawula izikolo namathala eencwadi, ngokufuthi
  • Ukubonelela ngeenkonzo zongxamiseko, kuquka amapolisa, umlilo, kunye
  • Ukulawula ulawulo lwelizwe nokuphuhliswa ngemithetho yokwakha
  • Ukulondoloza izitrato, iindlela zokuhamba ngeendledlana, inkqubo yamanzi, kunye nenkqubo yokuchitha amanzi amdaka
  • Ukuqokelela iirhafu zempahla kunye nezinye iimali zemali zasekuhlaleni

Oorhulumente bezixeko basoloko benenkqubo yomphathi-dolophu, apho usodolophu onyuliweyo ekhonza njengelungu eliyintloko kunye nebhunga lesixeko njengequmrhu lowiso-mthetho. Okanye, ezinye izixeko zisebenzisa inkqubo yebhunga lomphathi-mphathi wesixeko, apho ibhunga lesixeko liqesha umphathi wesixeko onobuchule ukuvelela imisebenzi yemihla ngemihla. Oorhulumente bephondo bakhokelwa liqumrhu labasemagunyeni abanyuliweyo okanye abalawuli benginyazi, kunye nomphathi wengingqi omiselweyo ophethe ulawulo lwesizwe.

Izidibi ezizodwa

Izithili ezizimeleyo zimaqela karhulumente obulali azimeleyo enzelwe ukubonelela ngeenkonzo ezithile ezisenokungafanelani neenjongo jikelele. Zilawulwa ziibhodi ezinokunyulwa okanye zimiselwe, kwaye zinegunya kwirhafu ye-levy, iirhafu zerhafu, kunye namaqhina ombango. Imimandla ekhethekileyo yeyona ndlela ininzi yorhulumente wasekuhlaleni eUnited States, enamashumi amawaka asebenzayo kwilizwe lonke.

Iintlobo eziqhelekileyo zesithili esikhethekileyo namandla aso ziquka:

  • Ukulawula izinto ezithile ezisetyenziswayo njengokufumana amanzi, ukusetyenziswa kwenkunkuma, ulawulo lwezikhukula okanye ukunkcenkceshela
  • Ukurhwebelana ngerhafu neengxelo kumnini-mpahla kwisithili
  • Ukukhupha izibonelelo zemisebenzi enjengezibonelelo ezintsha zonyango lwamanzi okanye iinkqubo zokuthutha
  • Ukusebenzisana phakathi kwemigangatho eyahlukeneyo karhulumente kunye nemithetho emininzi kwimiba yengingqi
  • Ukusebenza kwezibhedlele, kwizikhululo zenqwelo - moya, kwiinkqubo zokuthutha abantu, kwiipaki nakwiikholeji zoluntu

Imimandla yezikolo iphakathi kwezona zithathi-nxaxheba ziqhelekileyo, ezijongene nokuqhuba izikolo zikawonke-wonke kwimida echaziweyo yomhlaba. Eminye imizekelo iquka imimandla yokukhusela umlilo, imimandla yeethala leencwadi, kunye nesithili sokulawula iingcongconi. Imimandla ekhethekileyo inikela inkqubo elungeleleneyo yokuhambisa iinkonzo ezinqamleza isixeko okanye imida yengingqi, ezivumela ukunxibelelana kakuhle kwengingqi.

Iinqanawa zedolophana

Iinqanawa zedolophana needolophana zimela imiqolo yoorhulumente basekuhlaleni abafumaneka kumazwe amaninzi, ingakumbi kuMbindi-ntshona nakuMntla-mpumampuma. Iinqanawa zedolophana zasungulwa njengendlela yokulungelelanisa iindawo ezisemaphandleni, ngoxa iidolophana zisebenzisa imibutho emincinane.

Iinqanawa zedolophana zidla ngokugcina iindlela zasekuhlaleni, zilungiselela iinkonzo zamangcwaba, zize zinike iingxelo zempahla. Amadolophana asenokunikela ukhuseleko lwamapolisa, izibane zesitrato, kunye nokugcinwa komthetho weendawo. Kwamanye amazwe, iilokishi ziye zathatyathwa kakhulu ngurhulumente wamaphondo okanye ziye zathunyelwa kwamanye amazwe. Kodwa ke, kumazwe anjengePennsylvania, iMichigan, neOhio, iilokishi ziseyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yelizwe lasekuhlaleni.

Unxulumano lwamaPhondo

Ulwalamano phakathi koorhulumente besizwe, borhulumente, kunye nabo basekuhlaleni luntsonkothileyo yaye lusoloko lujikeleza. Umgaqo wolawulo lwamazwe wahlula amandla phakathi korhulumente wesizwe noorhulumente, kodwa ukusebenza kukarhulumente okusebenzayo kufuna intsebenziswano nentsebenziswano ebalulekileyo kuwo onke amanqanaba. Eli gunya lesebe libunjwa ziinkqubo ezininzi ezingundoqo.

IGrants-Manyano

Urhulumente wesizwe uphembelela urhulumente kunye nenkqubo yasekuhlaleni ngenkxaso-mali enika inkxaso-mali yeenkqubo ezithile ezitshintshiselana neemfuno zikarhulumente. Iminikelo yezonyango ibhaliswe ngeenjongo ezimxinwa ezifana nolwakhiwo okanye imfundo, ngoxa izithintelo zinika ulawulo oluthe vetshe kwindlela ezisebenzisa ngayo imali. Ezi zibonelelo zikhule ngokuphawulekayo kwinkulungwane edluleyo kwaye ngoku zinike ingxelo ngecandelo elininzi loqingqo-mali lukarhulumente.

Imiqathango yomkhosi zimfuno ekufuneka zilandelwe, ngokufuthi ngaphandle kokukhatshwa kwemali. Imizekelo iquka imilinganiselo yemeko-bume phantsi koMthetho woMoya ococekileyo kunye neemfuno zokufumaneka phantsi koMthetho weMerika oneziphene. Ezi zigunya zingadala iingcinezelo zemali zikarhulumente noorhulumente basekuhlaleni, zikhokelela kwiingxoxo eziphathelele imiyalelo engagunya elingagunya likarhulumente nolungelelwano olufanelekileyo phakathi kwegunya likarhulumente.

Ukucinywa Yimeko kunye neGunya lasekuhlaleni

Oorhulumente bamazwe banegunya elibalulekileyo koorhulumente basekuhlaleni, kuquka amandla okukhulula imithetho yasekuhlaleni kunye nomlinganiselo wegunya lasekuhlaleni. Ukukhululwa kwelizwe kwenzeka xa umthetho karhulumente ugqitha umthetho wasekuhlaleni kumbandela omnye. Oku kuye kwaba yimbambano ephikisanayo kwiindawo ezinjengomvuzo omncinane, ikhefu elihlawulwayo, kunye nomthetho wemipu, apho amanye amazwe aye ashukunyiselwa ukuthintela inyathelo lasekuhlaleni. Ukuqonda ukuba lamandla abalulekile kuye nabani na obandakanyekileyo kwinkquzo yemithetho okanye inkqubela.

Kwangaxeshanye, amazwe amaninzi aye anika izixeko kunye nezixa, ezivumela ukuba zifumane igunya lolawulo lwamakhaya, zisebenzise umgaqo-siseko wasekuhlaleni zize zisebenzise amandla aphangaleleyo kwimicimbi yasekuhlaleni. Ulawulo lwasekhaya lunika oorhulumente basekuhlaleni inkululeko engakumbi nokuzivumelanisa, kodwa lusoloko luphantsi kwemida ebekwe ngumthetho karhulumente. Uxinezeleko phakathi kolawulo lukarhulumente nolawulo lwezikhundla zasekuhlaleni luyinkangeleko echazayo uburhulumente baseMerika.

Izizathu Ezisebenzisekayo Kubemi

Ukuqonda iqumrhu lolawulo lukarhulumente kunceda abemi balapho basebenzisane ngokunempumelelo ngakumbi norhulumente wabo kuwo onke amanqanaba. Xa kuvela ingxaki, enoba ingumngxuma, imbambano yemali yesikolo, okanye inkxalabo ngomgaqo-nkqubo karhulumente, `ukwazi ukuba liliphi iqondo lolawulo lukarhulumente elilawulayo linyathelo lokuqala lokufumana isicombululo. Olu lwazi lunika abantu amandla okuqhagamshelana nabameli abafanelekileyo, ukuba nenxaxheba kwiintlanganiso zasekunene, kunye nokuxhasa ukutshintsha apho iza kuba luncedo khona.

Abahlali bangasebenzisa indlela abayiqonda ngayo imigangatho karhulumente ukukhokela ulawulo. Umzekelo, umnini weshishini kufuneka athobele imithetho yerhafu karhulumente, imiyalelo yerhafu, kunye nemithetho yolawulo yasekuhlaleni ngexesha elinye. Ukuqonda ukuba liliphi isebe elisingatha imfuneko nganye kunciphisa ukudideka nokuqinisekisa ukuthobela. Ngokufanayo, abavoti bangenza ukhetho oluthe kratya kwibhokisi yebholokhwe xa beqonda iimbopheleleko zee-ofisi abazizalisayo.

Ukudibana norhulumente kumgangatho wasekuhlaleni kusoloko kunika amathuba angqalileyo okuba nenxaxheba. Iintlanganiso zebhodi yesikolo, iintlanganiso zebhunga lesixeko, neentlanganiso zengingqi zombutho zivulelwe uwonke-wonke kwaye zinika amathuba okuthetha ngemibandela exhalabisayo. Ezi ntlanganiso zilula kubemi abaqhelekileyo kwaye zinokuba ziiplatfomu ezinamandla zokulungiselela uluntu nokuzibandakanya. Ukuze ufumane ulwazi olungakumbi ngendlela yokudibana norhulumente wasekuhlaleni, tyelela [[[FLT: 0].A.gov's kwiphepha lobulali.

Isiphelo

Iqela leenkqubo zorhulumente eUnited States yinkqubo eyakhiwe ngobuchule elungiselelwe ukulungelelanisa amandla, ukuqinisekisa ukuphendula, kunye neengxubusho ezifunekayo kumgangatho ofanelekileyo. Urhulumente worhulumente ulawula imicimbi yesizwe neyezizwe ngezizwe, oorhulumente balawula inkqubo yengingqi kunye nolawulo, kwaye oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banikela iinkonzo zoluntu. Umgangatho ngamnye unamandla neembopheleleko ezahlukeneyo, kwaye ngamnye usebenzisana nabanye ngendlela entsonkothileyo ebumba ubomi bemihla ngemihla babemi.

Ukuqonda le migangatho yeqela libalulekile ekuthembisenina kwezentlalo, ekuwiseni umthetho, nasekuvoteni ngolwazi. Xa abemi besazi ukuba liliphi icandelo likarhulumente elinoxanduva lwembambano ethile, bangayikhokela imigudu yabo apho baya kuba nempembelelo enkulu khona. Kwakhona banokuba netyala kwiziphumo ezibaluleke kakhulu kubantu babo. Olu lwazi luguqula iingcamango ezingekho ngqiqweni zoburhulumente bube zizixhobo ezisebenzisekayo zokuthabatha inxaxheba nezokuguqula.

Njengokuba ilizwe lijamelene neengxaki ezintsha .ukusuka kutshintsho lwemozulu ukuya kukuphazamiseka kwempilo kawonke-wonke (*. ulwalamano phakathi korhulumente, urhulumente, noorhulumente basekuhlaleni luya kuqhubeka luguquka. Imigaqo yokwahlula amagunya, ukuhlola kunye nolwahlulo, kunye nolawulo lolawulo lunika isiseko sokusingatha le mingeni ngeli lixa kugcinwa kolawulo-demokhrasi. Ngokuqonda indlela urhulumente asebenza ngayo kumgangatho ngamnye, abemi baxhotyiswe ngcono ukuba banikele kwimisebenzi eqhubekayo yokuzilawula. Ukuqhubeka nokufunda, ukuvavanya le migaqo. [[FLT: 0]]] i-webhsayithi ye-U.[FLT.] kunye neNkundla ye-]