Uthutho lukawonke-wonke lungundoqo obangela ukuba abantu basedolophini kunye neendawo ezihlala abantu, bethwala izigidi zikarhulumente imihla ngemihla ukuya emsebenzini, kwizikolo, ekuboneni iinkonzo zezamayeza, nakwimisebenzi yentlalo. Ukufikelela nokuthembeka kwalo akubangelwa nje yimikhosi yezorhwebo. Ukuphumelela, ukukwazi ukumelana nokuxhaswa kwayo, nayiphi na inkqubo yokuhamba ilawulwa ilawulwa ngokunzulu zilawulwa zizinto zengingqi, zengingqi, zelizwe, kunye nomgangatho worhulumente. Ukusuka kwimali yamawaka ezigidi zemali enkcitho emalini esekelwe kwimithetho entle yemali, kwisenzo sikarhulumente (okanye intsebenziswano) imisela ngendlela elula okanye enzima ngayo ukufikelela kwinqanaba le-A ngaphandle kwemoto. Eli nqaku lihlolisisa icandelo elipheleleyo lolwalamano, ukunikela kunye nokuqonda ngokucacileyo indlela yokuguqula imigaqo-yo ekhondweni kwizinto ze-ekho

Isandla SikaRhulumente Kwinguqu: Ukulungiselela, Ukuxhasa Nokubuyisela

Izithuthi zikawonke-wonke azisebenzi kwikhamandela. Ngokungafaniyo nokukhwela okanye ukuhambisa okuzenzekelayo, iinkqubo zokuthutha ezininzi zidla ngokuba zezinezo, zilawulwa, okanye zilawulwe kakhulu ngabameli bakawonke-wonke. Uxanduva lorhulumente ludla ngokuwela kummandla odityanisiweyo wesithathu:

  • Imali esetyenziswayo nesebenzayo: Uninzi lwabameli bothutho luxhomekeke kumxube worhulumente, wesizwe, kunye nemali yasekuhlaleni yokwakha imigca emitsha kunye nokugquma imini yonke. Umzekelo, uLawulo lwezibonelelo lweFederal Transtit (FTA) lusasaza amawaka ezigidi nyaka ngamnye ngemiqathango kunye nezipho zokhuphiswano. Izigqibo malunga nemali engena kule mijelo - nokuba ngaba inkxaso esebenzayo ivunyelwe ukuba ime-oksi isuka kuhlobo lwebhasi ukuya kugcino-mali.
  • Imisebenzi yeFrame yoLuntu neyokuLawula: Imithetho kunye nemibutho elawula ukuhanjiswa. Oku kuquka iimfuno zomsebenzi (umz., izivumelwano) zokhuseleko, ukuthobela okusingqongileyo (umz., ukukhupha ulawulo lwebhazi), kunye nemithetho ephantsi kwemithetho efana namaMelika enoMthetho wesiChuzu (ADA). Le mithetho ingenza uphuhliso okanye ibangele imithwalo exhobisayo enexabiso elikhulu.
  • Umthetho wolwakhiwo kunye neLizwe elisebenzisa udityaniso: Oorhulumente bagqiba apho iindlela, iipaseji zeseyile, kunye neendlela zikaduladula zihamba khona. Bakwalawula kwakhona ukuhlanganiswa nokuphuhliswa kwezitishi zothutho. Urhulumente obeka inkqubela elungeleleneyo, edityanisiweyo esetyenziswayo kufuphi ne-injini kumisa ukuqhubekeka okusemgangathweni” ukwenza “inkqubela-phambili enyusa inqwelo yokuhamba. Urhulumente ovumela ukuba imoto ihambele phambili, iitafile-centrickethe zemoto yenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuze uthutho oluphumelelayo.

Ukuqonda ezi zinto zisetyenziswayo linyathelo lokuqala lokuqonda ukuba uhambe ngesantya esiphezulu imihla ngemihla akuyonto nje emele yenziwe ngocwangciso – kubonisa izinto eziza kuqala kwezobupolitika.

Iintlobo zothutho lukawonke-wonke nendlela Urhulumente Ajikela Nganye Ngayo

Iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuthutha zisebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo kunye neentlobo zohambo. Nganye inolwalamano lwayo nezigqibo zikarhulumente, ukusuka kwixabiso elikhulu ukuya kwimizekelo esebenzayo.

I-Bis

Iibhusi zezona ndlela zothutho ezibhetyebhetye nezinwe zibhetyebhetye. Zingasebenza kwiindawo ezisezantsi ezinokusetyenziswa nguwonke wonke, zitshintshe iindlela ngokukhawuleza, kwaye azibizi mali eninzi ngemayile kumgangatho wemayile. Kodwa umsebenzi webhasi usoloko ungowokuqala ukutsala ngexesha loqingqo-mali. Iisigqibo zikarhulumente ezimalunga nendlela ezinikezelweyo zodula, uphawu, ubuninzi obuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukuthembeka kwebhasi. Izixeko ezithengene ngodula eBus Rapid Transit (BRT) – ezinendlela eyahlukeneyo kunye nengqokelela engaphandle yemibutho - qhotho - qho kusoloko ubona impumelelo ephawulekayo yoomatilo-omatiloshe abakhweli bebhasi abazakhephekelele ukukhusela iindlela ezitrafini, oodula-bhasi baba noorhoxiso olucothayo, abanoneyo, abaxhasi, abaxhasi bengqondo bendlela, bengqondo ukuba uduladula-trafiki luhambe lwesibini.

Iindlela Ezisezantsi Nerili Engamandla

Iinkqubo zololiwe ezinzima (iinqanawa eziphakamileyo, imetros) ziphezulu, zithenge imali eninzi ezifuna amashumi eminyaka embopheleleko karhulumente. Isigqibo sokwakha umgca omtsha kaloliwe sibandakanya uphatho lwemekobume, iimpahla zemali ezizizigidi ngezigidi zedalorlar, kunye neengxoxo zezobupolitika ngaphaya kwemithetho emininzi. Xa yakhiwe, urhulumente uhlawulela intlawulo yemali engundoqo, kuba imali yengeniso iyodwa inqabile ukugquma iindleko ezipheleleyo. Izigqibo malunga nokulondolozwa nokusetyenziswa kwalelzikomkhulu le-MTA, okanye njengenkqubo yenkokeli ye-Tube ye-London ijonge ukuba ngabakhweli bafumana amava oololiwe banamhlanje nakuthembeka okanye ukuliselwa kwezikhululo okanye ukukhuthulwa kwemali.

Iirayile Ezilula Neetram

Umgangatho ophakathi womgaqo wombane unesigqumathelo esiphezulu: umbilini ophezulu kunooduladula kodwa obiza kancinci kunojantshi onzima. Izixeko ezininzi ezisembindini zisebenzise isiporo esilula njengesixhobo sokuvuselela idolophu. Izigqibo zikarhulumente kulungelelwaniso lwendlela (umz., nokuba kukuthi kuhambe kwimimandla exineneyo okanye kwiindlela ezinkulu) kunye nokuphindeka (umz., rhoqo ngemizuzu eli-10) ziphumele kwiimpembelelo ezikwinqanawa zabakhweli. Impumelelo yesixokelelwano esinjenge Portland’s MX okanye i-DRTRTD idie idityaniswe ngqo ekucwangceni izitishini ezithenjiswe kwizithuba kunye nokudibana nonxulumano lwebhasi.

Iipilisi

IiFerres zikhohlakele kwizixeko ezisemanxwemeni njenge Seattle, Vancouver, neIstanbul. Amagosa karhulumente asoloko elawula zombini iinqanawa kunye needokisi, nezigqibo malunga nemijikelo yokubuyisela inqanawa kunye nemali yokubonela ukuba ngaba uthutho lwamanzi luhlala lungukhetho olusebenzayo kusini na. Imimiselo yokusingqongileyo – njengeemfuno ze-injini yokuhambisa eziphantsi – kwanendlela yokubumba imisebenzi yesikhitshane kunye neendleko.

Izigqibo Eziyintloko Zikarhulumente Eziluchaphazela Ngokungqalileyo Uhambo Lwakho

Iindidi eziliqela zezigqibo zikarhulumente zinegalelo elibonakalayo elikhawulezileyo kumava emihla ngemihla abo basebenzisa uthutho lukawonke-wonke:

  • Ulungiso kwiInfrapublic kunye nogcino: Imeko yamaqonga, iindlela, iibhasi, kunye noololiwe ngumphumo ngqo wezigqibo zotyalo-mali. Ugcino oluthe tyaba lukhokelela ekusubeni, kwimimandla ecothayo, kunye nenkonzo engathembekanga. Ngokwe American Society of Civil Enginegerers, iU.S. uthutho lwezibonelelo luneebhilidi ezininzi zemo yokulungisa i-dellar esemva. Ngokwahlukileyo, oorhulumente abangenisa imali rhoqo yokulungisa isixokelelwano soncedo lugcina inkqubo esebenzayo isebenza ngokucothayo.
  • Imigangatho yeFalpocies kunye ne-Subsite: Imigangatho yeFare isoloko ibekwa ziibhodi zokuthutha okanye amabhunga esixeko, ukulungelelanisa iimfuno zengeniso ngokuchasene neenjongo zokulinganisela. Ezinye izixeko zinika ilahleko enzulu kubakhweli abafumana imali ephantsi (umz., incitshisiwe iinkqubo kwiSeattle kunye neSan Francisco), ngoxa ezinye zigcina iindleko ezithe tyaba ukwenzela ukuba zibe lula. Isigqibo sokwamkela iimali ezisekelwe kumgama okanye kumaxesha asekelwe kuyo sikwachaphazela ukufumaneka kweminxeba emide.
  • [[FLT :0] Imimiselo yesiseko somthetho: urhulumente unika izigunyaziso zooduladula abangenayo (umz., ulawulo lweNqanawa e-Foctood Transit) amagosa anyanzelisayo eKhalifoniya ukuba athathe indawo yomkhosi wediesel ngezithuthi zombane okanye zehydrogen. Ngeli xesha oku kuphucula ubunjani bomoya kwaye kunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni, kufuna ikomkhulu eliphambili ukwenzela ukunyanzela isiseko somsebenzi kwaye kusenokukhokelela ekuphazamiseni iinkonzo ngexesha lotshintsho ukuba lungalawulwa kakuhle.
  • Ukulungiselela kunye neZoning: isigqibo sokuvumela indawo yokuhlala ephezulu ekufuphi neendawo zothutho sesinye sezixhobo ezinamandla oorhulumente basekuhlaleni abanazo. Xa ulawulo luphezulu kumhlaba we-ozoni jikelele kwizikhululo, badala isiseko esakhelwe ngaphakathi kwe-ankile kwaye benze uthutho lufikeleleke kubantu abangakumbi. Ngokuphikisanayo, ukubeka umda okhuthaza amakhaya endlu enye ekwikhaya elinye kude nothutho kunciphisa ukufaneleka kwenkqubo.

Isizathu Sokuba Kube Nzima Ukuhamba Ngoowonke: Akwazekelelwa

Ukubaluleka kokuhanjiswa kukawonke-wonke kudlulela ngaphaya koncedo lomntu ngamnye. Izigqibo zikarhulumente eziqinisa okanye ezidambisa amaza okuhambisa kwibutho labantu ngeendlela ezininzi ezibukhali:

Iingenelo Zemekobume

Uthutho lukawonke-wonke lunamandla angaphezulu kakhulu kumbane wabakhweli ngeenqwelo-mafutha zabucala. NgokweAmerican Public Transportation Association (APTA), umntu omnye otshintshayo ekuqhubeni ukuya kuthuthwa anganciphisa ukushukuma kweenyawo zekharbon nge-C2 yeeponti ezingaphezulu ko-4,800 ngonyaka. imigaqo karhulumente eyandisa iinkonzo zokuthutha nokukhulula iinqanawa zenza igalelo ngqo lokucoca umoya kunye neenjongo zemozulu. APTA amanani e- abonisa ukuba uthutho lusindisa u-U.S.

Impembelelo Yezoqoqosho

Izifundo zeYunivesithi yaseKhalifoniya zafumanisa ukuba ukwandisa ukungena kwezithuthi kummandla wasedolobheni kunyusa amanani emisebenzi abemi abafumana imali ephantsi nge7%. Oorhulumente abafak ’ isandla ekuthutheni badala imisebenzi yokwakha nemisebenzi. Imali engamawaka ezigidi zeerandi ezithengiswe kwiivenkile zoluntu ivelisa imisebenzi eqikelelwa kuma-50 000 000, ngokutsho kweSebe lezokuthutha.

Inkcubeko

Kwizigidi zabantu – ngokukodwa abakhulileyo, abantu abakhubazekileyo, kunye nabangenayo imiphakamo-makhaya kawonke-wonke abafumana imali eninzi, akukho lukhetho kodwa yimfuneko. Iinkqubo zorhulumente zokuhamba ezigcina iindleko zisezantsi kwaye zisebenza rhoqo ziqinisekisa ukuba uhambo luhlala lungumenzi olinganayo. Kumadolobha azise iinkqubo zemali yokuhambisa ngesisa okanye ngokunzulu ukwenzela abakhweli abahlawulwa abaphantsi, uphando lubonisa ukukwazi ukuqhuba nokufikelela kwimisebenzi ebalulekileyo. Urban Institute uphando lwezelo [ lubalasemgce ukuba uthutho olungenamandla lungabamba iintsapho ngobuhlwempu ngokulinganisela amathuba omsebenzi.

Impilo nentlalo-ntle

Abakhweli beenqwelo-mafutha abahamba kakhulu kuneenqwelo-mafutha: uhambo oluya nolusuka kwindawo emisa kuyo iibhasi okanye kwisitishi sikaloliwe ludibanisa umsebenzi womzimba kumsebenzi wemihla ngemihla. Uxinezeleko lwezithuthi lunciphisa uxinezeleko kwaye luphucula umgangatho womoya. Izigqibo zikarhulumente ezibeka phambili kuncedo lwezibonelelo zemoto zinika impilo kawonke-wonke, kuquka ukutyeba ngokugqithiseleyo nokugula.

Ucelomngeni Oluqhubekayo Lokujamelana Nezothutho

Nangona zifunyenwe, izinto zokuthutha zikawonke-wonke kwimimandla emininzi zixakeka ngenxa yoqhagamshelwano lwezopolitiko noqoqosho:

  • Ukubeka iParafiki kunye neVolatility: Amaziko onikezelo asoloko exhomekeke kwirhafu yentengiso, irhafu yepetroli, okanye iminikelo jikelele eguquguqukayo nezoqoqosho. Ngexesha lokudodobala kwezoqoqosho, iinkonzo ziqhelekile, nto leyo ekhokelela kumjikelezo ombi wabakhweli abancitshiweyo kwaye ingaphantsi kwenkxaso yezobupolitika. Amanye amazwe, njengeJamani neJapan, aneendlela ezizinzileyo zokuxhasa kwemali yesizwe ezikhusela uqingqo-mali.
  • Utshintsho oluthe ngqo kunye neprojekthi elibazisayo: Imisebenzi engundoqo yothutho ingathatha iminyaka eli-15-20 ukusuka ekuvulweni – kude kunemijikelo emininzi yezobupolitika. Ulawulo olutsha lungarhoxa okanye lususe iprojekthi yokuqala, luchithe izigidi zexabiso le-intengiso. Umsebenzi we-Honolulu, umzekelo, ujongene nolibaziseko oluphindaphindiweyo kunye nexabiso elingaphaya kwemijikelezo yezopolitiko ngenxa yokutshintsha kwemimoya yezobupolitika kunye neenguqu-jikelezo zezwelo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukungalandeli kunye nokubuyisa inqwelo-mafutha: iimbono ezingachananga ngokhuseleko, ucoceko, okanye ukuthembeka zingadandathekisa ukhwelo lwabakhweli-havi xa lufanelekile. Isifo se-COVID-19 sayiphelisa le ngxaki, njengoko abakhweli abaninzi behamba ngeenqwelo-mafutha okanye kumsebenzi okude. Amaphulo onxibelelwano nobeko lwezorhwebo lococeko nokhuseleko lubalulekile ekuvuselelweni kokholo.
  • Ukubeka izibonelelo: Kwizixeko ezininzi ezindala, izibonelelo zothutho zikwinkulungwane okanye ngaphezulu. Umgangatho ongaphantsi komhlaba ongaphantsi komhlaba wesiXeko waseNew York usasebenzisa imiqondiso efakwe kwii-1930 kwezinye iindawo, ekhokelela ekulibazibaziseni okungapheliyo. Ukubuyisela okanye ukuhlaziya iinkqubo ezinjalo kufuna ukugcinwa komyikelo omkhulu – ukuthengiswa okunzima xa uqingqo lwemali luqinile.

Ikamva Lezothutho Lukawonke wonke: Iinguqu ezixonxiweyo ziphenjelelwa nguRhulumente

Xa ukhangela phambili, indlela yezithuthi zikawonke - wonke iya kuchazwa ngendlela oorhulumente abasabela ngayo kutshintsho lobugcisa, kwimozulu nakwiindlela zokuhamba ezitshintshayo.

Ubuxhakaxhaka bobugcisa bobuchule noxinzeleleko lwamanani

Ugcino-lwazi lwexesha lokwenene elifikayo, ukuhambisa amatikiti, kunye neeplani zokulungisa uhambo sele ziphucule amava omsebenzisi. Oorhulumente banokuyinyusa le ntsingiselo ngemigaqo-nkqubo yogcino-lwazi evulekileyo – umzekelo, ukwenza ugcino-lwazi lwexesha lokwenene lwesithuthi lube khona ngokukhululekileyo ukwenzela abaphuhlisi benkqubo. Ezinye izixeko, njenge Helsinki, zizama “ukusebenza njengenkonzo” (MaaS) amaqonga adibanisa uthutho, ibhayisekile-ibhayisekile, kwaye akhwele kwikhusi enye. [[FLT: 0] iMaaS Alliance nguvimba oluncedo kwindlela inkqubo enokuba ixhasa ngayo ulwando.

Izenzo Ezizinzileyo Noluvo

Ngaphezu kwama-40 amazwe kunye nezixeko ezininzi zibhengeze iinjongo zokutshintshela kuoduladula abahamba nooduladula abaqeshiweyo abahambayo. Irhafu karhulumente kunye nerhafu iqhuba ukuthengwa koodula be-cell bepetroli nombane ne-hydrogen. EYurophu, i-Chreac Vehicles Directive igunyazisa ipesenti ethile yoodula abacocekileyo kwiinqanawa zikawonke-wonke. Le nkqubo inciphisa unyuso lwekharbon yohambo kodwa ikwafuna unyuso oluphezulu noqeqesho kubasebenzi abagcina i-enjini.

Ulungiso-nkqubo:

Phambili koorhulumente abacingayo bahamba ngaphaya kwenkonzo yesiko ejikiweyo. Iindawo ezidibanisa izitishi zebhasi, izitishi zebhayisekile, kunye nokukhwela itreyi ejikelezayo kukwenza kube lula ukuxubanisa iindlela. Kwi-demand “microtranstit” iinkonzo – ezisetyenziswayo ngemichwethezene encinci – zingazalisa izithuba kwiindawo ezisezantsi. Iinkqubo zesikhokelo kumadolobha afana ne-cramento ne-Berlin zibonise ukuba umanyano lukawonke-wonke lunganweba uthumelo ngaphandle kokusetyenziswa kakhulu kwezixhobo.

Unxulumano noluntu

Xa oorhulumente bebandakanya abakhweli kunye namaqela asekuhlaleni ekucebeni izigqibo, iinkonzo ezilandelayo zifanelekile kwaye zisetyenziswa ngcono. Iinkqubo zoqingqo-mali (umz. eToronto) ziye zavumela abemi ukuba bavote apho iindlela zoduladula ziphinda-phindeka khona. Umanyano olunjalo lwakha ukuthembana kwaye luqinisekisa ukuba imali elinganiselweyo isetyenziswa apho zibaluleke kakhulu khona.

Isiphumo: Ilizwi lakho Kwinkqubo Yomgaqo-nkqubo Wonikezelo

Ngokuya kuthethwa nguwonke-wonke, ngokusuka nje kuvele – kwakhiwa, kuxhaswa, kwaye kugcinwa ngothotho lweemeko zezobupolitika. Ukuqonda indlela izigqibo zikarhulumente ezichaphazela ngayo yonke into ukususela kubuninzi bebhasi ukuya kunyulo lomkhweli kunye nommi. Ngokuya kuphulaphula izindululo zikawonke-wonke, ukuvota kunyulwa konyulo, nokuxhasa amaqela oonothwali-mthetho, ungakwazi ukuncedisa ekulungiseni inkqubo yokuthutha oxhomekeke kuyo. Njengoko izixeko zijongana nocelomngeni oludibeneyo lwemozulu, ukulingana kwezoqoqosho, kunye nokwaluphala, ukulingana kwendlela yokuthutha abantu kuya kuxhomekeka ngakumbi ekuthengisweni kukawonke wonke. Ixesha elizayo ukhwela uduladula udula okanye uloliwe, khumbula: amava owenziwe ngesigqibo owenziweyo kwiminyaka edluleyo – kwaye izwi lakho libumba uhambo lwakho ngomsongomso.