Isiseko somGaqo-siseko senkonzo yeJury

Ilungelo lokuvavanywa kwetyala libekwe kwi IsiHlaliso se-Sixhwele somGaqo-siseko wase-U.S., oqinisekisa ukuba ityala lejaji elibanjwe ngokukhawuleza nangetyala likawonke-wonke ligwetywa yinkundla yetyala likarhulumente nesithili apho ulwaphulo-mthetho lwenzeke khona. [ISinyuko se-FLT] [[FLT:] esithe] esingakumbi kufuna ukuba ikomkhulu okanye ulwaphulo-mthetho olubini lumangalelwe kuphela emva kwetyala omkhulu. [FFF] [5], ngexesha eliphambili lokugwetywa kwetyala [FF] [5] [5], ezi zizinto zomququluko zomthetho ophezulu, nganye ezisebenza umsebenzi osemthethweni kodwa osemthethweni kwinkqubo yokulawula yezobulungisa eMelika. [FT]

Umsebenzi we Jury unelungelo kunye noxanduva. I-odologo yorhulumente osemthethweni we-ase-U. iphepha labachopheli-tyala ichaza ukuba ummi ngamnye omdala unokubizwa ukuba akhonze. Ukuqonda umahluko phakathi kwabalawuli abakhulu kunye nabasebenzi bejaji abaphezulu akuncedi nje kuphela abantu abalungiselela inkonzo kodwa kuqinisa ukukhanya nokulunga kwenkqubo esemthethweni. Ngasezantsi sihlolisisa uhlobo ngalunye ngobunzulu, kuquka imbali yabo, ukhetho, imisebenzi, namava aluncedo.

Yintoni Ibhiyozo Elikhulu?

I-avareji ezukileyo liqela labemi abaququzelelwa ukuphanda ihambo enokuba yizezolwaphulo-mthetho nokugqiba ukuba kukho unobangela ogxekiweyo [[FLT: 0] wokukhupha ityala ````ityala''''. Ngokungafaniyo nejaji eligwebayo, ijaji elikhulu aligqibi ukuba linetyala okanye limsulwa. Umsebenzi walo kukujonga ukuba ubungqina bomtshutshisi bukwanele kusini na ukuqukunjelwa. I-Grand jugeri isebenza ngokuyintloko kumgangatho karhulumente na kumazwe amaninzi, nangona amanye amazwe esebenzisa iindlebe zobungangameli bokuquququzeleli-tyala endaweni yokumangalelwa kwetyala ityala entloko.

Ubungakanani kunye nokwakhiwa

Amaqumrhu amakhulu eejaji aquka 16 ukuya kuma-23 egqire, kunye nokokuba ali-12 afuna ukuvumelana kwityala. Lo mlinganiselo mkhulu ubonisa ubume bophengululo lomzimba: amalungu amaninzi avumela uluvo olubanzi njengoko ehlola ubungqina obuvela kumangqina amaninzi nakumaxwebhu.

Ukuqhubeka Kuyimfihlo

Izityholo eziphambili zochotho-tyala ziqhutywa kuseseko olunzulu . Akukho mgwebi ukhoyo; kuphela umtshutshisi omkhulu, umtshutshisi, umchola-cholacholi-chokoza, namangqina ayavunyelwa. Abamangalelwayo negqwetha labo abakhuselayo abakho. Isifuba sifeza iinjongo ezininzi: sikhuthaza amangqina ukuba athethe ngokukhululekileyo, akhusele igama elihle labasenokuba bangaba batyholwayo, kwaye sithintele amaxhoba ekusabeni okanye ekuphakatheni ngobungqina. ISiko sejaji esiphenduli sinika ingqwalaselo epheleleyo yobomi. ISiko seJaviyo samaLungile sinikela ingcaciso esincucucuthelweyo [[FLT:]]

Umsebenzi Womtshutshisi

Ngokungafaniyo nejaji eligwebayo, elivayo ngokumangalelwa nangokuzithethelela, inkundla ebalaseleyo yabachopheli-tyala iva kuphela ubungqina bomtshutshisi. Umtshutshisi unikela amaxwebhu, ubungqina obungqinelanayo, kunye nobungqina obuphathekayo. Abachopheli-mthetho abakhulu bangabuza imibuzo kwaye bacele ubungqina obungakumbi. Ukuba bakholelwa ukuba bukho ubungqina obaneleyo bokutyholwa, babuyisa “umthetho wenyani”; kungenjalo, ababuyiyo“imali.” Umtshutshisi unelungelo lokugqiba ukuba ngawaphi amatyala afanele asiwe //owona basemagqweletshe aphambili abachopheli-tyala abaqalayo abagwebi abaqalayo ngurhulumente.

Ubude benkonzo

Inkonzo yabachopheli-tyala ebanzi ingaphezulu kakhulu kunomsebenzi wetyala opheliswe ngokusemthethweni. Amaqumrhu aphezulu eejaji angasebenza ukuya kutsho 18 iinyanga, intlanganiso kanye okanye kabini ngeveki okanye iibhloko zeentsuku. Iijaji ezinkulu zeRhulumente zisoloko zisebenza ngokufutshane, njengenyanga enye. Ngenxa yozibopho olude, abagqwesi abakhulu basoloko bekhutshelwa kwezinye iinkonzo zoburhulumente ngexesha labo.

Yintoni Inyukliya Yepetit?

Ijaji egwebayo, ekwabizwa ngokuba liququzelela ityala, liqela labemi abava ubungqina neempikiswano kwinkundla yenkundla ukunikela isigqibo ````enotyala'' okanye angenatyala kwityala lolwaphulo-mthetho, okanye abekek' icala okanye angenatyala kwityala letyala le-orhulumente. Iijaji ezingoontanga basoloko bechanabeka “ebugwebeni boontanga babo'. Zibalulekile kwimidlalo yenkundla yenkundla.

Ubungakanani kunye nokwakhiwa

Kumatyala asekuhlaleni, amaqumrhu ejaji e-awunt adla ngokuba ne-6 ukuya kwi12 yejaji. Iimvavanyo zolwaphulo-mthetho ziqhele ukusebenzisa izijunga ezilishumi elinambini , nangona amanye amazwe evumela ukuba zibembalwa. Umlinganiselo omncinci uvumela ukuqwalasela nokukhuthaza igqiza ngalinye ukuba lithathe inxaxheba. Kwimeko zolwaphulo-mthetho, isigqibo kufuneka sidibane (ngaphandle kokuba urhulumente uvumele izigqibo ezingezizo, nangona iNkundla Ephakamileyo isomgaqo-mthetho isithi isithiye yakuba igqibelela). Izigwebo zoburhulumente azifuni ukuba zivumelane kwezinye izithuba.

Uphuhliso Lwaseluntwini

Ngokungafaniyo neentlanganiso ezinkulu zejaji, ukuchophela amatyala angaphantsi kwetyala lityala li- uluntu lonke. Nabani na (kuquka iintatheli, amalungu entsapho, kunye nowonke-wonke) uyakwazi ukuphawula. Oku kungqina ukuba ukujongana nokuphendulana nokuvumela uluntu ukuba ityala lenziwe. Ityala likhokelwa ngumgwebi, olawula imibango engokwasemthethweni kwaye uyalela abachopheli-mthetho. Zombini izityholo (okanye i-pointer) kunye nobungqina obukhoyo kunye neempikiswano. Indima yejaji ye-jaji imelelo imele ifumane izibakalazo zemali kwaye isebenzise umthetho njengoko kukuyalelwe.

Idire ne Jury

Abalawuli bejaji abaphezulu bakhethwa kwinkqubo ebizwa ngokuba i-oyile enkulu, apho ijaji negqwetha babuza khona ukuba abagwebi banokubhenca uqhekeko okanye ungquzulwano lwenzala. Icala ngalinye lingabetha inani elisikelweyo lejaji ngenxa yesizathu (ukuba ucalucalulo lumisiwe) okanye ukusebenzisa imingeni yokucinezela ukugxotha abalawuli ngaphandle kokunika isizathu (ngokubhekiselele ekuchaseni kwimithetho echasa ukrusa-antre). Oku kwahluka ngokukhethwa kwejaji enkulu, apho i-gevioojojo eyingozi inci encinane okanye ingekho mfini ngenxa yokuba abagcupheli abakhulu abalawuli abalawulayo abanyameli abalawuli abaphumeleli betyalayo.

Ubude benkonzo

Inkonzo yabachopheli-tyala idla ngokuba mfutshane kunenkonzo ezukileyo yabachopheli-tyala, ukususela kusuku olunye (ukuba ayikhethwanga) ukuya kwixesha lokuvavanywa kwetyala. Izilingo zingahlala ukususela ngosuku olunye ukuya kwiinyanga eziliqela kwiimeko ezininzi ezintsonkothileyo. Iinkundla ezininzi zilandela “usuku olunye okanye ityala elinye”, ithetha ukuba xa umchopheli-tyala equlunqa icala, zenziwa ngaphandle kokuba ziphinde zibizwe kamva.

Umahluko Oyintloko Phakathi Kwezilawuli Ezikhulu Neziqhubi

Ukuqonda le milinganiselo kunceda abemi baqonde isizathu sokuba babizwe kwimisebenzi eyahlukahlukeneyo yokuchophela amatyala noko kufunwa yindima nganye.

Feature Grand Jury Petit Jury
Purpose Determine probable cause for indictment Determine guilt, innocence, or liability at trial
Number of Jurors 16–23 federal; varies by state 6–12 (typically 12 in criminal)
Presence of Judge No judge; prosecutor leads Judge presides over trial
Presence of Defense No defense present Defense and prosecution both present
Secrecy Secret proceedings Public trial (with exceptions for closed hearings)
Verdict Requirement At least 12 concur for indictment Unanimous in criminal (mostly); civil may vary
Term of Service Up to 18 months (federal); meets intermittently Duration of one trial (days to months)
Decision Format Indictment (true bill) or no bill Verdict (guilty/not guilty, liable/not liable)

Inkqubela yoKhetho lwe Jury kwinkcukacha

Uhambo olusuka ekufumaneni isimemo sokuhlala njengejaji lubandakanya amanqanaba aliqela. Ngoxa isiseko solwakhiwo sifana kumaqumrhu aphezulu nawamaqumrhu agqibileyo, umahluko ongundoqo ukhona kwindlela abagwebi abaxhonywa ngayo nabakhethwa ngayo.

Jury

Abagwebi abathenjiweyo bakhethwa ngokuzenzekelayo kuluhlu olufana nobhaliso lwevoti, iirekhodi zephepha-mvume lomqhubi, neencwadi zerhafu. Iposi ifuna ukuba umamkeli avele kwindlu yenkundla ngomhla othile. Ukungaphumeleli ukuphendula kungaphumela kwintelekelelo okanye ukudelelwa kwenkundla. Iinkundla ezininzi ngoku zivumela ikhompyutha izicelo zokuhlola kunye nezicelo zomqhubi. U.S. iinkundla zichaza izicelo kunye nenkqubo ye-consotion system .

Ubuchule Nokukhupha

Asinguye wonke umntu okufanelekelayo ukukhonza. Iimfuno ezisisiseko ziquka ubumi base-U.S., ubudala (ngokuqhelekileyo obuli-18 okanye ngaphezulu), ukuhlala kwisithili sezomthetho, nokukwazi ukuqonda isiNgesi. Abantu abanezimvo ezingalunganga (amalungelo angenazo iinkonzo abuyiselweyo) okanye abo bangakwaziyo ukusebenza ngengqondo okanye ngokomzimba basenokungafezeki. Iinkundla zikwanika abasebenzi ababuthathaka (umz., imibango yezamayeza, imisebenzi ekuphela kwemisebenzi). Kwimimandla emininzi, iingcali ezithile (imikhosi esebenzayo, amagosa amapolisa, amagqwetha asemagcisa) ziyakhuselwa kwinkonzo entle yabachopheli-jaji kodwa zisenokusebenza kwimiqatha.

Umculo Onomtsalane

Kwityala labachopheli-tyala, i-voir idla ngokubekwa ngengozi kwinkundla evulekileyo. Ijaji namagqwetha babuza imibuzo elungiselelwe ukutyhila ucalucalulo, umzekelo, “Ngaba uyamazi ummangalelwa?” "Ngaba uzenzele uluvo ngalo mba?” Abagwebi bangabethwa ngenxa yokuba bayavuma ukuba iimeko zicalucalucalucalulo okanye ukuthethelela. Icala ngalinye liyamkela inani lemingeniswana (umhla nesithathu kwityala loluntu; 10 kwimicimbi yolwaphulo-mthetho yorhulumente). Olu celomngeni luvumela amagqwetha ukuba akhuphe ngaphandle kokuchaza isizathu, logama nje isizathu singasekelwanga kwi-lihlanga okanye ebufanani. Injongo inguluhlu olulungileyo nokhetho.

Ukhetho

Ukhetho lwabachopheli-tyala olugqibeleleyo alucingisisi kakhulu. Abachopheli beejaji abazukileyo badla ngokuncitshiswa njengeqela kunokuba bancinwe njengabantu ngabanye. Ijaji ibuza ngokuqhelekileyo ngeemfaneleko ezisisiseko nangaluphi na ulwazi lwamatyala asenokuvela phambi kwejaji. Ngenxa yokuba amaqumrhu amakhulu asebenza amabinzana amade kwaye aphulaphule amatyala amaninzi ahlukeneyo (kuquka lawo angekabi owaziwayo), akunamsebenzi ukuvavanya iimkhethe ezinxulumene nabamangalelwa abathile ababalulekileyo. Noko ke, ukuba umbuthi omkhulu uyazi ixhoba, asenokukhuselwa kuloo mbambano okanye ixhoba. Inkundla iquququzelisane ne-ofisi ye-U.S.

Ukukhonza Njengomngcwabi Ozukileyo: Oko Uza Kukulindela

Ukuba ukhethwe njengegcisa elibalaseleyo, kufuneka ulungiselele imbopheleleko yexesha elininzi. Amaqumrhu aphezulu eejaji asoloko edibana iintsuku okanye ezimbini ngeveki ukuya kwiinyanga ezili-18. Amaqumrhu eejaji elizwe asenokuba namabinzana amafutshane kodwa afuna ukubakho rhoqo. Uza kuva ubungqina kubatshutshisi namangqina. Umtshutshisi uza kuchaza umthetho, kwaye uza kuxubusha izibakala emva kwentshumayelo nganye. Ungavota kwiityala ezininzi ngexesha lakho.

Enye inkalo engaqhelekanga kukuba abalawuli abakhulu bejaji bangabuza imibuzo ngqo kumangqina, “‘ into ethile engenakuyenza. Ungacela nenye into eyongezelelekileyo. I-atmosfera ayisesikweni kunetyala, kodwa izigqibo zinzima. Ityala aliyosiqinisekiso, kodwa limisela inkqubo yesaphuli-mthetho ehambayo. Imfuneko yokufihla akuvumelekanga ukuba uxubushe ngemicimbi nabani na (ngaphandle kwabanye abalawuli abaphezulu ngexesha lokucalula). Kwanasemva kokuba isiphelo setyala, awumele utyhile oko kwenzeka kwigumbi elikhulu labachobi.

Imali ehlawulwa ngabagqwesi-jusi abaphezulu iyahluka. Abasebenzi abaphezulu bejaji bafumana ii-50 (R250) ngosuku ngalunye lwenkonzo (kusukela ngo-2025), kunye nemali yokuhlawula yohambo. Amanye amazwana ahlawula imali encinane, ngoxa amanye ehlawula ngaphezulu. Umqeshi wakho akanyanzelekanga ukukuhlawula, kodwa abaninzi bayawuhlawula umsebenzi wejaji. Ukuba ujongene neengxaki zemali ezinkulu, ungacela ukukhuselwa.

Ukukhonza Njengomsitho Ofumileyo: Oko Uza Kukulindela

Abalawuli bamatyala bafumana inkqubo yokuvavanya ngokupheleleyo. Emva kokukhetha, ufungelwa ngaphakathi kwaye uyalelwa ngumgwebi. Ityala liqala ngomlomo wokuqala, lilandelwe kukunikezelwa kobungqina: amangqina, umboniso, yaye maxa wambi ubungqina obuyingcaciso. Omabini amacala anethuba lokunqumla i-examine. Emva kokuba ubungqina buvaliwe, ijaji inika imiyalelo yemithetho esemthethweni omele uyisebenzise. Ngoko ke ufanele usebenzise ngabom.

Xa usenza iqhinga, awunakunxibelelana nomntu ongaphandle kwenkundla yokuchophela amatyala , akukho mfonomfono, akukho luphando lwe-intanethi, akukho kuxubusha ngetyala nentsapho. Injongo kukufikelela isigqibo esisekelwe kwisiqinisekiso esinikelwe enkundleni. Ukuba awunakufikelela kwisigqibo esidibeneyo (kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho), ijaji isenokuvakalisa ityala eliphosakeleyo, yaye ityala lingaphinda licinywe. Kumatyala asekuhlaleni, amanye amagunya avumela isigqibo esininzi. Abaxhasi be-jubri kufuneka bangakhethi kwaye baphulaphule zonke iimbono phambi kovota.

Amava anokuba namandla ngokweemvakalelo, ingakumbi kumatyala olwaphulo-mthetho abandakanya ukumangalelwa okunzulu. Inkundla inika amakhefu kwaye isoloko inikela iinkonzo zokuxhasa xa kuyimfuneko. Inkoliso yamatyala ahlatywayo afakwa kwiityala eziphezulu kuphela; ngokuqhelekileyo, ubuyela ekhaya suku ngalunye.

Ukubhalisa kuyafana nemali ehlawulwa ngabachopheli-tyala abaphezulu kodwa kusenokuba ngaphantsi ngemini ngenxa yokuba eli thuba lifutshane. Abanye abaqeshi bongeza umvuzo ophantsi wenkundla. Jonga kwinkqubo yenkundla yeli lizwe lakho ukuze ufumane iimali ezithe ngqo.

Ukubaluleka Kokungakhethi Buso Nokufihlakaliswa

Nokuba usebenza njengelungu elikhulu lejaji okanye i-jurger ephezulu, ufunga ukuba awunamkhethe kwaye ulandela umthetho. Ukungakhethi buso kuthetha ukubeka bucala iimbono zobuqu, ikhethe, okanye uvelwano. Kufuna ukuphulaphula ubungqina ngaphandle kokugqiba. Imfihlelo kubaphathi abakhulu iphelele kwaye ihlala ihleli. Abalawuli abagcina intloko-mthetho bahlala ixesha elide kuphela de isigqibo sivakaliswe (naxa maxa wambi kuthe kwakho isigwebo esithe sayalelwa). Kodwa nasemva kwesigqibo, abalawuli abalawuli abasoloko bemagxam, akunyanzelekanga ukuba baxubushe izindululo zabo ngaphandle kokuba bekhethe. Iinkundla ezininzi zikhuthaza abalawuli bejaji ukuba bathethe kumaziko eendaba okanye abaphandi, kodwa akukho namnye umntu onokubanyanze.

Ukungakhethi kusenokuba lucelomngeni kwisizukulwana se-media yezentlalo kunye neendaba zexesha lama-24. Abagwebi kufuneka baphephe ulwazi olungaphandle ngetyala. Ijaji izakuyalela ukuba ungafundi amanqaku eendaba, ubukele iingxelo zikamabonwakude, okanye uphengulule kwi-intanethi. Ukwaphula imiyalelo kungakhokelela kwityala eliphosakeleyo nakwidelelo lenkundla. Kubalawuli abazukileyo, umthetho wokufihla imfihlo kukwathetha ukuba awunakuxelela nabani na/uquka abahlobo okanye intsapho yakho ngokubona okanye ngobungqina obuvileyo.

Imbono Eqhelekileyo Ngemisebenzi Ephosakeleyo

Ngaphantsi sicacisa ezona zizathu ziqhelekileyo zokungaqondani:

  • [[FLT: 0]“ Iiqumrhu Ezikhulu zisoloko zikhupha isigwebo.” Ngelixesha kuyinyaniso ukuba abagqwesi- mkhosi bavumela uninzi lwabatshutshisi (ngokuba abatshutshisi abakhoyo kuphela bakholelwa ukuba amatyala omeleleyo), iijaji ezinkulu ngamanye amaxesha ziyabuya “akukho mithetho.” Abazizo nje izitampu zerabha: banamandla okulahla ubungqina obubuthathaka.
  • [[FLT: 0]“ Abagwebi bejaji bagqiba isigwebo. Kumagunya amaninzi, ijaji igqiba isigwebo. Abachopheli betyala bagqiba kuphela ukuba netyala okanye ityala. Kwezinye iimeko zesohlwayo sentambo, iijaji zingancomela isigwebo, kodwa oko kukwahluka.
  • uyakwazi ukuphuma kwinkonzo yabachopheli-tyala ngokucela ubunzima.” Ingcebiso zobunzima ziyafumaneka, kodwa kufuneka zibe zenyani, umzekelo, ukulahlekelwa kwemali okungenakuncitshiswa, iimeko zezonyango, okanye ukuba yedwa umgcini wesalamane esikhulileyo. Iinkundla azilamkeli izingxengxezo ezingeyomfuneko.
  • [[FLT: 0]“ Iiqumrhu Ezikhulu zonyuso zezemeko zikarhulumente kuphela.” Amazwe amaninzi akwasebenzisa iijaji ezinkulu kwityala elinzulu, nangona amanye exhomekeke kwizandulela zokuva. Iyahluka ngokomthetho wesizwe. Khangela inkqubo karhulumente wakho.
  • [[FLT: 0] "Xa usebenze, awuzukubizwa kwakhona.” Ungabizwa kwakhona, nangona uninzi lwemithetho yelizwe inexesha elilungileyo," ngokufuthi unyaka omnye ukuya kwisibini, emva kwayo ofanelekileyo kwakhona. Imithetho yomanyano ikuvumela ukuba ubizwe rhoqo kwiminyaka emibini.

Isiphelo

Umsebenzi we Jury ungomnye wezona ndlela zingqalileyo abemi abathatha inxaxheba kuzo ulawulo lwezobulungisa. Ukuqonda iindima ezahlukileyo zabalawuli abaphezulu nabalawuli abaphezulu kunceda ukukhupha izimemo namandla okusebenza ngokunempumelelo. Ukuba ukhethwe ukuba uphande kwaye ugwebe njengejaji enkulu okanye uvavanye ubungqina njengomphathi wejaji, inkonzo yakho ixhasa imigaqo yesiseko yokusesikweni, ukubonakala ngokukhanyayo, nokuziphendulela. Xa ufumana kwakhona izicelo zabachopheli-tyala, uya kuqonda umahluko obalulekileyo phakathi kwale misebenzi emibini ebalulekileyo ye-orhulumente.

Kwizibonelelo ezigunyazisiweyo kwinkonzo yabachopheli-tyala, tyelela U.S. iphepha lenkonzo yabachopheli-tyala okanye jonga Cornell Legin Information Institute ye-metacity ye-application ye-.