Ukwazisa: Isiseko sokuphendula korhulumente

Umgaqo wokuzikhusela kwizifo ezizimeleyo ubusoloko usebenza njengesiseko somthetho osemthethweni kulo lonke elaseUnited States. Kubantu abanolwazi olungokwasemthethweni, amagosa karhulumente, kunye nabaphengululi, ukuqonda ukukhuselwa kwamasebe karhulumente kwiimeko zobutyala bamakhaya asiyonto nje efundiswayo kodwa yinto eyimfuneko esebenzisekayo. Le mfundiso imisela ixesha nendlela imikhosi karhulumente enokuba netyala ngayo ngemali okanye ngokusemthethweni ngenxa yomonakalo obangelwa zizenzo zayo, ukutyeshela, okanye ukungakhathali. Ngaphandle kokuyiqonda ngokuqinileyo le ndawo yomthetho, abenzi babeka engozini abaxhasi abaphoxekileyo, ukuphoswa kwemiqathango ephambili, okanye ukungaphumeleli ukukhusela abasebenzi be-ofisi karhulumente.

Amasebe esizwe kunye namasebe esizwe asebenza phantsi kwewebhu entsonkothileyo yokhuseleko kunye neentlobo ezingafaniyo ngokuphawulekayo ngokolawulo. Ngeli xesha ingcamango yesiseko ihlala ingaguquguquki ̬ ukuba umlawuli akanakumangalelwa ngaphandle kwemvume yakhe i̬ isicelo sangoku siguqukele kwisiseko sobuchule bokulungelelanisa umsebenzi karhulumente kunye namalungelo omntu ngamnye. Eli nqaku linika uvavanyo olunegunya lwemeko yentlalo, ukuhlolisisa iingcambu zembali, iisiseko zemithetho yesiseko, ii-athoriograli, ii-atractures, iinxanxa-ntloko, kunye neziphumo ezisebenzayo zokulungisa.

Yintoni Umanyano Olungalawulekiyo?

Imfundiso esemthethweni yokukhusela ukhuseleko loburhulumente ekukhuseleni oorhulumente ukuba bangamangalelwa ngaphandle kwemvume yabo ecacileyo. Ngokwembali esekelwe kumthetho oqhelekileyo wesiNgesi, lo mgaqo usuka kwisindululo esithi "ukumkani akanakwenza nto iphosakeleyo" le ngcamango yasiwa eMelika, apho yayikhuselwa okokuqala koorhulumente besizwe kwityala loluntu. Noko ke, ngokuhamba kwexesha le mfundiso iye yatshintshwa ngokubhekiselele kakhulu ngomthetho, amalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko, kunye nokucaciswa kwemithetho.

EUnited States, ukhuseleko oluphezulu lusebenza kumanqanaba orhulumente worhulumente kunye nowaseUnited States. Kumgangatho wesizwe, iFederal Tort Peaps (FTCA) Act inikezela ngomgaqo olinganiselweyo wokuthintela ukunqanda, uvumela abathile ukuba bathethe ngokuchasene neUnited States. Kumgangatho worhulumente, ulawulo ngalunye lunemimiselo yalo yezokhuselo lobukhosi, imimiselo, nemizekelo eqhelekileyo yomthetho. Isiphumo sisesahlulo sokhuselo esifuna uhlalutyo olulukileyo phambi kokuba kuziswa nayiphi na into efunwa lisebe okanye umbutho wombuso.

Le mfundiso isebenza imisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo. Ikhusela ubuncwane babantu ekuncitshisweni yimiba yokumangalelwa, igcina ubuchule bukarhulumente ekwenzeni inkqubo, kwaye ithintele ijaji ekuphazameni imisebenzi yegunya neyowiso-mthetho. Abahlalutyi bathi ukuthintelwa kwemida egqunyweyo kunokushiya abantu bengakhange bafumane uncedo lwengozi yokwenene ebangelwa kukungakhathali kukarhulumente. Olu xinezeleko phakathi kokuphendula koxanduva kunye nomsebenzi karhulumente ukwintliziyo yomthetho wezokhuselo lwale mihla.

Indaleko Engokwembali Yokungavisisani Kolawulo Olungalawulekiyo

Ukuqonda kwale mihla ukuthintelwa kwesebe lephondo kuye kwayilwa ziinkulungwane zokuphuhliswa komthetho. Kumaxesha aphakathi eNgilani, iSithsaba sasingenakumangalelwa kwiinkundla zaso ngaphandle kwemvume yaso. Le mfundiso yamkelwa ngamazwe aseMerika alandela inkululeko, nangona kwakuneenguqu ezinkulu ezibonakalisa imigaqo yeriphabliki.

Ngenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba, iinkundla zaseMerika ngokuqhelekileyo zasebenzisa iisuti zokukhusela ulawulo oluphezulu, ngokufuthi zisebenzisa iimpahla ngokungqongqo nxamnye noorhulumente bamazwe kwanakwiimeko zokungakhathali okucacileyo. Oku kwaqalisa ukutshintsha ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini njengoko amazwe aye aqonda imfuneko yokuziphendulela kwilizwe elintsonkothileyo. Amaphondo amaninzi awiswa izicelo zokuzikhusela kwimiqathango ethile ngoxa ekwazi ukuyigcina isebenza ngendlela ecacileyo.

Inkundla ePhakamileyo yase United States iphinde yenza indima ebalulekileyo ekuxonxeni umthetho wokhuseleko lwezongamele. Kwimeko ezinjenge Hans v. Louisiana (1890), iNkundla yaqinisekisa ukuba uLawulo lweMpumezo-Mvulo-Mbindi-nye jikelele ubophe iishefu zeshefu ezichasene namazwe kwinkundla yesizwe. Kamva izigqibo, ziquka Ex eYoung [08], ikhutshelwe ngaphandle kwempahla ezivumela iisuti ezichasene namagosa ombuso ukuba afumane uncedo olulindelekileyo. La matyala asisiseko ayaqhubeka ephembelela amaqhinga asetyenziswa kwinkundla yomthetho.

Indlu yowiso-mthetho yesizwe iphendule kwinkqubela-phambili yomthetho ngokumisela imimiselo ebanzi yokukhusela umzimba. Amanye amatyala amkele uMthetho weSikhundla sikawonke-wonke we-Uniform Lication Linuty , ngoxa amanye egcina iinkqubo ezizodwa zobuPrototho-mthetho. Utyekelo ngaphezu kwesiqingatha senkulungwane edlulileyo belukujolise kuxanduva olukhulu, ngoku kukho amazwe amaninzi anika abantu indlela ethile yokufuna ii-redres ngokuchasene nemikhosi karhulumente.

Ukusetyenziswa kwamaSebe kaRhulumente kunye neZibonelelo

Amasebe karhulumente namasebe afumana ukhuseleko oluzimeleyo kunye namasebe afumana ulawulo njengendlela yokwandiswa kwephondo ngokwalo. Oku kuthetha ukuba amasebe anjengesebe lezothutho, amasebe ezonyango kawonke-wonke, amaziko emfundo, kunye namasebe okugcinwa komthetho akhuselwe ngokuqhelekileyo kwiimfanelo zamakhaya ezivela kwimisebenzi yawo yasemthethweni. Noko ke, umgangatho woku kukhuselwa uyahluka ngokuphawulekayo kuxhomekeka kwisebe elithile, uhlobo lomsebenzi othethwayo, kunye nomthetho wezomthetho karhulumente osebenzayo.

Imisebenzi yolungiselelo

Enye yezona zibalulekileyo zokwahlula kwisebe lesizwe lokukhusela ukukhuselwa kwemeko kuphakathi kwemisebenzi yobuchule kunye nolungiselelo. Imisebenzi yobulumko ibandakanya imigwebo yenkqubo, ucwangciso, kunye nokwenza izigqibo kumgangatho wolawulo. Le misebenzi idla ngokukhuselwa yinkqubo yokuzikhusela ngokwamandla kuba iinkundla ziyamathidala kwimigaqo karhulumente yokukhetha isibini ukuyisebenzisa. Ngokuchaseneyo, imisebenzi yobulungiseleli ibandakanya ukuphunyezwa kwemigaqo-nkqubo emiselweyo okanye ukwenziwa kwemisebenzi yesiqhelo.

Iinkundla ziye zazama ukulwa nolwahluko kwiimeko ezininzi eziyinyaniso. Umzekelo, isigqibo sesebe lezothutho lorhulumente malunga nendawo yokubeka unxibelelwano lohola wendlela singumyalelo oqhelekileyo kwaye sixhomekeke kwisuti. Kodwa ke, ukusilela komsebénzi wokulungisa umngxuma owaziwayo ohambelanayo nenkqubo yesebe kusenokuba kulungiselelo kwaye kusenokulichanaba isebe kwityala. Umgca phakathi kwezi ntlobo zimbini usoloko usenza inyani kwaye ufuna uhlalutyo olucocoselelo lwesigqibo okanye isenzo esingqalileyo kwinkupho.

Imisebenzi yoRhulumente

Omnye umahluko obalulekileyo ofunyanwa kwimimiselo emininzi yokhuseleko lwamazwe yimisebenzi yepropita kunye neyorhulumente. Imisebenzi yorhulumente yimisebenzi engoorhulumente abakhethekileyo kwindalo, enjengokunyanzeliswa komthetho, ukufundiswa kwabantu, nokuqokelelwa kwerhafu. Imisebenzi yezonyango inokwenziwa ngamalungu azimeleyo, njengokusebenzisa isibonelelo, ukusebenza kwigalaji yokupaka, okanye ukulawula inkqubo yegalufu kamasipala.

Amaphondo amaninzi anikela ukhuseleko olubanzi lokukhusela imisebenzi karhulumente kunemisebenzi ye-propritary. Ingqiqo kukuba xa isebe likarhulumente libandakanyeka kwimisebenzi ekhuphisanayo noshishino lwabucala, kufuneka lithotyelwe imithetho efanayo yetyala kunye neyalo labucala. Noko ke, lo mahluko ugxekwe njengowemvelo kwaye upheliswe kwezinye iindawo. Abakhuphi-mthetho kufuneka baqinisekise ukuba urhulumente wabo uyawugcina lo mahluko nendlela iinkundla eziwusebenzise ngayo kwiimeko ezinxulumene nawo.

Imfundiso Yemibandela Kawonke - wonke

Imfundiso yenkonzo kawonke-wonke inxulumene ngokusondeleyo nokhuseleko lolawulo oluphezulu kwaye inikezela ngomaleko owongezelelekileyo wokhuseleko kumasebe karhulumente. Phantsi kwale mfundiso, amaqumrhu karhulumente afanele asebenze kuwonke wonke kakhulu kunokuba anikwe abemi ngabanye. Ngoko ke, umchasi akanako ukufumana umonakalo osekelwe ekuphuleni umsebenzi okudla ngokwabiwa kuluntu kunokuba kunikelwe ngokukhethekileyo kumntu oqhelekileyo.

Imfundiso yomsebenzi kawonke-wonke idla ngokuvela kwiimeko ezibandakanya ukugcinwa komthetho kunye neenkonzo zongxamiseko. Umzekelo, ukusilela kwesebe lamapolisa ukuphendula kwisicelo soncedo kusenokusebenza ukuba isebe linolwalamano olukhethekileyo nexhoba okanye lithathe inyathelo elikhethekileyo elidala ukukholosa. Noko ke, xa lingekho iimeko ezinjalo, iinkundla zisoloko ziqinisekisa ukuba umsebenzi wokunikela ukhuseleko lwamapolisa uqhuba eluntwini, kwaye abemi ngabanye abanakumangalelwa ngenxa yokungakhathaleli kwalo.

Iintlobo zoMgaqo-nkqubo:

Ukhuseleko lwesebe lephondo lungahlawulwa lube ziintlobo ezimbini ezingundoqo: ukhuseleko olupheleleyo kunye nokhuseleko olufanelekileyo. Ukuqonda umahluko phakathi kwezi ntlobo kubalulekile ekuvavanyeni ukufaneleka kwalo naluphi na ulawulo lwequmrhu lorhulumente okanye amagosa alo.

Ugqibo Olupheleleyo

Ukhuseleko olupheleleyo lokukhusela uphelelo lunikela ukhuseleko olupheleleyo kwiimfanelo zamakhaya kwiindidi ezithile zezenzo zikarhulumente. Olu hlobo lokhuseleko lugcinelwe imisebenzi engoorhulumente abasisiseko nalapho isisongelo sokuzikhusela singaphazamisa ngokungeyomfuneko kwimisebenzi ebalulekileyo. Kumongo wamasebe karhulumente, ukulondolozwa okungacingi kusebenza rhoqo:

  • Imisebenzi yemithetho yesizwe: abamisi-mthetho belizwe abakhuselekanga ngokupheleleyo kwityala labemi kwimisebenzi eyenziwa kwingqungquthela yomsebenzi womthetho osemthethweni. Olu khuselo lwandisa ukuya kumisela iikomiti zowiso-mthetho kunye nabasebenzi abasebenza kumandla owiso-mthetho.
  • Imisebenzi yequmrhu: [ Abagwebi nabasebenzi baselukhundleni abakhuselekanga ngokupheleleyo kwityala lezenzo ezenziwa kumsebenzi wabo wokugweba, nokuba ezo zenzo zityholwa ukuba zenziwe ngolunya okanye ngorhwaphilizo.
  • Imisebenzi yeRhulumente: abatshutshisi bobuRhulumente bakhuseleke ngokupheleleyo kwiisuti zasekuhlaleni ukwenzela izenzo ezithatyathwe kwimisebenzi yabo yokuphendula, kuquka izigqibo zokuba ngaba baza kuqalisa ukutshutshisa nokuba baza kuqalisa kusini na nokuba kusini na nokuba kusini na ukunikela ubungqina.
  • Imisebenzi yequmrhu eliphetheyo: Amanye amazwe andisa ukhuseleko olupheleleyo kumgangatho ophezulu wabaphathi-mikhosi kwizigqibo zenkqubo ezizizo.

Kunzima ukukoyisa ukukhusela okupheleleyo. Lo gama nje igosa okanye isebe lisebenza kumda womsebenzi okhuselekileyo, ukhuselo luyasebenza nakanjanina nomonakalo otyholwayo. Oku kuthetha ukuba kwanesenzo sobubi okanye sobungozi obuzenzekelayo singakhuselwa kwityala lasekuhlaleni ukuba siphakathi kodidi olukhuselwe ngokupheleleyo ngokhuseleko.

Ukungakwazi Ukusebenza

Ukuzikhusela okufanelekileyo kunikela ukhuseleko olulinganiselweyo olunokukoyiswa kwiimeko ezifanelekileyo. Olu hlobo lokuzikhusela ludla ngokunxulunyaniswa nokutyholwa kwamagosa orhulumente ngabanye ngenxa yokwaphulwa kwamalungelo omGaqo-siseko. Le mfundiso ikhusela amagosa kwityala ngaphandle kokuba aphule ngokucacileyo amalungelo omthetho okanye omgaqo-siseko amele ukuba umntu osengqiqweni wawazi.

Uhlalutyo olufanelekileyo lokuzikhusela lubandakanya iiprongs ezimbini. Okokuqala, inkundla kufuneka igqibe enoba umchasi-mthetho uthe wachasa umthetho okanye umthetho wamalungelo. Okwesibini, inkundla kufuneka igqibe enoba elo lungelo lamiselwa ngokucacileyo ngexesha lokwaphulwa kwetyala. Ukuba iprong ayineliswanga, igosa linelungelo lokukhusela. Esi siseko kufuneka siqwalasele urhulumente ngexesha lesiganeko, kungekhona ngexesha lokumangalelwa.

Abaxhasi baphikisa ngelithi ukukhusela amagosa afanelekileyo kuyimfuneko ukukhusela amagosa ekukhuseleni amatyala angenamsebenzi nokuqinisekisa ukuba abasebenzi bakarhulumente bangenza izigqibo ezifanelekileyo ngaphandle koloyiko lomonakalo wemali. Ngaphandle kokuba umntu ejongele phantsi, ukhuseleko lwezokuziphatha okubi luhlala lungakhange lufumane nyango olufanelekileyo.

Izahlulelo kunye nokusikelwa umda kwiSebe leLizwe

Ngoxa ukukhusela ulawulo oluphezulu kunikela ukhuseleko olupheleleyo, asikokugqibelela. Iinkundla kunye nezindlu zowiso-mthetho ziye zavuma iindidi ezininzi ezivumela abantu ukuba bazise izityholo kumasebe karhulumente kwiimeko ezifanelekileyo. Ukuqonda ezi ngxaki kubalulekile kubathathi-nxaxheba abafuna ukuhlawulelwa nabamangalelwa abafuna ukukhusela ukukhusela ukudleka.

Ukwaphulwa komGaqo-siseko

Mhlawumbi eyona nto ibalulekileyo echasene nokhuseleko lwesebe lorhulumente ibandakanya ukuphulwa kwamalungelo omgaqo-siseko. Phantsi kweCandelo loMthetho wamaLungelo ka-1901, abantu ngabanye banokumangalelwa ngurhulumente kunye namagosa karhulumente asekuhlaleni ngenxa yokwaphulwa komGaqo-siseko okanye amalungelo omthetho. Nangona lo mthetho ungawavelisi amalungelo aphantsi, unika isithuthi sokunyanzelisa amalungelo akhoyo ngokuchasene nabadlali bakarhulumente.

Amasebe ephondo kunye namasebe esizwe nawo ngokwawo angongiwayo kwiCandelo 1983 elithenjiswa phantsi koMphetho-mvakalo weshumi elinesi-11. Noko ke, amagosa ngamanye anokumangalelwa kwimfuno yawo yobuqu yokonzakalisa, kwaye iisuti ezilindele ukuthomalalisa zinokuqhubeka ngokuchasene namagosa kumsebenzi wawo osemthethweni. Oku kuthetha ukuba nangona ummeli esenokungakwazi ukuqokelela umonakalo emterekweni wemali karhulumente ngenxa yokwaphulwa komgaqo-siseko, anokufuna umyalelo ofuna ukuba isebe litshintshe imigaqo okanye imigaqo yalo.

Ukusetyenziswa

Amazwe amaninzi athintele ukukhusela ulawulo lwezolawulo xa kuthe kwavela ukusetyenziswa kweenkonzo ezibalulekileyo. Imizekelo eqhelekileyo iquka izibhengezo ezinxulumene nezi:

  • Ugcino lwendlela ephakamileyo: Ukungaphumeleli kwe-Negligent ukugcina iindlela, iibhulorho, kunye nezixhobo zokulawula itrafiki
  • Isiphazamiso sePublic tool: usetyenziso lwamanzi, umkhuseli wendlela yokukhupha amanzi esikhephe, okanye iinkqubo zombane
  • Izakhiwo ze- ezikholisayo: Iimeko eziyingozi kwimpahla karhulumente
  • Inkathalo ye-edict: unyango lwe-Negligent kwizibhedlele ze-stative-run okanye izibonelelo zokulungisa

Noko ke, nalapho ungakhathali okunjalo kuvunyelwa khona, basoloko bephantsi kwemfuno ezingqongqo, kuquka amaxesha amafutshane okuqaphela, iikepusi zomonakalo, kunye nemiqathango kwiintlobo zomonakalo okhoyo. Abaqhubi kufuneka bahlolisise ngenyameko iziphumo zetort yabo ukuze baphawule zonke iimeko ezifanelekileyo, njengoko ukungaphumeleli ukuthobela ezi mfuneko kunokubangela ukurhoxiswa kweli tyala.

Izenzo Ngaphandle Kwecala Lemisebenzi Yaseburhulumenteni

Xa igosa likarhulumente lisebenza ngaphandle komgangatho wemisebenzi yalo esemthethweni, ukukhusela okungakhuselekiyo okuya kusebenza kwisebe likarhulumente. Oku kukhetha kuqonda ukuba ukukhusela ukulawulwa kweliso lomntu kucetyelwe ukukhusela imisebenzi karhulumente, kungekhona ukuziphatha okubi kwabucala okwenzekayo ngumqeshwa karhulumente.

Ukugqiba enoba isenzo sisemgangathweni womsebenzi kufuneka uhlalutyo loonobangela abaliqela, kuquka ukuba ihambo yayiluhlobo lomqeshwa awayeqeshwe ukuba alwenze ngalo, enoba kwenzeka ngexesha nakwimida yesithuba somsebenzi, nokuba yayiqhutywa ubuncinane ngenjongo yokukhonza umqeshi. Ihambo eqhutywa ngokobuqu okanye eqhutywa yinzuzo yangasese ingaphandle komgangatho wempangelo kwaye ayinakukhuselwa yiyo igosa elilawulayo.

Umculo othe ngqo owenziwa yiNgqungquthela okanye yihambo

Amasebe karhulumente angaphazamisa ukukhusela ulawulo oluphezulu ngehambo yawo, ingakumbi ngokungena kwizivumelwano. Xa iqumrhu lorhulumente lisayina isivumelwano, ngokuqhelekileyo lizithobe kwimigaqo efanayo yomthetho esebenza kumaqela angawomntu. Oku kuthetha ukuba isebe lorhulumente linokugwetywa ukuba liphule isivumelwano nokuba ngenye indlela lingazikhusela kwimiqathango yetort.

Amanye amaphondo aye akholelwa ukuba amaqumrhu karhulumente anokuphazamisa ukuthintelwa kwengxaki ngokuthenga i-inshorensi yetyala okanye ngokubandakanyeka kwimisebenzi ebangela ulwalamano olukhethekileyo nomntu othile. Ezi zingxinano ngokuqhelekileyo zithathwa ngokucuthayo, kwaye iinkundla zifuna ubungqina obucacileyo bokuba urhulumente uzimisele ukuyeka ukukhusela umzimba wakhe.

Imithetho engundoqo neMimiselo ePhakathi

Ulawulo lwesebe elilawulayo lomthetho olulawulayo lukukusetyenziswa okuntsonkothileyo komthetho womGaqo-siseko wesizwe, imimiselo yorhulumente, kunye nemizekelo yomthetho oqhelekileyo. Kubenzi, ukuqhuba esi sakhiwo kufuna ukuqhelana nemithombo emininzi engundoqo yomthetho.

ISihloko samaQembu

Kumgangatho wesizwe, i-Federal Tort Act (FTCA) inikezela indlela yokuqala yokuzisa ityala elichasene norhulumente waseUnited States. IFTCA igophe elilawulayo lolawulo lwesizwe kwintelekelelo ezithile ezivela kwizenzo ezingakhathaliyo okanye ezingalunganga zabasebenzi besizwe abasebenza kumda wemisebenzi yabo. Noko ke, lo Mthetho uqulethe iindleko ezininzi, kuquka ukunxaxhina komsebenzi weqhinga, okugcina ukuthintelwa kokusetyenziswa komgwebo.

Ngeli xesha iFTCA isebenza kurhulumente wesizwe kuphela, urhulumente omninzi uye wafuzisela oko kuthethwa yitoti yakhe kwizenzo kumalungiselelo ayo. Ukuqonda iFTCA kunika isiseko esiluncedo ekuhlalutyeni imimiselo yomgangatho wombuso, njengokuba iingcamango ezifanayo kunye nomahluko zisoloko zivela kuzo zombini.

Izenzo Zezenzo Zezibhengezo Zesizwe

Iphondo ngalinye linecebo lalo elilawula ulawulo lolawulo oluphezulu nelee-tort elichasene namasebe karhulumente kunye namasebe. Le mimiselo yahluka kakhulu kumgangatho, iimfuno zendalo, kunye neemfuno zendalo. Ezinye iinguqu ezingundoqo ziquka:

  • [[FLT: 0] Ubungakanani bewayiver: Ezinye zichaza ukhuseleko olubanzi lwento ezininzi ezithengwa ngamatort, ngeli lixa ezinye zilondoloza ukukhusela ukukhusela iindidi ezibanzi zomsebenzi karhulumente.
  • uluhlu lokugcina i-ankile: Uovimba abaninzi banyanzelisa iikepisi kwimposiso ezinokufunyanwa ngokuchasene nemikhosi karhulumente. Olu nobumba ludla ngokusuka kuR420 000 000 ukuya kwizigidi ezininzi zeerandi, kuxhomekeke kulawulo nohlobo lwetyala.
  • Iimfuno zelothe: Iimeko ezininzi zifuna isaziso esicacileyo sokuzichaza kwazo kwiqumrhu elifanelekileyo likarhulumente ngexesha elifutshane emva kokuba ingozi isenzekile, isoloko incinane kangangeentsuku ezingama-30 ukuya kwezingama-90.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ukudinwa kolawulo: Iimeko ezininzi zifuna amayeza acacileyo ukuze zifumane amayeza okulawula phambi kokuba zifake ityala enkundleni.

Abathathi-nxaxheba kufuneka baphande ngenyameko iimfuno ezithile zemeko abathi badibanise kuyo. Ukungasifumani ixesha lokunika isaziso okanye ukusilela ukukhupha unyango lolawulo kusenokubulala kwintengo ethile efanelekileyo.

ISindululo seshumi elinesine noLawulo oluPhezulu

IsiHlanziso seshumi elinesine soMgaqo-siseko waseUnited States sinikela umaleko obalulekileyo wokukhusela oorhulumente benkundla yorhulumente. IsiHlaliso sifanele ukuchasana namagunya azimeleyo amaqela azimeleyo kwinkundla yephondo, ngaphandle kokuba urhulumente uvume ukufaneleka okanye iBhunga ngokusemthethweni ligunyazise ukuthintelwa kwesizwe. Oku kuthetha ukuba abafuni-mali abafuna ukumangalelwa lisebe okanye iziko kufuneka basoloko bezisa izindululo zabo enkundleni yenkundla yephondo kunokuba bangabikho kwinkundla yorhulumente, ngaphandle komthetho okhethekileyo.

UHlaliso lweshumi elinesine alusebenzi kuphela kwisuti yomonakalo wemali kodwa lukwasebenza nokufanele isiphumlisi esilinganayo kwezinye iimeko. Noko ke, njengokuba kuphawulwe ngasentla, imfundiso ye Ex istyre Young[ ivumela iisuti ezichasene namagosa karhulumente kubuchule bawo obusemthethweni ukulungiselela ukubonelela ukupheliswa okuqhubekayo komthetho karhulumente. Oku kunika indlela ebalulekileyo yokungavavani nomthetho nezenzo.

Inkcazo eCwangcisiweyo

Ukuzisa okanye ukukhusela ityala letyala likarhulumente elibandakanya isebe likarhulumente kufuna ingqalelo enzulu kwiimfuno zemveli ezahluke ngokuphawulekayo kwi-octrotel. Ezi mfuneko zinyanzelekile ngokungqongqo, kwaye ukungathobeli kungaphumela ekugxothweni kungakhathaliseki ukuba ziziphi na iimfanelo zeli tyala.

Phawula Iimfuno Zokuxela

Uninzi lwamazwe lufuna isaziso esicacileyo sokunika injongo esesikweni yokumangalela iqumrhu likarhulumente ngexesha elithile emva kokwenzakala. Ezi zibhengezo zisebenza iinjongo eziliqela: zivumela urhulumente ukuba ahlolisise ngokukhawuleza ityala lawo, avavanye ukuba linokuba nokwenzeka, kwaye alungise lo mbandela ngaphandle kokulingwa. Amaxesha okuphawula aqhele ukuba mafutshane, ukusuka kwi 30 ukuya kwi-180 yeentsuku, kwaye okuqulethwe sisaziso kufuneka kuquke iinkcukacha ezikhethekileyo malunga nobume betyala, iingozi eziye zafunyanwa, kunye nobungakanani belahleko olufunwayo.

Iinkundla zingqinelana ngokungqongqo nesaziso esinyanisekileyo, kwaye ukuthobela okuninzi akwanele. Kwamanye amazwe, isaziso kufuneka sithunyelwe kwigosa elithile, njengegqwetha jikelele okanye intloko yesebe elichaphazelekayo. Abenzi bezomthetho kufuneka baqinisekise iimfuno ezichanekileyo kulawulo lwabo kwaye baqinisekise ukuba isaziso sinikelwe ngendlela echanekileyo nakumnikeli olungileyo.

Ukupheliswa koMsebenzi

Amaphondo amaninzi afuna iiprojekthi ezicacileyo ukuze afune amancedo olawulo ngaphambi kokutyala ityala. Oku kungabandakanya ukuthobela ityala kwibhodi efuna ukuchotshelwa ngurhulumente, ukuba nenxaxheba ekuchongeni ityala, okanye ukufumana isigqibo sokugqibela kumbutho onxulumene nemeko. Ukudinwa okufunekayo kukhuthaza ubuchule bokulawula kwaye kuvumela abameli ukuba balungise iimpazamo zabo ngaphambi kokuba batsale kwityala.

Noko ke, akuyomfuneko ukuba ukudinwa kudinwe kuzo zonke iimeko. Iinkundla ziye zaqonda ukuba amayeza olawulo akafanelekanga, apho umbutho ungenalo igunya lokunika uncedo, okanye apho ukusukela unyango lolawulo kungalambatha khona. Abathathi-nxaxheba abafuna ukuphepha ukudinwa kufuneka bakulungele ukubonisa isizathu sokuba oku kusebenza kwimeko yabo.

Umonakalo Nokungalungelelani

Kwanalapho amasebe karhulumente evumelekile khona, umonakalo usoloko uphantsi koonobumba abasemthethweni. Ezi zigqumo zingamisela ukuchacha ngokupheleleyo, zisebenza kuphela kwiintlobo ezithile zomonakalo (ezifana neentlungu nokubandezeleka), okanye zahluka-hlukeneyo kuxhomekeka kwimeko yoko kuthethwa kuko. Umzekelo, amanye amazwe abangela umonakalo ongengokwezoqoqosho kwiziphumo ezichasene nezonyango ezichasene nezibhedlele zezonyango ngoxa evumela ukuphucula ngokupheleleyo umonakalo wezoqoqosho.

Umonakalo wemiqathango uphakamisa imibuzo yomgaqo-siseko kwezinye iindawo. Iinkundla ezininzi zeli lizwe ziye zabetha iintshabalalo zomonakalo njengokwaphula amalungiselelo omgaqo-siseko karhulumente aqinisekisa ukufikelela kwiinkundla, ukuchotshelwa kwetyala, okanye ukukhuselwa ngendlela efanayo. Noko ke, ezinye iinkundla ziye zaxhasa iikepisi njengendlela efanelekileyo yokusebenzisa igunya lowiso-mthetho ukukhusela ubuncwane boluntu.

Uphuhliso Lwakutshanje Notyekelo Olumandundu

Umthetho wesebe elikhusela isebe lesizwe uyaqhubeka uguquka. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje kuye kwakho inkqubela ebalulekileyo kwimimandla emininzi ekufuneka oogqirha bayiqwalasele ngokusondeleyo.

Okokuqala, indyikitya ye-COVID-19 yabangela igalelo lokuchasana namasebe ezempilo karhulumente, izibonelelo zokulungisa, kunye namaqumrhu emfundo. Amazwe amaninzi amisela ukhuseleko lokwexeshana lwabaxhamli bonyango namashishini, kodwa ezi zinto ziphelelwe lixesha okanye zincitshiswe ngumthetho olandelayo. Iinkundla ngoku zixinezelekile enoba iimfundiso ezikhoyo zokuzikhusela ziyasebenza kumbandela onxulumene nezifo ezimandundu, nokuba iingcamango ezingokwasemthethweni, ezifana nezityholo zikawonke wonke ezithetha ngokuchasene na namasebe orhulumente, zingasoyisa izikhuseli ezingundoqo zokuzikhusela.

Okwesibini, ubugcisa kunye neengxelo zogcino-lwazi zivelise imida emitsha kwityala likarhulumente. Imithetho ivavanya ukuqokelelwa kogcino-lwazi lwaseburhulumenteni, ukungaphumeleli kokukhuselwa kwemigaqo-nkqubo yekhompyutha, nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zokwenza imithetho-mthetho kuphakamisa imibuzo entsonkothileyo yokuba ukuthintelwa kwemiqathango kuyasebenza kusini na kule misebenzi karhulumente yanamhlanje. Izigqibo zokuqala zicebisa ukuba iinkundla zahlulwe kule miba, kunye nezinye iingxelo ezinxulumene nobugcisa ezithi zifanele zijongene netyala kwaye ezinye zizichaza njengemisebenzi yolungiselelo njengemisebenzi esemthethweni efuna ukuthintelwa.

Okwesithathu, kukho inkqubela ekhulayo yokuhlaziywa komzimba ofanelekileyo kumgangatho wesizwe nowaseburhulumenteni. Amaphondo aliqela aye amisela umthetho othintela okanye ophelisa ukukhusela amagosa karhulumente afanelekileyo, yaye izicelo zolungiso lwezi inguqulelo ziye zaveliswa kwiBhunga. Ukuba le migudu yokuhlaziywa iyaqhubeka, ngokuphawulekayo banokuyandisa iimeko apho amagosa ngamanye anokubekwa ngokobuqu ngenxa yokuphulwa komgaqo-siseko.

Izicelo Ezisebenzisekayo Zabenzi Bokubhaliswa Kwasemthethweni

Kubongiswayo abasemthethweni, ukukhusela ukunqanda ukuhamba kwesebe lesebe kudinga ukufikelela kwicandelo lokuqala letyala. Enoba kumele i-partiff efuna imbuyiselo okanye iqumrhu likarhulumente elikhusela ityala, amagqwetha kufuneka ahlakulele ukuqonda okucokisekileyo kwesakhiwo sokhuseleko esisebenzayo aze aphuhlise iindlela zokulungisa iingxelo ezichaza ukuntsonkotha kwalo.

Uhlolo olucacileyo-kwicala lomthetho: Abaphathi-majoni abacinga ukuba bachase isebe lesizwe kufuneka baqale ngokuchonga ummiselo othile wokhuselo okanye imfundiso yomthetho eqhelekileyo esebenza kwilungu elikhokelwayo kunye nohlobo lwengxelo eziswayo. Olu hlalutyo kufuneka lubekho phambi kokuba nasiphi na isikhalazo simiselwe, njengoko isaziso esisebenzayo kunye nemfuno yokudinwa ziza kulawula ixesha lokubekwa kwesakhiwo. Ii-Attoney kufuneka zivavanye ukuba oko kuthethwa kubekwe nakungamkeleki na nakuko ukukhusela nokuvelisa ubungqina bokuxhasa oko kucalucalucalucalucalulo. Apho amaziko abonakala engenakufikeleleka, amagqwetha kufuneka acinge ukuba ngaba urhulumente phantsi kwecandelo 1983 okanye eminye imimiselo yomthetho yorhulumente kufuneka afumane, nokuba kunokwenzeka nakulawulo lwenkundla yesizwe, nokuba kunokwenzeka nakuko ukuhlalwa kwenkundla ye-Oveldeedem.

Iingqwalasela zoburhulumente ezikwicala eliphantsi: amagqwetha orhulumente akhusela amasebe karhulumente kufuneka abonise ukhuseleko lokhuseleko kumathuba okuqala, njengokuba ukusilela ukwenza oko kungaphumela ekupheliseni. Iintshukumo zokugxothweni okusekelwe kwiyoyilelo kufuneka zixhaswe ngobungqina obumisela ukuba ihambo ecetyisiweyo ikwicandelo elikhuselweyo, njengomsebenzi weqhinga okanye umsebenzi karhulumente. Kwiimeko apho ukuthintelwa komzimba kungasetyenziswa, amagqwetha kufuneka avavanye ngokukhawuleza avavanye ukhetho lokulungisa kwaye aqwalasele ukuba olunye uhlobo lwesigqibo sokuphikisana lungawuphepha na umthwalo wokukhuselwa.

Isiphelo

Ukuthintelwa kwamasebe karhulumente kumatyala asekuhlaleni kumela enye yezona ndawo zintsonkothileyo nezineziphumo ezingundoqo zomthetho karhulumente. Ngoxa le mfundiso isebenza kwiinjongo ezibalulekileyo ekukhuseleni imisebenzi karhulumente kunye nobuncwane bukawonke-wonke, kufuneka ilungelelaniswe ngokuchasene nomgaqo osisiseko wokuba abantu bafanele bafune uncedo kwingozi ebangelwa kukungakhathali okanye ukuziphatha okubi korhulumente.

Ukwakhiwa kwesebe lesebe lokukhusela ukunqanda urhulumente kubonisa oku kuxinezeleka, kunikwa ukhuseleko olubanzi olunokuchazwa kakuhle. Impumelelo kulo mmandla ifuna ukuqondwa ngokuchanekileyo kwemithetho enxulumene nemeko, umthetho wemeko, kunye neemfuno zesithethe, kwakunye nendlela ecwangcisiweyo yokuzimela ebangela iingxaki ezikhethekileyo zokumangalela okanye ukukhusela imikhosi yorhulumente.

Njengokuba umthetho uqhubeka uguquka ngomthetho, izigqibo zomthetho, kunye neenguqu zezentlalo, oogqirha abahlala besazi ngenkqubela-phambili yokhuseleko lobungangamsha baya kubekwa kwisikhundla esingcono ukuze bancede abaxhasi babo ngokufezekileyo. Nokuba ubani ukujonga ukuthintelwa komzimba njengokhuseleko olufunekayo ekulawuleni okusebenzayo okanye njengomqobo wokusesikweni, akukho mathandabuzo okokuba ukwamkela lo mmandla womthetho kubalulekile kuye nabani na obandakanyekileyo ekuchaseni amasebe kunye namasebe karhulumente.