Ityala lezaphuli-mthetho liyisiseko senkqubo esemthethweni, emela inkqubo esesikweni apho urhulumente ezisa izityholo kubantu abatyholwa ngolwaphulo-mthetho. Yinkqubo entsonkothileyo, enemigangatho emininzi elungiselelwe ukulungelelanisa umdla woluntu ekuhlaleni kukhuseleko loluntu kunye namalungelo omgaqo-siseko abekwa amatyala. Kubafundisi-lwazi, abafundi, kunye naye nabani na obandakanyekileyo kwibala lomthetho, ukuqonda indlela amatyala aqhubekeka ngayo ekuchongeni ukuya kumatyala, kwaye asenokuba anokusohlwaya okanye axolelwe (a-arexiste/lius). Eli nqaku linikela ukujonga okubanzi, okuqululekiweyo, kuquka nendima yabadlali abaphambili abanjengabahlali-nxaxheba, amagqwethawe, amagqwetha, nabagwebi, kwaneejaji, kwaneemilinganiselo esemthethweni ekhusela isigwebo nebulungisa.

Le nkqubo isekelwe kwimbono yokuba akukho tyala, ilungelo lokuvavanywa ngokufanelekileyo, kunye nemfuneko yokuba urhulumente abonakalise ukuba unetyala ngokungaphaya kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni. Le migaqo ayiyonjongo nje engekho ngqiqweni; inyanzeliswa ngemithetho ethile yenkqubo, ubungqina, nemigaqo yezonyango. Ngokuhlolisisa iqonga ngalinye ngobunzulu, sinokuyiqonda bhetele indlela inkqubo ezama ngayo ukudlulisela okusesikweni ngoxa ikhusela iinkolelo eziphosakeleyo, ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla, nokulahleka kokusesikweni.

Inkqubo Yezaphuli - mthetho Yokusesikweni

Inkqubo yomthetho wolwaphulo-mthetho eUnited States kunye nezinye izikhululo zomthetho eziqhelekileyo zinamanqanaba aliqela adibeneyo. Ngelixesha iinkqubo ezizizo zahluka ngokwemithetho-siseko/iphondo/imeko, kunye naphakathi kwamazwe ahlukeneyo.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba asilotyala ngalinye. Abaninzi basombululwa ngokucetyiswa phambi kokuchotshelwa kwetyala, kwaye abanye barhoxiswa kwangoko ngenxa yobungqina obunganele okanye ukungasebenzi kakuhle komthetho. Noko ke, icandelo ngalinye likho ukukhusela amalungelo nokuqinisekisa ukuba izigqibo zenziwe ngesiseko esiqinileyo esiyinyaniso nesisemthethweni.

Uphando

Icandelo lokuphanda lisisiseko salo naliphi na ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho.

  • Udliwano-ndlebe lwamaNgqina kunye namanqaku: amagosa aqokelela iingxelo kumaxhoba, ababukeli, nabanikeli. Ingqina lamangqina omntu linokuba namandla kodwa likwanokukhunjulwa iimpazamo kunye nekhethe.
  • Ingqokelela yobungqina obububukhali: ukwenziwa komboniso wolwaphulo-mthetho, kuquka ukufakwa kweminwe, iDNA isampuli, i-colortics, kunye nohlalutyo lobungqina. Inzululwazi yeFensic idlala indima engundoqo, nangona ukuthembeka kwayo kusoloko kuhlalutywa.
  • I- Imisebenzi yokufihla i-ankile kunye nokugada kwe-elektroniki: imisebenzi engaphantsi, ii-injini, ukulandelela i-GPS, kunye nokuphengulula ugcino-lwazi lwamanani. Ezi ndlela zidla ngokufuna imfuneko kwaye ziphantsi kokhuseleko lweSine Solawulo-Mbetho ekuphanda okungaqikelelwayo kunye nokuxhuzula.
  • Imvume yokukhangela: Ukuphendla ikhaya, isithuthi, okanye isixhobo sombane, amapolisa afuna isiqinisekiso esikhutshwe ngumgwebi ngokusekelwe kwisizathu esinokwenzeka. Okungaqhelekanga kukhona, njengemvume, iimeko ezichaphazelekayo, okanye ukuphengulula isiganeko sokubanjwa.
  • [[NTL:0] Ukurhoxa kunye namalungelo e-Miranda: Ukungaboni kunelungelo lokuhlala buthule nokuba negqwetha elikhoyo (] imanda v. Arizona). Iingxelo ezifunyenweyo ngokwaphulwa kweMirada azinakuguqulwa.

Ubulunga kunye nobubhali bophando buchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo amandla etyala. Ukuba ubungqina bungcoliswe okanye buqokelelwe ngokungekho mthethweni, bungacinywa, bungakhokelela ekugxothweni okanye ekuxolelweni. Umtshutshisi uza kuqwalasela ngenyameko ukugqibelela kophando kunye nokuvumelana okusemthethweni ngaphambi kokuba agqibele ukubeka ityala kwifayile.

Ukubanjwa

Ukubanjwa kwenzeka xa umthetho uthatha umntu umvalelwa kwintolongo ngenxa yesizathu esilindelekileyo sokukholelwa ukuba umntu wenze ulwaphulo-mthetho. Unobangela ofanelekileyo ngumgangatho ophantsi kuno "Ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni"; kufuneka inkolelo esengqiqweni, esekelwe kwiimeko eziyinyaniso, yokuba ulwaphulo-mthetho lukho okanye luye lwenziwa. Ukubanjwa kunokwenzeka ngeendlela ezimbini ezingundoqo:

  • [[UMTLL: 0] Enesiqinisekiso: Ijaji ikhupha isiqinisekiso sokubanjwa emva kokuqwalasela i-affidavit emisela unobangela olindelekileyo. Abahlali bafunwa ngokuqhelekileyo ukuze bangene kwikhaya, nangona ingeko ikhona.
  • Ukubanjwa okungenasiphelo: Amapolisa angabanjwa ngaphandle kogunyaziso ukuba abonile ulwaphulo-mthetho okanye anesizathu esilindelekileyo sokukholelwa ukuba ityala lenziwe kwaye ukrokrelo luza kubaleka okanye lutshabalalise ubungqina. Ukubanjwa komntu ongekho mthethweni kudla ngokufuna ukuba ityala lenzeke kubukho begosa.

Emva kokubanjwa, umkroti usiwa kwisikhululo samapolisa sokubhala, inkqubo equka ukushicilela inkcazelo yobuqu, ukufota, ukuthatha iminwe nokukhangela umntu. Okrokrelelwayo ngoko ujongwa phambi komgwebi, ngokuqhelekileyo kwisithuba seeyure ezingama-48. Ngalo ndlela, ijaji ixelela abamangalelwa ngezityholo, ibacebisa ngamalungelo abo, ize imisele iimeko zokukhululwa (ibheril).

Ukujija...

Emva kokuba ebanjiwe, umtshutshisi uchaza urhulumente, ujonga ubungqina obuvela kumthetho onyanzelisayo kwaye ugqiba ukuba kungenziwa na izityholo ezisemthethweni. Esi sesinye sezigqibo ezilandelayo kwinkqubo yobulungisa bolwaphulo-mthetho. Umtshutshisi unengqiqo ebanzi

  • [[UMTL:0] Ityala lefayile lolwaphulo-mthetho olunye okanye ngaphezulu olusekelwe kubungqina nomthetho.
  • [[NTL:0] Ukulathisa ukuchophela [ ukuba ubungqina abwanelanga, ityala alinamdla kawonke-wonke, okanye amanye amayeza (inkqubo zokuguqula) afanelekile.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukunciphisa izikhalo [ xa utshintshiselana ngentsebenziswano okanye njengenxalenye yesicelo.
  • Funa ityala kwi-all count (kwityala letyala letyala likarhulumente nakumazwe athile) okanye faka isikhalazo solwaphulo-mthetho esilandelwa kukuchongwa kokuqala.

Izixhobo ezikhongozelayo ziyahlukahluka: kwinkundla yesizwe, izityholo zetyala ziziswa ngokugqitha kwityala (indlu-nkulu yabachopheli-tyala) okanye ulwazi (izibonelelo ezizizo ezizizo); kwiinkundla zelizwe, isikhalazo okanye ulwazi luqhelekile. Umtshutshisi kufuneka aqinisekise ukuba izityholo zixhaswa [ unobangela ongenakugwetyelwa kwaye uyavumelana nezibophelelo ezifanelekileyo ku "funa okusesikweni" kunokuba akhusele ityala (] ABBA Imodelidelial AULARR 3.]

Ulungelelaniso

Ityala liyinkundla yokuqala esesikweni yalowo umangalelweyo emva kokubekwa kwezityholo. Kweli tyala, yijaji.

  • Ufunda izityholo ngokuvakalayo aze aqinisekise ukuba lowo umangalelwayo uyayiqonda.
  • Uthethelela ummangalelwa wamalungelo awo angokomgaqo - siseko, kuquka ilungelo lokululeka, lokuhlala ethule, nokuya kuthethwa ngetyala.
  • Icela ummangalelwa ukuba angenise isibongozo: uxanduva, [[FT:2] engenatyala[, okanye i-'lo' i-' (akukho mnciphiswano). Isicelo esingenatyala' sithetha ummangalelwa ukhuphiswano lwetyala, "ukhuphiswano lokhuphiswano" okanye "ukhuphiswano" lungakhokelela ngqo kwigalelo.
  • Idilesi okanye uvalelo lwangaphambili . Inkundla igqiba ukuba ikhulula ummangalelwa ngokuphinda afumaneke, icwangcise ibheyile yemali, okanye imisele iimeko ezifana nokubanjwa kwendlu, i-GPS yokuhlola, okanye akukho miyalelo. Umthetho wengingqi uBail Reform Act kunye nomthetho olinganayo ukukhululwa ngaphandle kokuba ummangalelwa ubeka umngcipheko okanye ingozi kwingingqi.

Ukuba ummangalelwa akanakukwazi ukufikelela igqwetha kwaye ubuso bakhe bunganikwa ixesha lentolongo, inkundla kufuneka imisele enye ([[FLT: 0] Gideon v. Wainwright ukwenzela iifelonies; Argunger v. Hamlin [ngeziphumo zempazamo eziphumela ekuvalweni).

Uqikelelo

Ixesha langaphambili lovavanyo lilixesha elinzima apho amacala omabini elungiselela ukuvavanywa. Imisebenzi ebalulekileyo iquka:

  • Ingcaciso: Ingxengxezo kufuneka yabelane ngobungqina nokhuselo, kuquka izinto zokufundisa ( Brady v. Maryland). Amagqwetha okhuselo akwatyhila ubungqina obuthile, obufana namangqina okanye ukhuseleko lwengqondo.
  • Intshukumo zomthetho wokhuselo: amagqwetha okhuselo angafaka iintshukumo zokhuselo ukucinezela ubungqina obufunyenwe ngokungekho mthethweni (umz., okwesine ukonakalisa umgaqo-nkqubo), alahle izityholo zokungafumani sizathu esilindelekileyo, ukutshintsha indawo, okanye ukunyanzelisa ukufunyanwa kwento. Ezi ntshukumo zingakhokelela ekugxothweni kwasekuqaleni okanye kumda wetyala letyala.
  • Ingxoxo yetyala: Uninzi lwamatyala olwaphulo-mthetho (angaphezu kwama-90%) luconjululwe ngezicelo ezithelekisayo kunokuba luvavanywe. Abatshutshisi banikela uvumo (ityala elitsha, izivakalisi ezilula) ukuze bafake isibongozo esinetyala. Ukhuseleko kufuneka luvavanye umngcipheko wokuvavanywa ngokuchasene nokuqiniseka kwesicelo. Izivumelwano zePlea zixhomekeke kwimvume egwetyiweyo kwaye kufuneka zizenze ngokuzithandela.
  • [[NTL:0] Uvavanyo lobuqhophololo: Ukuba imeko yengqondo yommangalelwa ithandabuzekile, ukuva komngxulumanisi kugqiba ukuba bayakwazi kuqonda imicimbi kwaye bancede ekukhuseleni. Abamangalelwa abangafakelelwanga bacetyelwe unyango de ikhuphiswane ibuyiselwe.

Ixesha langaphambi kovavanyo linokuthatha iiveki okanye iinyanga, kuxhomekeka ekuntsonkotheni kwemeko. Lixesha lokugqiba, lokuhlola ubungqina, kwaye, ngokufanelekileyo, ukucombulula ngaphandle kokuvavanywa ngokupheleleyo.

Ukuvavanywa

Ukuba ityala aliconjululwanga ngesibongozo, liqhubekela kwityala. Iityala zinokuba phambi kwejaji (iityala elinzulu) okanye phambi kwejaji kuphela (ukuvavanywa kwetyala). Ummangalelwa unelungelo lomGaqo-siseko kwityala elikhawulezileyo nelinguwonke wonke, kunye namangqina avavanywayo. Inkqubo yokuvavanywa iquka:

  • [[NTL: 0] Ukukhetha (ukungahambi kakuhle): ama-Attorney abuza ukuba abachongi bejaji bangachonga ikhethe. Icala ngalinye lingavavanya abachopheli bomngeni okanye lisebenzise inani elilinganiselweyo locelomngeni ukukhupha ngaphandle ngaphandle kokuchaza isizathu.
  • Iingxelo ezivulayo: omabini amacala achaza imeko yawo, echaza oko ubungqina buzakubonisa. Ezi ngxelo azibobungqina kodwa zinika imaphu yomgaqo-ndlela.
  • Ukunikelwa kobungqina: Ityala lihamba kuqala, libiza amangqina kunye nokwazisa imiboniso. Ukhuseleko lunganqamla i-examine nganye ingqina ngalinye. Emva kokurhoxa komtshutshiso, ukhuseleko lunganikela ubungqina balo. Ummangalelwa akafuneki ukungqina.
  • Imithetho engundoqo yobungqina (okanye urhulumente olinganayo) ilawula ukubonakala. Ukuva kusoloko kususiwe ngaphandle kokuba kusetyenziswe okungaqhelekanga; ukusetyenziswa kunye nocalucalulo kuyalinganiswa; ubungqina obunengcali bumele buhlangabezane nemilinganiselo yokunyaniseka ( Daubert okanye FYM [FLT]FY:5]]).
  • Impikiswano ezicacileyo: Icala ngalinye lishwankathela ubungqina kwaye liphikisa isizathu sokuba abachopheli-tyala bafumane ityala okanye ubumsulwa. Umtshutshisi uthi ubungqina bungqina ukuba unetyala ngaphandle kokuthandabuza okusengqiqweni; ukhuseleko luphikisa ukuba kukho amathandabuzo asengqiqweni.
  • Imiyalelo engaqhelekanga kunye nokuququzelela: Ijaji ifundisa abachopheli-tyala kumthetho onxulumene nezityholo. Abachopheli betyala bandule ngesiquphe, bejolise kwisigqibo esidibeneyo (kwiimeko ezininzi). Ukuba abanakuvuma, ityala eliphosakeleyo (abagwebi abagwebi) lingavakaliswa, kwaye ingxengxelo isenokulizama kwakhona.
  • Isigwebo setyala: Ijaji ivakalisa "ityala" okanye "ayinatyala" Isigqibo esingesosimangalo sisiphelo; ummangalelwa akanakuphinda avavanywe ngetyala elifanayo ngenxa yengozi ephindwe kabini. Isigqibo esinetyala sikhokelela kwisigwebo sokugweba.

Ityala lelona qondo libonakalayo lenkqubo, ukudibanisa inkqubo yokukhupha amacala amabini apho amacala amabini azisa amatyala awo phambi komenzi wesigqibo sobundilele. Uxanduva lobungqina luxhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kwityala, kwaye ummangalelwa ucingelwa ukuba akanatyala ngalo lonke ixesha.

Ukugweba

Emva kwesigqibo okanye isibongozo setyala, inkundla yenza isigwebo sokugwetywa. Isigwebo sikhokelwa yimithetho kwaye, kwimimandla emininzi, ngokugweba imigaqo (umz., iFederal Sentensiglines Guides). Iimeko eziqwalaselwayo ziquka:

  • [[Umthetho:0] Ukusetyenziswa kolwaphulo-mthetho nobukhulu bolwaphulo-mthetho: ulwaphulo-mthetho olwahlukeneyo luthwala uluhlu olwahlukeneyo (umz., ubuncinane obunyanzelekileyo bokurhwetywa kweziyobisi, ukongezelelwa kwezigwebo zolwaphulo-mthetho lwentiyo).
  • Imbali ekwimbali engaphambili: ulweyiseko lwangaphambili lunganyusa izivakalisi (umz., imithetho emithathu-intshi).
  • [[UMTL: 0] uphando kumaxhoba: iingxelo zamaxhoba zivumela amaxhoba ukuba achaze umonakalo awawuvayo.
  • Imeko ezinyusayo nezilungelelanisayo: oonobangela abatsha abaquka ukusetyenziswa kwesixhobo, amaxhoba angakhuselekanga, okanye indima yokhokelo; izinto ezincedayo ziquka ukunqongophala kwengxelo yangaphambili, iingxaki zempilo yengqondo, okanye iintlungu.
  • Ingxelo yokunikezelwa kwemali: Amagosa eProbayo alungiselela ingxelo enolwazi olungasemva, uhlolo lomngcipheko, kunye nesivakalisi esinconyelweyo.

Izivakalisi ezinokubakho quka:

  • Ingcebiso (ngokweemeko ezifana nenkonzo yoluntu, ukuvavanywa kweziyobisi,
  • Imali Entle Nendlela Yokubuyisela
  • Ukungangeni Ejele (Entolongoni okanye entolongweni)
  • Ezinye izigwebo (inkampu yokubowa, ukubanjwa kwendlu, inkundla yeziyobisi, inkundla yezonyango lwengqondo)
  • Isohlwayo esibulalayo (kumaphondo namagunya angama-72, nangona sinqabile)

After sentencing, the defendant may appeal the conviction or sentence. Appeals typically focus on legal errors, not reweighing facts. Post-conviction remedies like habeas corpus are also available in narrow circumstances.

Indima Yabatshutshisi

Abagwebi banesikhundla esikhethekileyo nesinamandla kwinkqubo yobulungisa bolwaphulo-mthetho. Ngokungafaniyo namagqwetha akhuselayo, axhasa kuphela umxhasi wawo, abatshutshisi ngabaphathi bobulungisa abanomsebenzi ophindiweyo: ukunyanzelisa umthetho nokuqinisekisa okusesikweni. Iimbopheleleko zabo ziquka:

  • ubungqina obuqwalaselwayo kwaye igqibe ukuba uza kuzisa na izityholo. Esi sigqibo kufuneka sisekelwe kulwaneliseko olusemthethweni nakwinzala kawonke-wonke, hayi ikhethe lobuqu okanye uxinzelelo lwezobupolitika.
  • [[UMTHETHO: 0] Ukuchaza urhulumente kuzo zonke iinkalo zenkundla, ukusuka ekugwetyweni.
  • Ukuchaza ubungqina bokukhutshwa kocalulo kukhuseleko phantsi komthetho . Ukungaphumeleli ukwenza oko kungakhokelela ekuguqukeni koqinisekiso okanye uqeqesho olungochwepheshe.
  • [[UMTL:0] Izivumelwano zezibongozo ezidityanisiweyo[[FT:1] — inkqubo efuna uhlolo locoselelo lobungqina, iimfuno zamaxhoba, kunye nokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke.
  • Ukuthetha ngeziphumo zobulungisa kunokusuka nje ulweyiseko. Ukunganyaniseki okufana nokungabuniki ubungqina bobuxoki].

Abatshutshisi basebenza kumanqanaba awahlukeneyo: urhulumente (uMaqumrhu wase-U.S.), urhulumente (IiAttorney, iphondo le-Athoriney), kunye nasekuhlaleni (abatshutshisi abakwityala elincinane). Ingqiqo yabo inkulu, kodwa iphantsi kokungamela kweenkundla, imigaqo yobuchule, yaye ngamanye amaxesha ngamagosa anyuliweyo okanye abantu.

Ingqikelelo - bume Yokhuselo

Amagqwetha okhuselo adlala indima efanayo ebalulekileyo, eqinisekisa ukuba amalungelo ommangalelwa akhuselwe kuyo yonke inkqubo. Imisebenzi yawo iquka:

  • [[UMTL:0] Ichaza uncedo olunempumelelo lwesiluleko [ njengoko kuqinisekisiwe luMphetho-mda weSithandathu. Oku kuthetha ukumela okufanelekileyo, hayi nje umzimba oshushu.
  • Ukuqinisekisa ubungqina betyala ngentshukumo ukucinezela, ukunqamleza, nokukhomba ubuthathaka kwimeko.
  • [[UMTL:0] Isibongozo esinika amandla ulwabo [[UMTL:1] olunciphisa izisohlwayo xa kufanelekile, ngeli lixa ulondoloza amandla omxhasi okukhuphisana nezityholo ukuba uyathanda.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukukhusela umahluko nxamnye nobuqu nokuqinisekisa ukuba ukuvuma izono okanye iingxelo kungokokuzithandela kwaye kufunyanwa emva [ iMiranda[ izilumkiso.
  • Ukulungiselela ukuvavanywa ngokuphanda izibakala, ngokubuza amangqina, nangokubeka ingcamango yokuzikhusela (umz., ukuzikhusela, ukuzichaza okuphosakeleyo, ukusangana).

Abamangalelwa abagqwesileyo banelungelo lokutyunjwa ngesiluleko . "Iindlela zokhuseleko lukawonke-wonke" okanye igqwetha likawonke-wonke. Ii-ofisi zokhuselo lukawonke-wonke zisoloko ziphantsi kwaye zisetyenziselwe kakhulu, ezinokuthi zichaphazele ubunjani bomelo. Imeko yephawu Gideon v. Wainwright[ [1963]) zimise ilungelo lokucebisa abamangalelwa abanyusiweyo, kamva landiswe kwabathwali abanophawu olungafanelekanga.

Imfanelo yegqwetha elikhuselayo ingumthetho womxhasi, kodwa ngaphakathi kwemida yomthetho. Abanakugweba okanye bonakalise ubungqina. Inkqubo yezomthetho ixhomekeke ekusebenziseni igunya kumacala omabini ukuvelisa iziphumo ezifanelekileyo.

Isiphelo

Ukuqonda ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho kungaphezulu kunokusetyenziswa kwemfundo; kubalulekile ukuba abemi abanolwazi, ufundisiso olusemthethweni, kunye nokubotshwa kwetyala nenkqubo yokugwetywa. Inkqubo yokuphanda ngesigwebo yenzelwe ukuxhasa ukhuseleko lomgaqo-siseko ngeli xesha isenza urhulumente akwazi ukunqanda nokulohlwaya ulwaphulo-mthetho. Iqonga ngalinye linokuhlola nokulungelelanisa kwalo.

Kubafundisi-mfundo, ukuqhekeza la maqondo kunceda abafundi baqonde indlela imigaqo engekho ngqiqweni esebenza ngayo kwiimeko zeli hlabathi. Kubafundi, ukukwazi oku kunika isiseko somsebenzi womthetho, ukunyanzelisa umthetho, ulungiso, okanye inkqubo. Kumgangatho wentlalo-ntle, uluntu oluyiqonda kakuhle inkqubo yokutshutshisa kuxhotyiselwe bhetele ukuxhasa utshintsho. Ngokunjalo njengokuncitshiswa kwentlawulo yoluntu, ukususa umahluko weentlanga, ukuphucula iindlela zamapolisa, nokuqinisekisa ukufikelela kwisiluleko esifanelekileyo kubo bonke.

Ukulungelelana phakathi kokhuseleko lukawonke wonke nenkululeko yomntu ngamnye kucekel ’ umngeni, yaye inkqubo yobulungisa ayifezekanga. Kodwa ngokufundisisa indlela amatyala asiwa ngayo enkundleni, sinokusebenzela inkqubo ebonakala kakuhle ngakumbi, nenobulungisa ngakumbi.

Ukuqhubeka ufunda, jonga kwiCornell Legal Information yenkcazo yendlela yolwaphulo-mthetho [[FLT:], iBureau of Justice Statistics iingxelo [ ukubulawa kunye nenkundla, kunye neZiko leMelika leMbali yeNdlela yoMsebenzi ] indlela amatyala akhokela ngayo umsebenzi.