Ukuqonda Ukwahlukana Kwamagunya: Isizathu Sokuba Kubalulekile Ukulawula

Umgaqo wokwahlulwa kwamagunya ligumbi lolawulo-demokhrasi lwale mihla. Imisa isakhiwo esithintela ukuxinezeleka kwegunya nakweliphi na isebe lorhulumente, ngaloo ndlela ikhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba amandla ahlala enoxanduva ebantwini. Ngokwahlula iimbopheleleko zikarhulumente phakathi kwamaziko ahlukeneyo, le nkqubo ingenisa amandla ovavanyo kunye nolungelelwaniso oluyimfuneko kumthetho nokhuseleko lwamaxabiso olawulo-demokhrasi. Ukuqonda imvelaphi yawo, iindlela, imigaqo kunye neengxaki zamaxesha akhoyo kubalulekile kuye nawuphi na ummi ozinikele ekuthatheleni inxaxheba kubomi bentlalo.

Kuyintoni Ukwahlukana Kwamandla?

Enyanzelweni yayo, ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kwahlula imisebenzi karhulumente ibe ngamasebe amathathu azimeleyo: uwiso-mthetho, owenza imithetho; umlawuli olawulayo, onyanzelisa imithetho; kunye nejaji, etolika imithetho. Oku kwabiwa kwegunya kuthintela naliphi na iqumrhu ekusebenziseni ulawulo olupheleleyo. Le ngcamango ayiyolungiselelo lolawulo lobundlobongela; iyinjongo yequmrhu elicebelwe ukuhlisa iingozi zobuzwilakhe, ukukhuthaza ingxoxo, impikiswano, nokubonakala.

Imvelaphi EngooPhilosophiya

Ingcamango ingalandelelwa emva kwiingcinga zoKhanyiso njengoJohn Locke, owaphikisana ngokupheleleyo [[FLT: 0] kwiNtloko kaRhulumente [1689] ukuba amandla owiso-mthetho kunye nolawulo oluphezulu kufuneka ahlukane ukuze kuthintelwe ukuxhatshazwa. Noko ke, yayisisithandi sobulumko esingumFrentshi uBaron de Montesquieu owathi wayichaza ngokupheleleyo imfundiso yale mihla kumthetho [[FLT:] [1748]. (1748]). UMontesquieu waphawula ukuba “xa amandla omthetho kunye nolawulo lumanyaniswe kumntu omnye, okanye kwiqum loomasti, akakho ukukhulula. Uhlaziso oluthe ngqo lwemiqatha.

Amasebe Amathathu Anenkcukacha

Isebe loMthetho

Ngokuqhelekileyo, isebe lemithetho linegunya eliyintloko lokwakha, lokulungisa, kunye nelokuphinda liqulunqa. Amalungu alo adla ngokunyulwa ngabantu, ewenza abe lisebe linetyala elithe ngqo kubavoti. Inkqubo yowiso-mthetho ibandakanya ukuhlolisiswa kweekomiti, ingxoxo yomgangatho, kunye nokuvota, . iinyathelo ezicetyiweyo zenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuba imithetho iqwalaselwe ngenyameko kwaye imele iinjongo ezahlukeneyo. Kwiinkqubo ezininzi, indlu yowiso-mthetho iyalawula uqingqo-mali, ihlaziywa, kwaye ijonge i-mali yesazulu ngomzekelo, i-U.S.

Isebe eliphethe i-Advice

Isebe elilawulayo linembopheleleko yokuzalisekisa nokusebenzisa imithetho edluliswa yindlu yowiso-mthetho. Liphethwe ngumongameli okanye yinkulumbuso, liquka iqumrhu, amaqumrhu olawulo, kunye nenkonzo yezorhulumente. Eli sebe lisoloko liphethe amagunya abalulekileyo eenkqubo zamazwe angaphandle, ulawulo lwemikhosi exhobileyo, negunya lokukhupha imiyalelo yolawulo oluphezulu (kwinkqubo yomongameli) okanye imimiselo. Isixhobo esingundoqo ngamandla e-veto, esivumela umphathi-gqeba ukuba angawuthobeli umthetho. Noko ke, i-veto i-gosa ngokuqhelekileyo inokungalawulwa yimithetho ekwindlu yowiso yowiso-mthetho, ikhupha umlinganiselo phakathi kwamasebe.

Isebe Lejaji

Ijaji ichaza umthetho kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba izenzo zikarhulumente ziyavumelana nomgaqo-siseko. Eqanjwe ziinkundla ezizimeleyo nabagwebi, eli sebe lishwankathela iimbambano, lihlola ubulunga bomgaqo-siseko wemithetho (uhlolo lwasemthethweni), kwaye likhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye ekungeneni kwamanye amasebe. Iimeko zelizwe ezifana Marbury v. Madison [1803]) kwi-United States yamisa indima yejajidicary njengengcazeli yokugqibela yentsingiselo yomgaqo-siseko. Isebe eligweba likwasebenza njengomchasi-calathi-nxaxheba kwiimfazwe phakathi komthetho namasebe aphetheyo. Abagwebi bamiselwa ngokuqhelekileyo kunokuba banyulwe kwingcinezelo yezopolitiki, benza isigqibo sokungakhethi.

Isizathu Sokuba Ukwahlukana Kwamandla Kubaluleke

Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya akuyonto nje engabonakaliyo; kunentsingiselo enzulu esebenzisekayo ekulawuleni. Kuthintela ukuxinezeleka kwamandla akhokelela ekulawuleni, kukhuthaza ukuphendulana ngolawulo, kukhusela amalungelo omntu ngamnye, kwaye kukhuthaza ukuzinza kwezobupolitika. Ngapha koko kukho izizathu eziphambili ezibangela ukuba lo mgaqo uhlale ubalulekile.

Ukuthintela Ukusetyenziswa Kakubi Kwegunya

Amandla adibanisayo kwiqumrhu elinye liphawu lokuphatha kakubi. Ngokusasaza igunya ngaphaya kwamasebe, ukwahlulwa kwamagunya kuqinisekisa ukuba izigqibo zenziwe ngokunxibelelana nokulungelelana kunomthetho ongomnye. Isebe ngalinye lingahlola amanye, linciphise ubungozi bokuba elinye isebe liza kugqitha imida yalo esemthethweni. Le nkqubo yokuzinqanda kukuzinqanda: abalawuli abaneengcwangu bathintelwa yimiba yabo.

Ukuziphendulela

Xa isebe ngalinye linokuhlolisisa izenzo zabanye, ukuphenduliswa kwala matyala kwakhiwe kwinkqubo. Indlu yowiso-mthetho ingaphanda ukuziphatha okubi okuphezulu (umzk., ngokuvalwa kweekomiti kunye nee-poenas). Umphathi-mikhosi unokuvavanya ukuphamba uwiso-mthetho ngezixhobo okanye izibongozo zoluntu. Ijaji ingabetha imithetho engqubanayo namalungelo asisiseko. Oku kuvelela komntu omnye kubangela ukuba abonakale kakuhle kwaye kuthintele ukunganyaniseki. Ingingqi ikwanokubeka abameli babo kwibhokisi yebholothi, kodwa iinkqubo zokuphendula iziko ziyimfuneko xa unyulo luhlukene okanye xa kufihliwe ukuziphatha okubi.

Ukukhusela Amalungelo Omntu Ngamnye

Isebe lejaji, ngokukodwa, lisebenza njengomgcini-nkululeko yomntu ngamnye. Ngokuhlola okugwebayo, iinkundla zingenza imithetho ephazamisayo kwinkululeko yokuthetha, inkululeko yonqulo, inkqubo efanelekileyo, okanye ukhuseleko olulinganayo. Lo msebenzi unzima kwiinkqubo eziphambili apho amaziko amakhulu athandwayo ebenokuwanyathela ngandlela ithile amalungelo amancinane. Imizekelo engacacanga iquka imithetho yeNkundla ePhakamileyo yesikolo ([[FLT: 0]]] Brown v. Board yemfundo, 1954], kunye nomlinganiselo womtshato (berge.Odfell.[FFF] v [FLT]], 2015, zombini ezikhuselwe amalungelo elungeleneyo.

Ukukhuthaza ukufaneleka nokuxelwa kwangaphambili

Ukwahlulwa okucacileyo komsebenzi kunciphisa ukudideka kunye nokungqubana ngenxa yokuba ngubani onegunya lokuthatha inyathelo. Umthetho awunakutshintshwa ngesiquphe; kufuneka kuvumelane phakathi kwamaziko amaninzi. Le nkqubo yokuzimela inciphisa isigqibo kodwa ikwaqinisekisa ukuba imithetho yenziwe ngobuchule obungakumbi. Uzinzo oluphumela kuko luyingenelo kutyalo-mali, ukuqiniseka okusemthethweni, kunye nokuthembana. Le nkqubo ikwanikezela ngoxolelo locoselelo ekucombululeni iimpikiswano phakathi kwamasebe, njengokuhlola okanye ukungaqululeki, endaweni yokubhenela kugonyamelo okanye kumanyathelo ongezelelweyo.

Iingqikelelo nolungelelwano: Inkqubo esebenza ngokusebenzayo

Zizixhobo ezikhethekileyo eziqonda ukwahlulwa kwamagunya. Isebe ngalinye lineendlela zokunyanzela elinye, lithintele naliphi na isebe ukuba lingabi lilawula. Ezi nkqubo ziyahlukahluka kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zomGaqo-siseko kodwa zabelana ngeempawu ezifanayo.

Iingcebiso zoMthetho

  • [[Umthetho:0] Indlu yowiso-mthetho ingazisa izityholo kumagosa aphezulu abekwa izigxina eziphezulu (kuquka umongameli) ngenxa yokungcatsha urhulumente, ukunyoba, okanye ezinye izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho eziphezulu kunye nabenzi bolwaphulo-mthetho abangalunganga.
  • Amandla okuqinisekisa: kwiinkqubo ezininzi, indlu yowiso-mthetho kufuneka ivume ukubekwa kwesebe elilawulayo (umz., amalungu ekhabhathi, iijaji zezwe).
  • Ulawulo lwezikhuseli: Indlu yowiso-mthetho iyazifanelela iimali, iyinika igunya lokuxhobisa ngaphezu kokuphumeza inkqubo yegunya.
  • [[UMTH: 0] Ukuva iiKomiti zokuvakala: Iikomiti zingaphanda izenzo zolawulo, zinyanzelisa ubungqina, kunye nee-ecepoenas.
  • [[Umthetho:0] Izivumelwano zezizwe ngezizwe zifuna uvumo lwemithetho.

Icandelo Elilawulayo Lihlola Umthetho

  • [[UMTL: 0] Igunya eliphezulu: Igunya eliphetheyo lingawuchasa umthetho, linyanzele indlu yowiso-mthetho ukuba iphinde iqwalasele okanye ifumane i-ethe gqi ukuyekelela.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukukhupha iZiqendu eziSisigxina: Umlawuli angahlanganisa indlu yowiso-mthetho ukucombulula imicimbi engxamisekileyo.
  • Imiyalelo ephumezekayo: Kwinkqubo zomongameli, umphathi angakhupha imiyalelo ngonyanzelo lomthetho (obhekiselele kuhlolo lomthetho) ukulawula isebe.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ulawulo loMgaqo-nkqubo woMgaqo-nkqubo woMgaqo-nkqubo: Ihambo yezonxibelelwano oluphezulu kwaye lungaxoxa ngezivumelwano ezinokuthi ziphembelele ukuphunyezwa komthetho.

Ukuxilonga Amasebe Ooaval

  • [[UMTL: 0] Impinda yeJudicial:[ Iinkundla zingavakalisa imithetho okanye izenzo zolawulo ezingekho ngqiqweni kunye nelize.
  • Ukwenziwa kwemithetho: ichaza indlela imimiselo esebenza ngayo kwiimeko ezithile, ngokunempumelelo inkqubo yokubumba.
  • [[Ukhuseleko:0] Ukhuseleko lwamalungelo ngamanye: Iinkundla zingakhupha imimiselo yokunqanda ukunyanzeliswa komthetho.
  • Isisombululo se-partial Dispute: Ijaji ilungisa iingxabano phakathi kowiso-mthetho nolawulo oluphezulu.

Umzekelo Wembali: Marbury v. Madison

Ngo-1803, iNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-U.S., phantsi koMgwebi omkhulu uJohn Marshall, waseka umgaqo wokuhlola kwezomthetho Marbury v. Madison. INkundla yagqiba kwelokuba yayinamandla okuwisa umthetho owiswe yiBhunga kuba ungquzulwano noMgaqo-siseko. Eli tyala libonisa indlela elinye isebe elinokuhlola ngayo elinye ngenkqubo esekelwe kwimithetho-siseko, liqinisekisa ukuba indlu yowiso-mthetho ihlala ikwimida yayo. Kwaye yabonisa indima yejadiary njenge-arianbiter ezimeleyo, kwanaxa amasebe aziwayo esenokungavumelani.

Imeko Yembali Nendaleko

Ukusetyenziswa kwawo okunempembelelo kakhulu ngumGaqo-siseko waseUnited States wowe - 1787, kodwa le ngcamango iye yahlaziywa ziintlanga ezininzi ehlabathini lonke.

IMontesquieu nomGaqo-siseko waseUnited States

Montesquieu's Umoya woMthetho wafundwa kakhulu ngabaseki baseMelika, kuquka uJames Madison, owacacisa imfuneko yokwahlula amandla . U-Madison wabhala, “Imfuno mayiyenziwe ukulwa nebhongo. Abasunguli badala inkqubo yamagunya angenayo, kodwa abathathi- mbombo- qham; bachaza ukuba isebe ngalinye liyakwazi ukukhusela amagunya alo. UmGaqokobhenelo ngamnye (icala leOnke).

Ukwahlukana Kwamagunya Kwezinye Iindawo

Lo mzekelo uye walungelelaniswa ngokwahlukileyo ehlabathini lonke:

  • UBukumkani obumanyeneyo: Inkqubo yepalamente apho umphathiswa (uMphathiswa neKhabhinethi) ekhutshwe kwindlu yowiso-mthetho, edala udityaniso lwamagunya kunokuba ahluleke ngokungqongqo. Noko ke, ijaji ihlala izimele, kwaye inkqubo ixhomekeke kwiindibano nakulawulo lwepalamente.
  • IsiJamani: Yinkqubo encinci enolwakhiwo oluqinileyo lorhulumente. ICancellor (ukubulala) iya kuphendula kwiBoundestag, kodwa iNkundla yoMgaqo-siseko woManyano ibamba amandla omeleleyo okuhlola.
  • Indiya: Yidemokhrasi yepalamente enemithetho ebhaliweyo eyahlula amagunya kodwa ivumela ukudibana kwesebe elilawulayo elilawulayo elinobugosa obubalulekileyo. INkundla ePhakamileyo yaseIndiya iye yawanyanzelisa ngokukhutheleyo amalungelo asisiseko kwaye yabandakanyeka kuhlolo lwezomthetho.
  • Fransa: Yinkqubo exutyiweyo (Fith Republic) apho uMongameli aphethe khona amagunya aphezulu anamandla kunye nomphathiswa wecawa esuka kuninzi lwepalamente, kunye neBhunga loMgaqo-siseko lihlola imithetho.

Ezi ntlobo zibonisa ukuba lo mgaqo unokusetyenziswa ngokuphandle ukuze uvisisane nemeko yesizwe, kodwa ingcamango esisiseko isekho: ukukhusela nayiphi na into ekhoyo ekufumaneni igunya elingathintelwanga.

Ucelomngeni Lokwahlukana Kwamagunya

Nangona la magunya ekwazi ukumelana neemeko ezilula, ajongene nocelomngeni oluphawulekayo kule nkulungwane yama - 21.

Ukwenziwa Kwenkcazelo Yezobupolitika Nokuxinana

Ulwahlulo olunzulu lungaphazamisa isebe lowiso-mthetho. Xa amaqela engavumi ukulalanisa, inkxaso karhulumente ingavalwa, ukumiswa kwemali kungabi nakuzaliswa, kwaye imithetho erhabaxa iyasilela ukudlula. Le ntambo isoloko itshintsha igunya kumphathi olawulayo, onokuthi ngokungekho mthethweni ngemiyalelo yegunya okanye ngokwenziwa kolawulo lolawulo. Abalawuli bayadimazeka, kwaye ukholo kumaqumrhu edemokhrasi luyawohloka. Ukwakha izithethe zentsebenziswano enqamlezelweni nokuguqula iinkqubo zowino (umz., ukunciphisa iimfuno zemithetho yemithetho ephakamileyo) kusenokusetyenziswa, kodwa kufuneka kwenziwe izicombululo zezo zezobupolitika.

Ufikelelo olungaphezulu

Abaphathi-mikhosi kumazwe amaninzi baye bawandisa amandla abo, ngokufuthi becaphula ukhuseleko olungxamisekileyo lwesizwe okanye iimfuno zezoqoqosho. Imiyalelo yolawulo olulawulayo, izibhengezo zongxamiseko, kunye nezenzo zongxamiseko zingasigqitha igalelo lomthetho. Umzekelo, oomongameli base-U.S. baye basebenzisa imiyalelo yolawulo ukulungiselela iinkqubo zokufuduka, ulawulo lwemekobume, kunye nokunyamekela impilo xa iBhunga libonakala lingakwazi ukwenza into ethile. Abahlalutyisi baphikisa oku kuphazamisa ukulingana kwamandla nokunciphisa ukuphendula. Iinkundla zingangena ekuhloleni iziphazamisi, kodwa isantya solawulo sicotha. Ukuqinisa ukubekwa kwemithetho yomthetho kunye nokubekwa kwemithetho ephezulu kwizenzo zolawulo lolawulo lunganceda ukubuyisela i-gcompumente.

Impembelelo Yezinto Ezikhethekileyo

Abantu abafumileyo, imibutho, kunye namaqela alungelelanisiweyo anezimvo anokusebenzisa impembelelo ebuthathaka kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho ngokukhuthaza, ngemirhumo, nangemirhumo yamajelo eendaba. Oku kunokugqwetha ukusetyenziswa komthetho ngokuxhasa izilangazelelo ezimxinwa kunokuba kulungele uluntu. Xa elinye isebe liphenjelelwa ngokungeyomfuneko zizinto zabucala, inkqubo yokuhlola kunye nezilinganiselo ibuthathaka. Amanyathelo abonisa ngaphaya kweliso (umz., ukubhexeka esidlangatha komsazo), utshintsho lwezentengiso, kunye nemithetho eqinileyo yokuziphatha kuyimfuneko ukuhlisa olu celomngeni. Ngaphezu koko, isebe elizimeleyo lingabetha imithetho ebonakala ngathi inxulumene nokonakala, kodwa liyathinteka ngcono kunokuphilisa.

Imigaqo-nkqubo

Iinkundla zenzelwe ukuba zingacaluli, kodwa kwiingingqi ezininzi inkqubo yokutyunjwa iye yaba yeyamahla. Xa abagwebi bekhethelwa ulungelelwaniso lweengcamango, ukuthemba uluntu ngokubanzi ekuweni kwabo kobundilele. Izityholo “zomthetho wezenzo” okanye“ ukuphenduliswa kwebhentshi” zingayinciphisa indima yejaji njengomgwebi onyanisekileyo. Ukuphikisana noku, amanye amazwe asebenzisa ubugcisa obuninzi okanye imigaqo esekelwe kwisiseko sobujaji, kwaye amaninzi aneentetho ezizigxinakeleyo kubagwebi. Ukubeka ingxingo yejaji kwingcinezelo yezobupolitika ngexesha loxanduva kungukuba kungumgangatho ofanelekileyo.

Utshintsho Nokomeleza Inkqubo

Phezu kwayo nje le mingeni, ukwahlukana kwamagunya kuhlala kusesona siseko siqinile. Imigudu yokukomeleza isoloko ijolise ekuqiniseni imigaqo yolungiselelo, ekuphuculeni ukubonakala kwembonakalo, nasekuphuculeni kwemimandla yabemi. Umzekelo, amaqumrhu angathathi cala angaqwalasela ukuhambelana kwegunya ngokwenjongo yowiso-mthetho, kwaye amagunya azimeleyo anokuphengulula iimpikiswa kwenzala. Ukupheliswa komGaqo-siseko okanye utshintsho lwemithetho lungacacisa imida ecacileyo, njengoko kuboniswa kumazwe amkela iimini ezizinzileyo zokuthintela ukusetyenziswa kwekhalenda yokhetho.

Okubaluleke kakhulu, ukuba ngummi onolwazi osebenza njengendlela yokuhlola epheleleyo. Xa abavoti beyiqonda indlela urhulumente wabo asebenza ngayo kwaye befuna ukuba baphendule ngayo kuwo onke amasebe, inkqubo isebenza ngokunempumelelo. Ii-website zikarhulumente ezifikelelekayo, nee-jenali ezizimeleyo zonke zifak' isandla kule ndawo iphakamile. Izinto zangaphandle ezifana [[[FLT:]] Brinica ungeno loMgaqo-siseko woMgaqo-siseko wesizwe [[FLT] [[FLT]] [FL]], inikela iimbekiseko ezixabisekileyo zokuhlola. [[FLT], ukuditya [FLT] [iiiiiiiinter-Gene] kunye ne-Generaltivelgne traces transtive transtivel] [ipt]

Isiphelo

Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya asingomgaqo omileyo kodwa sisakhiwo esiphilayo esilungelelanisa iimeko zobupolitika. Injongo yaso esisiseko `ukukhusela ukuxilonga amandla nokukhusela inkululeko yomntu ngamnye' ihlala ifanelekile namhlanje njengokuba yayinjalo kwinkulungwane ye-18. Ngokwahlula igunya phakathi kwemithetho, igunya elilawulayo, namasebe egwebayo, nangokuxhobisa ngokuhlola kwabanye, amaqumrhu olawulo lwedemokhrasi adala isakhiwo esilungeleneyo nesilungele ukubekwa ityala. Kodwa, esi sakhiwo sifuna ugcino oluqhubekayo: abemi abalumkileyo, iinkundla zecawa ezingakhethi cala, iinkundla ezikhanyayo, nabalawuli ababonisa ityala. Ukuqonda ukwahlulwa kwamandla kugunya kunika u-voluvo xa inkqubo iphantsi kwesisongelo nokukhuthaza ulawulo lwedemokhrasi. Kwixesha lokunyuka kwe-demokhrasi kunye nokulawula, ukukhusela le mfundiso yeyona mfundiso ibalulekileyo kumthetho nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi nayiphi na enye.