Isiseko Solawulo LwamaMerika

Ulwahlulo lwamagunya phakathi korhulumente noorhulumente basekuhlaleni lumela enye yezona mpawu zahlukileyo kwinkqubo yezobupolitika yaseMelika. Ngokungafaniyo neenkqubo zomanyano apho onke amagunya enyuka evela kurhulumente osembindini, i-United States isebenza kwimodeli enzulu esasaza igunya kwiithala ezininzi. Esi sakhiwo asizange sivele ngengozi. Siyilelwe ukunqanda ukuxinezeleka kwamandla ngempazamo ngoxa siqinisekisa ukuba ulawulo luhlala lusabela kwiimfuno neemeko zasekuhlaleni.

Kubemi, kubafundisi nakwiinkokeli zezentlalo, ukuqonda indlela igunya elisasazwa ngayo phakathi koorhulumente basekuhlaleni nelizwe kubalulekile ekulungiseni imigaqo-nkqubo enzima karhulumente, irhafu neenkonzo zoluntu. Xa abemi beqonda ukuba liliphi icandelo likarhulumente elimele lixatyiswa, banokukwazi ukuxhasa ngokunempumelelo iinguqulelo, ukufikelela kwiinkonzo zoluntu, nokubeka amagosa anyuliweyo etyala.

Ukwakhiwa KomGaqo-siseko Kwamandla Ahlukeneyo

Iplani yenkqubo karhulumente waseMelika yabhalwa kuMgaqo-siseko ngowe-1787, kodwa ulwalamano olukhethekileyo phakathi koorhulumente noorhulumente bawo basekuhlaleni lwaguquka ngokuhamba kwexesha. UmGaqo-siseko uthetha ngqo ngolwahlulo lwamandla phakathi korhulumente worhulumente worhulumente kunye namazwe, ingakumbi ukutyhubela uMphetho-Mgaqo-siseko weshumi, othi: " Amandla anganikwanga United States ngumGaqo-siseko, okanye angavunyelwanga nguwo eUnited States, agcinelwe ethathwini, okanye kubantu."

Le ntshukumo imisela umgaqo obalulekileyo: oorhulumente belizwe banefa, igunya elipheleleyo lokulawula phakathi kwemida yabo, lilinganiselwe kuphela ngumthetho womGaqo-siseko norhulumente. Noko ke, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni ``ilizwe', izixeko, ilokishi, kunye nesithili esikhethekileyo (indawo yomgaqo-siseko eyahlukileyo. Abakhankanywanga nakancinane kumGaqo-siseko wesizwe. Endaweni yoko, oorhulumente basekuhlaleni baphila ngokupheleleyo ekubandezekeni koorhulumente, imfundiso esemthethweni eyaziwa njengoMthetho .

Umthetho kaDillon, omiselwe nguIowa Justice weNkundla ePhakamileyo uJohn Forrest Dillon ngo1868, umi ngelithi oorhulumente basekuhlaleni banawo kuphela loo mandla agunya agunyaziswa yindlu yowiso-mthetho, lawo athe athatyathwa ngokuyimfuneko kulawo magunya agunya agunyasiweyo, kunye nalawo ayimfuneko kumbutho obhengeziweyo. Nawaphi na amathandabuzo asengqiqweni ngobukho begunya liconjululwe ngokuchasene norhulumente wasekuhlaleni. Lo mgaqo uhlala ungumthetho ongagqibekanga kumazwe amalunga nama-39, lo gama aseleyo efumene uhlobo oluthile lomthetho wekhaya onika ulawulo olubanzi.

Oorhulumente: OoMongami Abaphambili

Oorhulumente bafumana igunya labo ngqo kubantu borhulumente ngamnye ngomgaqo-siseko wezwe. La maxwebhu ahlukene kakhulu ngobude, iinkcukacha, kunye nobungakanani, kodwa onke amisela isiseko solawulo lukarhulumente ngexa kusasaza iimbopheleleko ezithile kwimikhosi yasekuhlaleni. Oorhulumente basebenzisa oko amagqwetha kunye neenzululwazi zezobupolitika zikubiza ngokuthi amandla olawulo [] .

Amapolisa abonisa ukutyhubela iindawo ezininzi eziphambili:

Imfundo nezikolo zikawonke-wonke

Oorhulumente banembopheleleko eyintloko yemfundo kawonke-wonke. Umgaqo-siseko ngamnye wesizwe uquka amalungiselelo afuna ukusekwa kwenkqubo yesikolo sikarhulumente, kunye neendlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente zimisela iinkqubo zemali, imigangatho yoqeqesho, iimfuno zokufundisa, kunye nemigaqo yokudityaniswa komqathango. Ityala eliphawulayo u-San Antonio Independent School v. Rodriguez [1979] [773]) waqinisekisa ukuba imfundo ayiyonto esisiseko phantsi komGaqo-siseko worhulumente, ishiya isakhiwo sayo kunye nemali phantse ngokupheleleyo kumaphondo. Oku kuye kwakhokelela ekususweni kweziququlo ezibalulekileyo: ngo-2023, iNew York ichithe malunga ne-R2,000 kumfundi ngamnye, ngoxa i-Utah.IS $9,000, ebonisa ukhetho lwenkqubo yesizwe.

Izakhiwo Zezithuthi

Amasebe ezothutho karhulumente alawula inkqubo yendlela yohambo-ndlela ephakathi kwemida yawo, iindlela zikarhulumente, kunye neendlela ezinkulu zobugcisa. Aqokelela iirhafu zepetroli, iindleko zokubhalisa iimoto, kunye nemali ehlawulwayo yokuxhasa ugcino nolwakhiwo. Urhulumente wengingqi unikela inkxaso-mali eyongezelelekileyo nge-Infrablic Ressurationment kunye noMthetho weSebe we-2021, kodwa amagunya agcina ubulumko obubalulekileyo kwiprojekthi engaphambili. Umzekelo, iTexas neKhalifoniya iqhubele phambili ushishino lwendlela olusekelwe kwimisebenzi yezopolitiko yemfundo ephezulu.

Unyango nempilo kawonke-wonke

Amazwe asebenzisa iinkqubo zeMedicaid ezisebenzisana norhulumente wesizwe, alawule iimarike ze-inshorensi yezempilo, oogqirha bezezonyango, kunye nezonyango lwezezonyango loluntu. Ngexesha lesifo se-COVID-19, eli gunya laba likhulu kakhulu njengoko amazwe ekhupha izigunya ezahlukahlukeneyo, imiyalelo yokuvala ishishini, kunye nemigaqo yokugoma. Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo kwi- i-National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius [20] [20]

Okusesikweni Kokwaphula Umthetho

Oorhulumente bamisela imigaqo-siseko yolwaphulo-mthetho, abasebenzisa amasebe amapolisa karhulumente, abalawuli beenkqubo zamabanjwa, kunye namagqwetha eengingqi eeofisi zesithili. Bakwamisela izikhokelo kunye neenkqubo zokukhupha isigwebo. Inkundla yeWarlen ifundisa ngelinye ixesha isebenzisa ukhuseleko lwamalungelo abantu ukumisela ulawulo olungaphaya kweMgalelo weshumi elinesine, kodwa ithek'ulawulo olubanzi kwimigaqo yolwaphulo-mthetho. Umzekelo, amanye amazwe alwamswana ululo olusemthethweni ngexa amanye egcina umgaqo ongqongqo, edala iingxabano eziqhubekayo phakathi korhulumente norhulumente norhulumente.

Irhafu nengeniso

Irhafu yengeniso ye-glov, iirhafu zerhafu, iirhafu zeshishini, kunye nerhafu ekhutshwayo, nganye inexabiso nezakhiwo ezingafaniyo. Ngonyaka wama-2024, amaphondo asithoba akanayo irhafu yengeniso yobuqu, ngoxa amanye anjengeKhalifoniya emisela isantya sokufikelela kwinani labaphumeleleyo. Intengiso isuka ku-0 kumazwe amahlanu ukuya kutsho kwinani elingaphezulu kwe-9 ekhulwini le-ok adityanisiweyo le-Tennessee ne-Louisiana. Oku kwahluka oku kuchaphazela kakhulu izigqibo zokuhlala kwiindawo zoshishino, imigangatho yokufuduka kwabantu, kunye nenkqubela yezoqoqosho.

Oorhulumente Basekuhlaleni: Izidalwa ZasebuRhulumenteni

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni basebenza phantsi kwegunya elinikwe ziindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente. Lo mgaqo uthetha ukuba izixeko kunye neengingqi azinakuwasebenzisa ngokungqalileyo okanye ngokupheleleyo amandla ezingawanikwanga ngumthetho karhulumente. Ulawulo lwasekuhlaleni luhluka kakhulu ngokwemimiselo yomgaqo-siseko, izicwangciso zemithetho, kunye neenkcazelo zezomthetho.

Ii-Colories

Amasebe asebenza njengeenkonzo zolawulo zephondo, ukuhambisa iinkonzo ezimiselwe ngurhulumente ezinjengokuvavanya impahla, ukuqokelelwa kwerhafu, ulawulo lwerhafu, kunye nokugcinwa kwengxelo yemisebenzi kunye nezobalo ezibalulekileyo. Kumaphondo amaninzi, amanani ayasebenza namaziko olawulo, iintolongo, neenkundla, namasebe ezempilo karhulumente. Ngokuthe ngqo oorhulumente bamaphondo banegunya elilinganiselweyo lomthetho-mthetho xa kuthelekiswa noomasipala, nangona oku kutshintsha-tshintsha.

Izixeko nooMasipala

Izixeko needolophu ezidityanisiweyo zidla ngokuba nenkululeko enkulu kuneendawo zokubala, ingakumbi kumatyala anika igunya lasekhaya. Umthetho wekhaya uvumela oomasipala ukuba bamkele irhafu yabo kunye namandla okusebenzisa amandla angeyalelwe ngokuphandle ngumthetho karhulumente. Eli gunya likwandiswa ukuya kukwenza ulawulo, irhafu yasekuhlaleni, ukhuseleko lukawonke-wonke, ipaki kunye nezokuzonwabisa, kunye nezixhobo zokuzikhusela. UManyano lwelizwe lwamaCitys[[FLLT:1] [iintel] [iiintel] luvumela ukuba malunga nama-39 anike umgaqo othile wamakhaya, nangona ulawulo lwahlukene kakhulu. Kumazwe asekhaya, izixeko ziyakwazi ukumisela imithetho ngokomthetho nakuhlobo oluthile lwenkxaso, ngoxa kumazwe afana nolawulo lwe-Dillon, izixeko kufuneka zikhombise imvume yezenzo ezikunye ezikufutshane.

Iinqanawa zedolophana kunye nezithili ezikhethekileyo

Oorhulumente besixeko, abaxhaphakileyo kwiMidwast neMntla-mpuma, banikela iinkonzo ezisikelwe umda ezinjengokugcinwa kwendlela, ukukhuselwa komlilo, kunye nokuhlala kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni. Isithili esikhethekileyo/isithili sesikolo, isithili samanzi, isithili somlilo, isithili sokhuseleko lomlilo, amagunya othutho, kunye nezithili zethala leencwadi (iiingingqi) ezizimeleyo zenzelwe ukunikela iinkonzo ezithile. U.S Bureauniau [iingity ] emalunga nama-90 000 orhulumente asekuhlaleni eUnited States ngo-20222, apho malunga nama-51 000 eesithili, yaye iyimidabini ekhethekileyo. Oku kwahlula i-omatili ekhethekileyo. Oku kudala amathuba omabini oku kunikezelwa kweenkonzo ezithile kunye nocelomngeni lokuqhuba ulawulo kunye nokuphendula kolawulo lwedemo-demokhrasitiki.

ISisakhelo sasemthethweni: Ukucinywa kunye neSigqibo Sempikiswano

Iingxabano phakathi kukarhulumente noorhulumente basekuhlaleni zidla ngokuvela, ingakumbi xa oorhulumente bezama ukucombulula imicimbi ejoliswe kwiindlu zowiso-mthetho zikarhulumente ezahlukileyo. Iinkundla zicombulula ezi ngxabano ngohlalutyo lokucingela ukusetyenziswa komthetho othile karhulumente okanye ukungqubana ngqo nemithetho yasekuhlaleni.

Uxinzelelo lwentelekelelo luyenzeka xa ummiselo wezwe ulwalela ngokucacileyo urhulumente wasekuhlaleni ukuba asebenze kwindawo ethile. Umzekelo, malunga namazwe angama-20 aye amisela imithetho ethintele oorhulumente basekuhlaleni ekulawuleni ubunikazi bemipu, ukukhulula amasiko okulawula imipu yasekuhlaleni. ikhutshwa intengo xa ithe yasetyenziswa ngurhulumente womthetho wasekuhlaleni inzima, ngokokude iinkundla zelizwe zivelise iinjongo zokulawula umhlaba wonke. [[FLT:] [[FLT]] i-listtiodentiod prectiontion [[[FLT]] xa ithobela nomthetho wombini kunye nomthetho wasekuhlaleni ayifezeki, okanye xa umthetho wasekuhlaleni umelwa ngokomthetho wasekuhlaleni njengengxaki.

Imfundiso ye engaphambili i- ithe yanda ngokuphikisana kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Amazwe athe alahlekelwa lunyuko lwemivuzo encinane yekhefu yasekuhlaleni, ukugula kwemali yekhefu, ukuvalwa kwengxowa yeplastiki, kunye nemigaqo-mthetho ye-odiscration ye-LGBTQ yabantu ngabanye. Ngokwengxelo ekwi 2023 ukusuka kuMmandla okhoyo iziNqumlo ze-Inkqulo zangaphakathi ze-Assolunter [[, imisela ngaphezu kwama-200 emali ehranki ehla phakathi ko-waka li-2017 ne-2023, imiqathango yemithetho ejongwayo. Le mfazwe iphakamisa imibuzo engundoqo malunga nolungele ulungeleno lwegunya phakathi koorhulumente kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni-omatilamfo-otho-otho-otho-moya.

Imilinganiselo kaRhulumente-efikeleleka ngqo

Imali ibumba ukwahlulwa kwamagunya ngendlela ezinzulu. Iirhulumente zilawula imithombo yengeniso engundoqo nerhafu yentengiso, nangona oorhulumente bengingqi bexhomekeke kakhulu kwirhafu yempahla, engakwaziyo ukunwebeka kwaye ilula kakhulu ekuwohlokeni kwezoqoqosho. Oku kwahlula oku kudala oko abaphengululi abakubiza ngokuba yi- ukungalingani okuthe nkqo kwemali [: amazwe aqokelela imali eninzi kunemfuno yabo yemisebenzi ethe ngqo, ngoxa imida ejongene nemiqobo yemali emele inikelwe.

Ukulungisa oku kungalungelelani, amatyala anika ukufuduselwa koorhulumente basekuhlaleni. Uncedo lwezikolo zasekuhlaleni lumalunga nama-48 ekhulwini emali yonke yemfundo karhulumente ngokwesizwe, kunye nerhafu yempahla yasekuhlaleni enikela malunga nama-44 ekhulwini kunye norhulumente wesizwe onika eziseleyo. Ukuxhomekeka kwirhafu yempahla yemali yesikolo kubangele ukuba ingeniso enkulu, iqale iSerrano v. Umfundisi [10] [10] [10] eKhalifonini, eyayikholelwa ukuba iintlawulo olubanzi lwe-interdia ekhoyo kwimali yesikolo nganye esetyenziswayo yesizwe. Ukumangalelwa okufanayo kuye kwaphumelela kumazwe angama-20, nto leyo ekhokelela ekunyuseni kwemali yesizwe ye-Moovelivelths.

Imiqathango yerhafu emiselwe yimeko kunye nenkcitho enyanzelisa ukulawulwa kwenkululeko yasekuhlaleni. Umthetho weKhalifoniya ohlafunywe ka-13 (1978) umlinganiselo werhafu yempahla kunye nohlolo olulinganiselweyo, ukunciphisa ngokuphawulekayo igunya lengeniso yasekuhlaleni kunye nokutshintsha kolawulo lwengeniso kwiphondo. Amanyathelo afanayo eColorado (TABOR), eMassachusetts (Ipropromentation 22/2), namanye amazwe aye anyanze ubuchule boorhulumente basekuhlaleni bokwandisa ingeniso ngerhafuzo zempahla, enyanzelela ukuxhomekeka kakhulu kwinkxaso yorhulumente kunye nemirhumo yeenkonzo.

Iingxaki zangoku Kulwalamano Lwaseburhulumenteni

Ukwahlulwa kwamagunya phakathi kukarhulumente noorhulumente basekuhlaleni kujongene nocelomngeni oluninzi olucinezelayo kwimekobume yezobupolitika yangoku. Ukuqonda olu xanduva kubalulekile kuye nabani na ofuna ukusebenzisa okanye ukuphembelela inkqubo kumgangatho ngamnye.

Isikhuseli Sedabi

Ukutshatyalaliswa kwegunya lasekuhlaleni kuye kwakhawuleza kakhulu ukususela ngo-2010, ingakumbi kwimibandela yenkqubo yezoqoqosho, impilo yoluntu, kunye nomgaqo wentlalo. Xa isixeko saseBirmingham, eAlabama, sinyusa umvuzo waso omncinci ukuya kuma-10.10 ngeyure, indlu yowiso-mthetho yakhawuleza yamisela umthetho othintela imivuzo encinane yasekuhlaleni. Xa uAustin, Texas, wayefuna ikhefu ehlawulwa kukugula, iwiswa ngumthetho wecawa. Le ngxabano ibonisa ukwahlulwa okunzulu kwembono malunga nendima yezixeko kunye namazwe azimeleyo kunye nomlinganiselo ofanelekileyo wokwenza inkqubo.

UlwimiLanguage

Ulwahlulo olukhulayo lwezopolitiko lwedolophana yedolophana yelizwe luye lwaqinisa uxinzeleleko lwendawo-bume. Imeko yemithetho yezopolitiko yesixeko esihlala kwindawo ehlala i-odolophana. Iphulo lemithetho yezoburhulumente yephondo lifuna imigaqo yenkqubano yezobungcwele yasekuhlaleni. I-odolophana i-oyile nyaka-mali eqhubekayo ilandela inkqubo yenkqeqele: ngo-2024, malunga namazwe angama-202 amisele imithetho efuna ukunyanzeliswa komthetho wasekuhlaleni elungele ukuqhubana namagunya orhulumente okufudula, ephikisana ngqo nemithetho efunyenwe zizixeko ezikhulu.

Uxinezeleko Olubangelwa Kukusebenza Neemfuno Zenkonzo

Oorhulumente basekuhlaleni bajongene neemfuno zokwanda koncedo oluvela kwizibonelelo zokwaluphala, izibophelelo ezinyukayo zomhlala-phantsi, kunye nokwanda kwamaxabiso okhuseleko loluntu kunye nonyango lwempilo. I-COVID-19 yenze ukuba ezi ngxaki ziqhubeke zikho ngexesha loxinzelelo lombane loorhulumente basekuhlaleni ekuphenduleni nonikezelo lweenkonzo. Uncedo lwentlalo-ntle yoluntu olusuka kwiAmerican Plan Previce Act enika isiqabuliso sexeshanakanye, kodwa imingeni isekho. ICenter yeD nePricial Pricies iphawula ukuba urhulumente kunye nemisebenzi yasekuhlaleni ihlaziye ngokucothayo, icebisa ukuba i-fiscal concement Act.

Ukulungelelaniswa Kwemekobume Nomgaqo-nkqubo Wemozulu

Urhulumente kunye noorhulumente basekuhlaleni baye basebenzisa iindlela ezigqwethekileyo zokwahlula umgaqo-siseko wokusingqongileyo, ingakumbi xa kungekho nyathelo lamandla alawulayo. IKhalifoniya iye yasebenzisa igunya layo phantsi koMthetho we-Cease Air ukumisela imilinganiselo yokukhupha inqwelo-moya engqongqo kuneemfuno zikarhulumente, namanye amazwe ali-17 alandela imigangatho yeKhalifoniya. Oorhulumente baye bamisela imithetho yokwakha efuna ubuchule bokusebenza kwamandla, ukuvalela ukudibana kwegesi yendalo kulwakhiwo olutsha, kunye nolwamdla wokwenza imozulu. Urhulumente ukhuthulo lwemiqathango yemozulu yengingqi ulu luluvo olutsha kwicandelo lamazwe akwanguFlorida neTexas athintela ukuva ukuvalwa kwegesi yendalo.

Izenzo ezingcono zokuHlanganisa uRhulumente-engingqi

Kumagosa karhulumente, abaxhasi benkqubo karhulumente, nabemi abatshayelwayo, ukuqonda ukwahlulwa kwamagunya nokusebenza kakuhle kuwo kufuna ubuchule:

  • Yazi umiselo lwakho olusemthethweni: Zonke ii-rhulumente zasekuhlaleni zisebenza phantsi komGaqo-siseko othile wombuso, umgaqo-siseko, kunye neelungiselelo zechaphaza. Ukuqonda ukuba ulawulo lwakho lusebenza phantsi koMthetho ka Dillon okanye igunya lolawulo lwasekhaya liyimfuneko ukumisela umgangatho wesenzo sasekuhlaleni.
  • ihlanganisa imidibaniso kumanqanaba: Impumelelo ifuna isenzo esilungelelanisiweyo phakathi kwamagosa asekuhlaleni, abamisi-mthetho besizwe, kunye nabameli bezwe. Imanyano yesizwe ye Coualies kunye noManyano lwesizwe lwamaCities [[FLT:]4] lwamaPhondo lunika amaqonga oorhulumente basekuhlaleni ukuxhasa imo entlalo nakumaqondo orhulumente.
  • Iimeko zoxwebhu zasekuhlaleni: Xa ufuna ugunyaziso lwesenzo sobulali, ugcino-lwazi olubonisa iimeko zobulali zodwa lomeleza imeko yobubhetyebhetye. Abamisi-mthetho belizwe banokunika igunya lasekuhlaleni xa indawo zinokubonisa ukuba imigaqo-nkqubo yorhulumente enye evelisa ingeniso elinganayo okanye engaphumeleliyo.
  • Ukudibanisa unxibelelwano oluthe rhoqo phakathi kwabasebenzi borhulumente namagosa asekuhlaleni anokuthintela ingxabano ngaphambi kokuba zikhule. Amazwana amaninzi aseke iikomiti zolawulo okanye iimfuno zokuthetha rhoqo ukulungiselela le ngxoxo.
  • [ Umthetho wokukhulula: oorhulumente basekuhlaleni kufuneka bahlale belumkile kumsebenzi womthetho karhulumente onokwahlula igunya lasekuhlaleni. Ukwakha ulwalamano nemithetho-mthetho nokwenza inxaxheba kwinkqubo yowiso-mthetho ngokunikela ubungqina kunye nokungagunyazi kunokukunceda ekukhuseleni izilangazelelo zoluntu.

Ikamva lamandla karhulumente akwindawo ebanzi

Izicwangciso ezininzi zisenokuyitshintsha indaleko yolwalamano lwendawo-yonke kwishumi leminyaka elizayo. Unyuko lwe- ulawulo lwentsebenziswano yesizwe , ingakumbi ngokubhekiselele ekusetyenzisweni kakuhle koncedo lukarhulumente ukuthetha ngezahlukaniso zasekuhlaleni, luza kuqhubeka luphembelela ukuxhasa imijelo ekhoyo kunye neemodeli zokunikezelwa kweenkonzo. [[FLT:] Supreme] [iikhostime yecanmentism jurispudence[ isenokuchaphazela kwakhona ulawulo lwezipheko lwendawo, ingakumbi njengoko iimfundiso ezinxulumene nolawulo lolawulo oluphezulu, ukuchithwa, kunye negunya lesizwe phantsi kolawulo luka-Clausscaus.

Ubuxhakaxhaka kunye nolawulo logcino-lwazi lumela umda omtsha kulwalamano lwendawo-yonkqubano. Njengokuba amadolobha esebenzisa ubugcisa besixeko obuchuliweyo --ii-genensis, iikhamera, kunye nogcino-lwazi olunenkcazelo-lwazi olunengxaki ngokutsha kwemithetho yolawulo lwasekuhlaleni, imimiselo ye-data, kunye nolawulo lobuchule bokwenziwa. Expronic Foundation [ neminye imibutho yenkululeko yamakhaya iye yabongoza amazwe ukuba amisele izikhuseli ze-mfihlo ezisisiseko zokhuseleko lommandla wobulali ngexesha evumela ukuba kuqwalaselwe imicimbi yoluntu.

Inkqubo yezindlu ihlala ilelinye lamabala athe xhatshazwa kakhulu olwalamano lwendawo yoluntu. Amaphondo aliqela, kuquka iKhalifoniya, i-Oregon, neWashington, aye atshayela igunya lasekuhlaleni ukufuna ukuba indawo zicetywe kwaye zivumele indawo zokuhlala zivulelwe ukunyukela, amaqela okuhlala, kunye nenkqubela-phambili yezindlu ezingabiziyo. Ezi nkonzo zibonakalisa ukuqwalaselwa ukuba uqheliselo lwendawo yokuzikhulula luye lwafak ’ isandla ekuhlaliseni ityala lemali kunye nenkcubeko yezoqoqosho. Uxinezeleko phakathi kweendawo zobulali kunye nezindlu ezifuna ukusetyenziswa kwengingqinelo yengingqi ziyaqhubeka zisenza amadabi emfazwe emfazwe emfazwe neyo esemthethweni.

Ekugqibeleni, umbuzo worhulumente wendawo ebanzi olungisa kwakhona [[FLT: 1] ungafumana ingqwalasela etsha. Abanye abaphengululi kunye nabameli benkqubo baye bacela ukudibanisa amagunya amancinci ukuze kufunyanwe uqoqosho, ngelixesha abanye bekhuthaza ulawulo lwengingqi olunamandla ukucombulula iingxaki ezifana nezothutho, izindlu, kunye nolawulo lwemeko-bume egqitha imida kamasipala. Ulwahlulo olusemgangathweni phakathi korhulumente noorhulumente basekuhlaleni alukhawulezi/iiiiindawo eziya kuphendula kwiimeko ezitshintsha iimeko, amaxabiso, nezinto eziza kuqala.

Intsingiselo Yesicombululo

Ulwahlulo lwamagunya phakathi korhulumente noorhulumente basekuhlaleni asilolungiselelo lobugcisa nje. Lulwahlulo olubumba ubomi bemihla ngemihla . Lubonisa ubunjani beendlela, ukhuseleko lwengingqi, imfundo efumaneka kubantwana, nokusabela kweenkonzo zikawonke-wonke. Ukuqonda esi siseko kuyimfuneko ukuze abemi bakwazi ukuba ngummi ophumelelayo. Xa besazi ukuba ngowuphi umgangatho karhulumente ojongene neenkonzo, bangakhokela izikhalazo zabo, kunye nokungenelela kubenzi besigqibo esifanelekileyo.

U.S.U. kunye nomgaqo-siseko worhulumente ngamnye umisela isakhiwo esisisiseko, kodwa inyani ephilayo yemithetho yolawulo lwaseMelika yenziwa yinkqubo yowiso-mthetho, ukutolikwa kwemithetho, ukucaciswa kwezahlulelo, kunye nokuxolelwana okuqhubekayo phakathi korhulumente namagosa asekuhlaleni. Kwixesha lokuhlahlela okunzulu kwezobupolitika kunye notshintsho olukhawulezileyo lwentlalo, amandla karhulumente noorhulumente basekuhlaleni okuncedisa ngokunempumelelo ngoxa ukuhlonela amaqela awo egunya angundoqo kulawulo lwedemokhrasi. Iintlingi eziqonda eli candelo lamandla zixhotyiswe bhetele ukuba zithelele ngokunelisayo kwinkqubo yezopolitiko nokugcina oorhulumente bazo benobumbano kumgangatho ngamnye.