Ukwazisa: Isiseko Segunya Lezobupolitika

Igunya lezobupolitika lisisiseko sengcamango yenzululwazi yezobupolitika, yezentlalo, neyomthetho. Libhekisela kwigunya elisemthethweni okanye elifanelekileyo elilawulwa ngumntu ngamnye, iqela, okanye isiko lomntu othile ukuba enze izigqibo ezinyanzelisayo, amisele kwaye alawule ibutho labantu. Ngokungafaniyo nesinyanzelo okanye ulawulo olunempembelelo, igunya lithetha ilungelo lokuziphatha okanye elisemthethweni lokulawula ulawulo. Ukuqonda lowo unegunya kwezobupolitika nesizathu sokuba liqwalaselwe kuyimfuneko ukuhlolisisa indlela amandla asebenza ngayo kwiinkqubo zobupolitika ezahlukeneyo, ukusuka kulawulo lwezilawuli ze-democracracy ukuya kulawulo-mal.

Kuwona mgangatho wayo usisiseko, igunya lezobupolitika liphendula imibuzo emibini: ngubani onelungelo lokulawula? kunye kutheni abemi be-FLT] kutheni befanele bathobele? Le mibuzo ixhaswe zizithandi zobulumko, izigwebi, neenkokeli zezobupolitika. Ukubekwa kwegunya kugqiba ukuba urhulumente ubonwa njengofanelekileyo okanye onobuzwilakhe, ozinzileyo okanye osengozini yokuvukela. Eli nqaku linika uphando olubanzi lwegunya lezobupolitika, imithombo, iinjongo, iinjongo, imingeni, iinjongo, iinjongo, iinkokeli zezobupolitika ezixhasayo.

Ukuchaza Igunya Lezobupolitika

Igunya lezobupolitika alifani namandla. Igunya kukukwazi ukuphembelela indlela abanye abaziphatha ngayo, kwanangokuchasene nokuthanda kwabo. Noko ke, igunya eligqalwa njengelifanelekileyo ngabo baphantsi kwalo. Igosa lamapolisa linegunya lokukhokela iinqwelo-mafutha kuba ibutho linika elo lungelo; umdubuli ofuna imali yakho unegunya kodwa ongenalo igunya. Lo mahluko ungundoqo ubangela zonke iingxubusho zokulawula.

Imithombo yegunya lezobupolitika yahluka-hlukene. Ukusebenzisa umsebenzi wesiseko wentlalo-ntle yentlalo Max Weber, abaphengululi bachaza ngokuqhelekileyo iindidi ezintathu ezinyulu zegunya elisemthethweni:

  • Igunya lomthetho-Mgaqo-siseko: Amandla asuka kwimithetho emiselweyo, imithetho, kunye neenkqubo. Olu luhlobo olulawulayo kumagunya angoku, apho igunya lihlala kwii-ofisi kunabantu ngabanye. Oorhulumente bolawulo, oorhulumente bomgaqo-siseko, kunye neenkqubo zokugweba zisebenza kulo mgaqo-siseko.
  • Amandla eenkqubo, amasiko, imikhwa, kunye nezakhiwo zentlalo. Iinkqubo zolawulo, ukhokelo lwesizwe, kunye nezikhundla eziphezulu ezikuhlobo. Umlawuli uyalela ukuthobela kuba “kusoloko kunje.”
  • Abaphathi bamagunya akhoyo: Amandla asuka kwiimpawu zomntu ezikhethekileyo, ``Ubuhero'', ukubona, okanye ubungcwele. Iinkokeli zendaleko ezifana noMahatma Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr., okanye uNelson Mandela wafumana igunya kwimpepho yawo entle kunye nomzekelo wokuziphatha. Igunya le-Charmatic lisoloko liguqula iimpawu zomntu kodwa liziintlanga, njengoko kufuneka linyanzeleke ukusinda kumveli walo.

Ngokwendlela ezisebenza ngayo, inkoliso yeenkqubo zobupolitika idibanisa amalungu alolu hlobo. Ulawulo-melo lwale mihla lungowona mgaqo-siseko osemthethweni (ulawulo-siseko nonyulo) kodwa lungagcina iziqalelo zesithethe (ulawulo lookumkani kwi-UK) kunye nokhokelo lwempembelelo yegazi (umongameli onyanzelayo oxhobisa abalandeli abaninzi).

Iingcamango Zegunya Lezobupolitika

Izazinzulu zentanda - bulumko nezobupolitika ziye zavelisa iingcaciso ezininzi ngesizathu sokuba igunya likho yaye xa lifanelekile, ezi ngcamango azichazi nje kuphela indlela igunya elisebenza ngayo kodwa zikwachaza nemida yalo.

Ingcamango enxulumene neNtlalo

Ingcamango yesivumelwano sentlalo yenye yezona njongo zinempembelelo. Ithi igunya lezobupolitika lisuka kwisivumelwano esicacileyo okanye esipheleleyo phakathi kwabantu sokuba bakhe ibutho labantu nokuzithoba kurhulumente ofanayo.

  • Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679): Kwi Leviatan, Hobbes waphikisa ukuba ngaphandle kwegunya, ubomi “yimfazwe yazo zonke izinto"",", "imfazwe echasene nayo zonke""""""" , imbi, imbi, imfihlo, kwaye imfiliba. Ukuphunyuka kulo mbuso wendalo, abantu bavuma ukunikezela ngenkululeko yabo kwi-oyena mlawuli (iLeviyane) eqinisekisa uxolo nokhuseleko. Kuba uHobbes, igunya ligwetyelwe ngokwemfuneko yocwangcocwangco.
  • [[FLT: 0] uJohn Locke (1632-1704): Locke wanikela isivumelwano esivunyiweyo. Kuso Sencond Treating of Government[, waphikisa ukuba abantu banamalungelo emvelo ebomini, inkululeko, kunye nempahla. Bavuma urhulumente ukukhusela la malungelo kuphela. Igunya lixhomekeke: ukuba urhulumente uyalwaphula isivumelwano, abemi banelungelo lokuvukela. Le ngcamango yaphembelela ngamandla isindululo sela-American Inkululeko.
  • [[FLT: 0] Joan-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778): iRousseau iNkqutyana yeNtlalo yeNtlalo yagxininisa u-“ukwamka-'omntu" ." i-i-aces yeqela labantu. Igunya lokwenyaniso, waphikisa, uphuma ebantwini bebonke, kungekhona kumntu ngamnye okanye kwinginginginya. Iingcamango zakhe eziphefumlelweyo zedemokhrasi kunye nentlalo-mpuza.

Ingcamango yesivumelwano sentlalo isaqhubeka ibalulekile ekuphikisaneni ngokufaneleka kwamandla karhulumente nemida yegunya likarhulumente.

Umthetho Negunya

Umthetho ukwamkelwa kwegunya ngokwentlalo. Nokuba urhulumente unegunya elingokwasemthethweni, uswele igunya ukuba abemi abalazi ilungelo lawo lokulawula. Izinto ezibangela ukuba igunya liquke:

  • Isivumelwano solawulo oluthe tye sijongwa njengesona sifanelekileyo xa sibonakalisa ukuthanda kwabantu, esiboniswa ngonyulo olukhululekileyo okanye inxaxheba ethandwayo.
  • Umqulu woMthetho: Xa abo basemagunyeni besebenza phakathi kwesakhiwo esicacileyo somthetho kwaye beboshwe ngokwabo ngumthetho, ukwanda okusemthethweni. Umthetho weArbitria uphelisa ukuthemba.
  • I-Proformation and Imveliso Legintalcy: Abami banika igunya koorhulumente abahambisa impahla zikawonke-wonke /ukuzinziswa, impumelelo yezoqoqosho, izibonelelo, kunye nokusesikweni. Urhulumente ongakwaziyo ukuyenza angalahlekelwa kukusesikweni kwanokuba wakhethwa ekuqaleni.
  • ISigwebo soMgaqo-siseko: iinkqubo zeFair/ukwenziwa kwesigqibo okucacileyo, iinkundla ezingakhethiyo, kunye namathuba okubhenela ku-"bolcel-bugqeba obucacileyo begunya.

Iindidi zegunya likaWeber zinxulumene ngokungqalileyo nemithombo esemthethweni: igunya lokulawula ngokusemthethweni lixhomekeke ekubonakaliseni okusesikweni ngokwesithethe, igunya lesithethe kwisithethe, negunya elingumtsalane kwimitsalane yobuqu.

Ezinye Iingcamango: IMarxism Nengcamango YobuGcisa

Asingabo bonke abaxhasi bezopolitiko abajonga igunya lezobupolitika njengesivumelwano sentlalo. UKarl Marx nabalandeli bakhe baphikisa ngelithi igunya lezobupolitika lisisixhobo sokulawula udidi----/imeko ikhona ukukhusela izilangazelelo zodidi olulawulayo. Kule mbono, igunya lisebenzisana ngokugqibeleleyo kwaye alikho semthethweni ngokwembono yabacinezelekileyo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, amaPligasti, ajonga igunya njengelisasazekileyo phakathi kwamaqela amaninzi akhuphisanayo (amaqela amaqela asebenzisanayo, amaqela ezobupolitika, amajelo-media) kwaye aphikisa ukuba akukho mgangatho obalulekileyo uminyani olawula ulawulo oluhlala luhleli.

Iindidi Zegunya Lezobupolitika

Igunya lezobupolitika libonakala ngeendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo kuxhomekeka kwindlela elungelelaniswe ngayo inkqubo yezobupolitika.

Igunya Ledemokhrasi

Idemokhrasi ifumana igunya kulawulo-mmandla oluqhelekileyo, kwaye abantu bafumana igunya elipheleleyo lokulawula kwezobupolitika. Iimpawu ezingundoqo ziquka:

  • [[UMTL: 0] Ngokujikeleza, ngokukhululekileyo, kunye nokhetho olufanelekileyo oluvumela abemi ukuba bakhethe abameli baze babanike ityala.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukhuseleko lwamalungelo kunye nenkululeko yomntu ngamnye, kuquka inkululeko yokuthetha, indibano, kunye nokucofa.
  • [[Umthetho:0] ukunikezelwa koxanduva lweenkokeli kunyulo nakumaziko azimeleyo (amatyala, iindlu zowiso-mthetho, amaqumrhu olawulo).
  • Ukwahlula amagunya [[FT:1] ukuthintela ukuxineneka kwegunya kwisebe elinye.

Igunya ledemokhrasi lithathwa njengelona lifanelekileyo kwihlabathi lanamhlanje kuba lixhomekeke kwimvume ecacileyo kwaye linika iindlela zokuguqula uxolo. Noko ke, ulawulo-melo lungajamelana neengxaki ezifana nokungakhathali kwabavoti, ukuxoka, kunye neenkokeli zobupopu ezijongela phantsi izithethe zedemokhrasi ngoxa zizibanga zimela “abantu.”

Igunya logunyaziso

Ulawulo lwezolawulo lugxininisa igunya lezobupolitika kwinkokeli enye, kwiqela elincinane, okanye kwiqela elinye.

  • Ubuninzi bezobupolitika obudityanisiweyo: amaqela enkcaso ayathintelwa okanye avalwe; unyulo lusetyenziswa okanye lusebenze njengezithethe.
  • Uxinzelelo lokwahlukana: lulawulwa, ibutho labemi lijongwa, kwaye abagxeki bajongene nokuhlaselwa, ukuvalelwa entolongweni, okanye okubi nangaphezulu.
  • Ukwenza isigqibo esisemthethweni ngaphandle kohlolo oluncinane kumandla aphezulu.
  • Ubulungisa ngengqiqo, ubuzwe, okanye umsebenzi ofunekayo (umz., ukukhula kwezoqoqosho, uzinzo).

Abanye oorhulumente abalawulwa ngenkohlakalo badla ngokuxhomekeka kwingxubevange yengxinaniso, yokuxhasa, nemvume elinganiselweyo.

Igunya Loozwilakhe

Ubuzwilakhe buyeyona ndlela yokuphathwa kakubi, bufuna ukulawula zonke iinkalo zobomi babantu okanye bobuqu.

  • Yingcamango egqithisayo elawula usukelo lwebutho kunye nendima yomntu ngamnye.
  • ulawulo olusemgangathweni kwizoqoqosho kunye nawo onke amaziko entlalo (imfundo, inkcubeko, unqulo).
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukusetyenziswa kobuqhetseba obugqithisileyo bemposiso kunye nokujongwa kweenjineli ukukholelwa nokucinezela ukungavumelani.
  • Uloyiko olukhoyo lwenkqubo (amapolisa afihlakeleyo, iinkampu zokunyanzeliswa, ukuhlambulula) ukuphelisa inkcaso.

Imizekelo iquka iJamani yamaNazi phantsi koHitler, iSoviet Union phantsi koStalin, kunye noMntla Korea phantsi kolawulo lukaKim. Igunya lobuzwilakhe libuthathaka ngokwemvelo ngenxa yokuba lixhomekeke ekuqhubekeni nokuzingisa noloyiko; xa ulawulo ludodobala, lungawa ngesiquphe njengokuba kubonwa kwiMpuma Yurophu ngowe - 1989.

Ezinye Iintlobo: Igunya Lolawulo Lobuthixo Nolomkhosi

Ngaphaya kwetebhile, igunya lezobupolitika lingase lisekelwe kwimfundiso yonqulo ( i-theocracy, umzekelo, i-Iran, isiXeko seVatican) okanye ulawulo lomkhosi ( juta okanye ulawulo lomkhosi). Igunya lobuthixo lizimisela ulawulo lobuthixo; igunya lomkhosi liyazithethelela njengelibuyisela ulungelelwano okanye elisindisa uhlanga ekonakaleni.

Iingxaki Kwigunya Lezobupolitika

Xa igunya liphelelwa semthethweni, lisenokujamelana nenkcaso, imvukelo, okanye ukuwohloka.

Intshukumo yoNtlalo

Iinkqubo zokuzilungiselela zinokuliphelisa igunya ngokuthandabuza isiseko salo sokuziphatha okanye somthetho.

  • Okungekho sikweni okungenisiweyo (ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho, ucalucalulo lobuhlanga, ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwamalungelo abantu).
  • [[UMTL:0] Ii-emand zotshintsho lwentlalo (ukhuseleko olungundoqo, ukulingana kwelungu lobufanasini, utshintsho lwedemokhrasi).
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukudalela umelo olukhulu phakathi kwamaqela agwetyelwe umda.

Imikhosi enjenge-Civil Rights Movement in the US, i-Arabian Spring, kunye nemibhiyozo yakutshanje e-pro-democracy eHong Kong naseMyanmar yonke ivavanye igunya elikhoyo lezobupolitika. Impumelelo yayo ixhomekeke ekulungelelaniseni, kwinkxaso kawonke-wonke, nasekuzimiseleni kukarhulumente ukusebenzisa umkhosi.

Inkcaso Yezobupolitika

Inkcaso esunguliweyo (amaqela ezobupolitika, amaqela epalamente, iNGO) icela ucelomngeni igunya ngonyulo, umthetho, nengxoxo kawonke-wonke. Ukuphumelela kwenkcaso kuxhomekeke:

  • I-'trangth' kunye nombutho' wamaqela achasayo kunye namandla awo okunika ezinye iindlela ezidityanisiweyo.
  • Inkxaso yePublic yeminye imigaqo-nkqubo kunye neenkokeli.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Inika irekhodi kumjelo wonxibelelwano ukusasaza umyalezo wabo.
  • [[UMTL:0] Ukhuseleko lwemali kukhuphiswano lwezopolitiko nolwahlukaniso.

Kulawulo-melo, inkcaso engoxolo luphawu lwenkqubo yezobupolitika ephilileyo. Kumazwe alawulwa ngegunya, inkcaso idla ngokuqhutywa ngokufihlakeleyo okanye ngokudityaniswa.

Ukunganyaniseki Nokusetyenziswa Kakubi Kwegunya

Ukunganyaniseki/ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwesikhundla sikarhulumente ngenxa yenzuzo yangasese.

  • Izahlulo zokuthembana [ kumaziko neenkokeli.
  • ungquzulwano oluthe lwakhula kuluntu kunye nokubola kwesivumelwano soluntu.
  • Imotheli yesiphithiphithi samakhaya kunye novukelo xa urhwaphilizo luba luyinkqubo.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Ukungasebenzi kwezoqoqosho kunye nokungagqibeki koovimba.

Amaphulo aphezulu okulwa norhwaphilizo (umz., eBrazil, eIndiya naseMzantsi Korea) abonisa ukuba kwaneenkokeli ezidumileyo zingawa xa igunya libonwa njengelingcoliswe kukufakelwa.

Iingxaki Zangexesha Elidluleyo: UbuPopulist, Ubugunya Bolawulo Bamanani, Nokudityaniswa Kwehlabathi

Kwinkulungwane yama-21, kuye kwavela iingxaki ezintsha. Iinkokeli zePopulist zidla ngokuhlasela amaziko azimeleyo (amaqumrhu, amajelo eendaba, isebe lolawulo) ngoxa zizibanga zinegunya elithe ngqo kubantu,” ziphelisa imilinganiselo yedemokhrasi ekhululekileyo. I-Dithoric yoobhoshophu ibandakanya ukusetyenziswa kobugcisa bokuhlola ubugcisa, ulawulo lwezentlalo-ntle, kunye nolawulo lwezibonelelo lokulawula nokuthintela ukuchasana. Ukudityaniswa kwehlabathi kuye kwawantsonkothile, njengoko amaziko ehlabathi (i-UN, WTO, IMF) ephembelela ukusetyenziswa kwempembelelo enokuthi ilawule ulawulo lwesizwe, maxa libangele ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho-alcudiant.

Indima Yeziko Kwigunya Lezobupolitika

Iziko yimibutho kunye nemithetho apho igunya lisetyenziswa kwaye linyanzelwa khona. Zinika uzinzo kunye nokuxelwa kwangaphambili kokulawula.

Iintlawulo ezisemthethweni

Iinkundla, izikhululo zowiso-mthetho, kunye namaziko okuqinisekisa ukugcinwa komthetho axhasa umthetho.

  • Imithetho isetyenziswa kakuhle nangokungaguquguqukiyo kubo bonke abemi.
  • [[UMTL: 0] Asekunene akhuselwe ekuphazanyisweni ngurhulumente okanye ngasese abadlali.
  • [[UMTL:0] Iinkcazelo zisombululwa ngokuxolelekileyo kwiinkqubo zomthetho kunokuba kubekho ugonyamelo.
  • Isenzo solawulo siphantsi kohlolo lwetyala ukukhangela ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwamandla.

Izahlulelo ezizimeleyo ziphawuleka ngegunya lokwahlulwa komthetho. Xa iinkundla zibekwa phantsi, igunya liyaphela.

Imicimbi Yezobupolitika

Oorhulumente, izikhululo zowiso-mthetho, amaqela ezobupolitika, kunye neenkqubo zonyulo zimisela ukusebenzisa igunya lezobupolitika.

  • [[UMTL:0] iinkqubo zokwenza iProthessic]
  • Unikezelo lwemiba eyahlukeneyo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba amancinane awakhutshwanga ngokusisigxina.
  • Ulawulo oluzinzileyo, ingakumbi ngexesha lotshintsho lwamandla.
  • iinkqubo zokutyala ezifana nonyulo, iikomiti zolawulo, kunye neenkqubo zokungagqibeleli.

Amaziko anamandla ezobupolitika anokukhokelela kukhuphiswano loxolo, ngoxa amaziko abuthathaka evumela igunya ukuba libe lithanda abantu yaye lingabi nakukwazi ukwenza izinto ngendlela efanelekileyo.

Iintlawulo zehlabathi lonke

Ukudityaniswa kwehlabathi kuye kwabangela ukuba kubekho iziqu ezifana neZizwe Ezimanyeneyo, i-European Union, iNkundla yezizwe ngezizwe YeCriminal, kunye neWorld Trade Organization, ezinegunya elilinganiselweyo kodwa lokwenene kwiingingqi zamazwe. La maziko afumana igunya elisemthethweni kwizivumelwano nakwimvume yamazwe angamalungu, kodwa asoloko egxekwa ngokuba angagqalwa okanye angabi nakuthethwa kakuhle ngabemi. Ukuqonda igunya lezobupolitika namhlanje kufuna ukuqwalasela imilinganiselo yamakhaya namazwe ngamazwe ngamazwe.

Isiphelo

Igunya lezobupolitika liyingcamango enamandla nechasiweyo ebumba indlela elawulwa ngayo ibutho labantu. Asikokuba ngubani onegunya, kodwa kufanelekile ukuba elo gunya lilawuleke emehlweni abo balawulwayo. Kwiingcamango zamandulo ze Hobbes, Locke, noRousseau ukuya kulwahlulo olumandundu olusuka kuweber, unyulo lwedemokhrasi ukuya kulawulo lolawulo olulawulayo, imithombo kunye neentetho zegunya ziyahluka ngokubanzile. Kodwa kusekho imibuzo esisiseko: Kutheni nabani na ofanele athobele? kwaye kwenzeka ntoni xa igunya lingaphumeleli?

Kwixesha lokunyuka kolawulo, uphando lweziko, nokusebenzisana kwehlabathi, uphando ngegunya lezobupolitika lubaluleke kakhulu kunangaphambili. Izakhamuzi eziqonda iziseko nemida yegunya zixhotyiswe bhetele ukucela ukuphendula, ukukhusela amalungelo azo, nokuthatha inxaxheba ngokunentsingiselo ekulawuleni. Ekugqibeleni, igunya lezobupolitika alisoloko lakhiwe, ligcinwa, licelwwa, liphikiswa, kwaye litshintshwa ngokwezenzo zabantu nakwiintlangano.

Ukuze ufunde ngokubhekele phaya, bona [[FLT: 0] I-Ectford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Igunya lezobupolitika, Encclopedia Britannica: Igunya[, kunye ne[FLT]: Inkcazelo yeGunya kwiSociology].